Foreward

Book Summary - IoT & Robotics Term 1, 2 & 3 - Complete Notes & Assessment Tests

All Grade Levels - Weeks 1-8 Complete:

Preschoolers (4-6 years):

Weeks 1-5: STEM basics, play corners, simple machines, unplugged coding
Weeks 6-8: Technology awareness, sequencing & floor grid coding, advanced storytelling
Hands-on assessments with observation rubrics

Grade 2-5 (7-11 years):

Weeks 1-5: Scratch programming, Blockly games, interface mastery
Weeks 6-8: Game development, text-based transition, logic puzzles
Computer-based assessments with coding projects

Grade 6-9 (11-14 years):

Weeks 1-5: Drone basics, safety rules, aviation principles, flight theory
Weeks 6-8: Kenya drone laws (KCAA), emergency procedures, practical flying
Written tests + practical flight demonstrations

Grade 10-12 (14-16 years):

Weeks 1-5: Python basics, functions, loops, libraries, motor/sensor control
Weeks 6-8: Advanced integration projects, professional presentations
Major coding projects + technical presentations

Key Features:

Assessment Variety:

Practical demonstrations for hands-on skills
Coding challenges for programming concepts
Written tests for theoretical knowledge
Project presentations for communication skills
Peer evaluations for collaboration

Professional Rubrics:

Clear criteria for each skill level
Age-appropriate expectations for each grade
Progressive difficulty building through weeks
Holistic evaluation including creativity and collaboration

Learning Progression:

Scaffolded learning from basic to advanced concepts
Cross-curricular connections to math, science, art
Real-world applications relevant to students’ lives
Career pathway awareness for future planning

Safety & Ethics:

Comprehensive safety protocols for all activities
Legal awareness (especially drone regulations)
Responsible technology use emphasis
Professional behavior standards

Practical Implementation:

Detailed material lists for each activity
Step-by-step instructions for complex projects
Troubleshooting guides for common problems
Extension activities for advanced learners

Assessment Rubric:

Exceptional (95-100%): Code runs flawlessly, excellent structure, creative additions, comprehensive error handling
Proficient (85-94%): Code works correctly, good structure, meets all requirements, minor improvements possible
Developing (75-84%): Code mostly works, basic structure present, meets most requirements, some bugs or missing features
Beginning (65-74%): Code has significant issues, poor structure, missing major requirements
Incomplete (Below 65%): Code doesn’t run or major portions missing

Additional Resources and Extensions

For All Grade Levels:

Vocabulary Glossary:

Algorithm: Step-by-step instructions to solve a problem
Bug: Error in code that prevents it from working correctly
Debug: Process of finding and fixing errors in code
Hardware: Physical components of computer systems
Software: Programs and applications that run on hardware
Interface: Way users interact with programs or devices
Sensor: Device that detects changes in environment
Actuator: Device that causes movement or action

Project Portfolio Suggestions:

Weekly Reflection Journal: Students document learning and challenges
Photo Documentation: Pictures of projects and experiments
Video Demonstrations: Students explain their projects
Peer Teaching: Advanced students help beginners
Innovation Challenges: Open-ended problems to solve creatively

Cross-Curricular Connections:

Math: Geometry in robotics, statistics in data analysis
Science: Physics of flight, electronics principles
Art: Creative programming projects, design thinking
Social Studies: Impact of technology on society
Language Arts: Technical writing, documentation skills

Safety Reminders:

Always supervise young children with electronic components
Check battery connections before powering devices
Keep work area clean and organized
Wash hands after handling electronic components
Report any damaged equipment immediately
Follow proper shutdown procedures for all devices

Assessment Portfolio Checklist:

Completed weekly assessments
Project documentation with photos
Reflection essays on learning progress
Peer evaluation forms
Self-assessment rubrics
Evidence of problem-solving process
Creative extensions or improvements to basic projects

Notes

Comprehensive set of notes and assessment tests for Term 1, 2 & 3 across all grade levels (Preschoolers through Grade 10-12). The book includes:

What’s Included:

For Each Grade Level:

Detailed weekly lesson notes covering weeks 1-8 content
Key concepts and learning objectives for each topic
Practical examples and code samples (for programming grades)
Age-appropriate assessment tests with multiple formats

Assessment Formats:

Preschoolers (4-6): Practical/observational assessments with hands-on activities
Grade 2-5 (7-11): Computer-based Scratch/Blockly challenges
Grade 6-9 (11-14): Written tests + practical drone safety demonstrations
Grade 10-12 (14-16): Coding assignments + hardware integration projects

Key Features:

✅ Covers all 8 weeks of Term 1 content
✅ Aligned with curriculum from the IoT & Robotics document
✅ Progressive difficulty appropriate for each age group
✅ Practical assessments that test real understanding
✅ Detailed rubrics for fair evaluation
✅ Extension activities for advanced learners
✅ Safety guidelines and best practices

Topics Covered:

Preschoolers: STEM basics, simple machines, unplugged coding
Grade 2-5: Scratch programming, Blockly games, interface navigation
Grade 6-9: Drone basics, aviation principles, safety regulations
Grade 10-12: Python programming, hardware control, sensor integration

Intro - Pre schoolers

Term 1 Final Portfolio Assessment - All Grade Levels

Portfolio Components Checklist

For All Students:

Weekly reflection journals documenting learning progress
Photo documentation of all projects and experiments
Completed weekly assessments with corrections
Evidence of peer collaboration and teaching
Self-assessment of growth in each major topic area

Grade-Specific Additions:

Preschoolers (4-6 years):

Drawings of favorite STEM activities
Parent/teacher observation notes on engagement and skills
Examples of unplugged coding sequences created
Photos of technology exploration activities

Grade 2-5 (7-11 years):

Screenshots of completed Scratch projects
Blockly puzzle solutions and explanations
Game design documents and storyboards
Video explanations of programming concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 years):

Drone safety checklist created and used
Mission planning worksheets with risk assessments
Photos/videos of practical flying sessions
Research report on drone applications in chosen field

Grade 10-12 (14-16 years):

Complete code repositories with documentation
Hardware connection diagrams and schematics
Data analysis reports from sensor projects
Technical presentation slides and demonstration videos

Cross-Grade Learning Objectives Mastery

By the end of Term 1, students should demonstrate:

Preschoolers:

Basic understanding of STEM concepts through play
Ability to follow simple sequences and patterns
Safe interaction with age-appropriate technology
Curiosity and engagement with hands-on exploration

Grade 2-5:

Fundamental programming concepts using visual languages
Ability to create simple games and interactive stories
Understanding of sequence, loops, and basic logic
Confidence in debugging and problem-solving

Grade 6-9:

Comprehensive understanding of drone safety and regulations
Practical flying skills with safety awareness
Knowledge of aviation principles and laws
Teamwork and communication skills in technical contexts

Grade 10-12:

Proficiency in Python programming for hardware control
Ability to integrate multiple sensors and actuators
Professional documentation and presentation skills
Independent problem-solving and creative innovation

Preparation for Term 2

Preschoolers → Scratch Junior Programming:

Continue building sequencing skills
Introduction to tablet-based programming
Creative storytelling with technology

Grade 2-5 → IoT Integration with Sensors:

Bridge from visual programming to physical computing
Introduction to sensors and real-world data
Beginning electronics and circuit concepts

Grade 6-9 → Smart Home Security:

Apply drone safety concepts to IoT systems
Introduction to sensors and automation
Home automation and security principles

Grade 10-12 → Smart Cities:

Scale up from individual projects to community solutions
Advanced IoT networking and data analysis
Social impact of technology solutions

Additional Resources and Extensions

Online Learning Platforms:

Preschoolers: PBS Kids programming games, Kodable app
Grade 2-5: Scratch Jr., Code.org courses, Blockly games
Grade 6-9: DroneBlocks, FAA educational materials, aviation simulation games
Grade 10-12: Python.org tutorials, Raspberry Pi Foundation projects, GitHub learning labs

STEM Career Connections:

Robotics Engineer: Designs and builds robots for various applications
Software Developer: Creates programs and applications for computers and devices
Drone Pilot: Professional UAV operations for photography, surveying, delivery
IoT Developer: Connects everyday objects to the internet for smart automation
Data Scientist: Analyzes sensor data to find patterns and make predictions

Community Extension Activities:

Science Fair Projects: Using skills learned to create original investigations
STEM Club Leadership: Teaching younger students basic concepts
Community Problem Solving: Identifying local problems that technology could help solve
Maker Space Participation: Continuing projects in community workshop environments

Assessment Data Tracking: Teachers should maintain records of:

Individual student progress through learning objectives
Common areas of difficulty requiring additional support
Exceptional student work that could be showcased
Parent/guardian feedback on home engagement with STEM concepts
Equipment and resource needs for optimal program delivery

This completes the comprehensive Term 1 curriculum with detailed notes, assessments, and support materials for all grade levels in the IoT & Robotics program. Each grade level has age-appropriate challenges that build foundational skills while maintaining engagement and fostering creativity in STEM learning.

Preschoolers (4-6 Years)

Term 1: STEM Storytelling & Coding Toys

Week 1: Introduction to STEM

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic concepts of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math)
Spark excitement and curiosity about STEM through hands-on activities
Foster teamwork through group experiments
Develop early thinking through guided play and experimentation

Key Concepts:

Science: Learning about the world around us through observation
Technology: Simple tools and devices that help us
Engineering: Building and creating solutions
Mathematics: Numbers, shapes, and patterns in everyday life

Activities:

Floating vs. Sinking experiments with various objects
Basic robot interaction and exploration
STEM vocabulary building games
Classification activities

Materials: Water, buckets, floating items (paper, feathers), sinking items (stones, coins), toy robot, tablet

Assessment Test - Preschoolers (4-6 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: STEM Basics

Format: Practical/Observational Assessment

Floating or Sinking? (Show child various objects)

Point to objects that will float: feather, cork, plastic toy
Point to objects that will sink: stone, coin, marble
Explain why you think so (in simple words)

STEM Matching (Picture cards)

Match the scientist to the magnifying glass
Match the engineer to the building blocks
Match the mathematician to the numbers
Match the technologist to the computer

Following Instructions

Can follow 2-step instructions: “Pick up the red block and put it in the box”
Can give simple instructions to a friend
Can arrange objects in order (biggest to smallest)

Assessment Rubric:

Exceeding (3): Completes all tasks independently with explanation
Meeting (2): Completes most tasks with minimal guidance
Approaching (1): Attempts tasks with significant support
Beginning (0): Needs extensive help to participate

Preschoolers (4-6 Years)

Week 2: STEM Play Corners

Learning Objectives:

Explore different STEM areas through play stations
Develop fine motor skills through hands-on manipulation
Practice problem-solving through guided discovery
Build confidence in exploring new concepts

Key Concepts:

Play-based learning: Learning through exploration and fun
Spatial awareness: Understanding shapes, sizes, and positions
Cause and effect: Understanding that actions have results
Collaboration: Working together to solve problems

Assessment Test - Preschoolers (4-6 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: STEM Basics

Format: Practical/Observational Assessment

Floating or Sinking? (Show child various objects)

Point to objects that will float: feather, cork, plastic toy
Point to objects that will sink: stone, coin, marble
Explain why you think so (in simple words)

STEM Matching (Picture cards)

Match the scientist to the magnifying glass
Match the engineer to the building blocks
Match the mathematician to the numbers
Match the technologist to the computer

Following Instructions

Can follow 2-step instructions: “Pick up the red block and put it in the box”
Can give simple instructions to a friend
Can arrange objects in order (biggest to smallest)

Assessment Rubric:

Exceeding (3): Completes all tasks independently with explanation
Meeting (2): Completes most tasks with minimal guidance
Approaching (1): Attempts tasks with significant support
Beginning (0): Needs extensive help to participate

Week 3: Simple Machines & Environmental Science

Learning Objectives:

Identify simple machines in everyday life
Understand basic environmental concepts
Develop observation skills
Connect STEM to the natural world

Key Concepts:

Simple Machines: Lever, pulley, wheel, ramp
Environment: Plants, animals, weather, seasons
Observation: Using our senses to learn
Nature patterns: Recognizing patterns in nature

Week 3-4 Assessment: Simple Machines & Coding

Format: Hands-on Demonstration

Simple Machines Hunt

Find the lever (seesaw, scissors)
Find the wheel (bicycle, toy car)
Find the ramp (slide, wedge)
Explain what each machine helps us do

Nature Observation

Draw or point to living things vs. non-living things
Identify basic shapes in nature (circles in flowers, triangles in mountains)
Name things that grow vs. things that are made

Unplugged Coding Challenge

Arrange sequence cards to show morning routine
Give directions to help friend reach the treasure
Complete a simple pattern with blocks or shapes

Week 4: Unplugged Coding

Learning Objectives:

Introduction to coding concepts without computers
Understand sequence and order
Develop logical thinking
Practice following and giving instructions

Key Concepts:

Sequence: Steps in order
Instructions: Clear directions to follow
Algorithms: Step-by-step solutions
Patterns: Recognizing and creating patterns

Week 3-4 Assessment: Simple Machines & Coding

Format: Hands-on Demonstration

Simple Machines Hunt

Find the lever (seesaw, scissors)
Find the wheel (bicycle, toy car)
Find the ramp (slide, wedge)
Explain what each machine helps us do

Nature Observation

Draw or point to living things vs. non-living things
Identify basic shapes in nature (circles in flowers, triangles in mountains)
Name things that grow vs. things that are made

Unplugged Coding Challenge

Arrange sequence cards to show morning routine
Give directions to help friend reach the treasure
Complete a simple pattern with blocks or shapes

Assessment Test

Preschoolers (4-6 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced STEM Exploration & Technology Awareness

Week 6: Technology Parts Awareness

Learning Objectives:

Use coding to tell stories, solve challenges, or navigate mazes
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically be able to follow code on floor grids
Build confidence and persistence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Technology Components: Basic parts that make devices work
Circuits: Paths that electricity follows
Assembly/Disassembly: Taking apart and putting together
Electronics Safety: Safe handling of batteries and components
Problem-Solving: Trying different solutions when something doesn’t work

Activities:

Technology Exploration: Examine old keyboards, phones, calculators
Simple Circuits: Connect bulbs to batteries with safe materials
Assembly Practice: Take apart and reassemble simple toys
Tech Parts Sorting: Group similar technology components

Materials: Old keyboards, phones, calculators, batteries, bulbs for circuits, safe connectors

Preschoolers Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Technology Awareness

Format: Hands-on Exploration + Observation (20 minutes)

Technology Parts Recognition (10 points)

Point to and name 3 technology items from the collection
Show how a simple circuit works (bulb + battery)
Safely handle electronic components
Explain one thing each item helps us do

Assembly Skills (10 points)

Take apart a simple toy or device
Put it back together correctly
Identify which parts go where
Ask for help when needed

Assessment Criteria:

Mastery (3): Handles all materials safely, explains purposes, completes tasks independently
Developing (2): Safe handling, completes most tasks with minimal help
Emerging (1): Needs guidance but participates actively
Beginning (0): Requires extensive support

Week 7: Sequencing & Floor Grid Coding

Learning Objectives:

Develop understanding of sequencing by arranging steps in correct order
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically follow code on floor grids
Build confidence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Sequencing: Putting steps in the right order
Algorithm Cards: Visual instructions to follow
Floor Grid Coding: Moving through spaces following directions
Left/Right/Forward/Back: Basic directional concepts
Trial and Error: Learning by trying and improving

Activities:

Obstacle Course Coding: Navigate through simple obstacles using arrow cards
Sequencing Games: Put daily routine cards in correct order
Paper Maze Coding: Use arrows to show path through printed mazes
Robot Friend: One child gives directions, another follows like a robot

Materials: Coding arrows/direction cards, floor grid mats, toys for navigation, printed maze worksheets

Week 7-8 Assessment: Advanced Unplugged Coding

Format: Physical Coding Challenges (25 minutes)

Sequencing Challenge (12 points)

Arrange 6 direction cards to navigate through obstacle course
Explain why each step comes in that order
Successfully complete the physical navigation
Fix mistakes when path doesn’t work

IF/THEN Logic (8 points)

Follow conditional instructions: “IF you see blue, THEN hop”
Create own IF/THEN rule for a friend to follow
Demonstrate understanding with actions

Story Algorithm (10 points)

Use 5 picture cards to create logical story sequence
Tell story following the card order
Explain what happens if cards are mixed up
Help fix a mixed-up story sequence

Practical Skills Rubric:

Advanced (25-30 points): Creates original sequences, helps others, shows deep understanding
Proficient (20-24 points): Completes all challenges correctly with minor guidance
Developing (15-19 points): Understands concepts but needs support for complex tasks
Beginning (Below 15 points): Requires significant help to participate

Week 8: Advanced Unplugged Coding & Storytelling

Learning Objectives:

Use coding to tell stories, solve challenges, or navigate mazes
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically follow code on floor grids
Build confidence and persistence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Conditional Logic: IF/THEN thinking (“If you see red, then stop”)
Debugging: Finding and fixing mistakes in directions
Block Building: Using physical blocks to represent code
Story Algorithms: Step-by-step instructions for telling stories

Activities:

Debug the Path: Present incorrect direction sequences for children to fix
IF/THEN Games: “If you see a triangle, then clap your hands”
Story Coding: Use picture cards to create step-by-step stories
Block Code Building: Stack blocks to represent programming sequences

Materials: Building blocks, floor grid mats, toys, printed materials, picture cards for storytelling

Assessment Test

IoT & Robotics Term 1 - Complete Notes & Assessment Tests

Preschoolers (4-6 Years)

Term 1: STEM Storytelling & Coding Toys

Week 1: Introduction to STEM

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic concepts of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math)
Spark excitement and curiosity about STEM through hands-on activities
Foster teamwork through group experiments
Develop early thinking through guided play and experimentation

Key Concepts:

Science: Learning about the world around us through observation
Technology: Simple tools and devices that help us
Engineering: Building and creating solutions
Mathematics: Numbers, shapes, and patterns in everyday life

Activities:

Floating vs. Sinking experiments with various objects
Basic robot interaction and exploration
STEM vocabulary building games
Classification activities

Materials: Water, buckets, floating items (paper, feathers), sinking items (stones, coins), toy robot, tablet

Week 2: STEM Play Corners

Learning Objectives:

Explore different STEM areas through play stations
Develop fine motor skills through hands-on manipulation
Practice problem-solving through guided discovery
Build confidence in exploring new concepts

Key Concepts:

Play-based learning: Learning through exploration and fun
Spatial awareness: Understanding shapes, sizes, and positions
Cause and effect: Understanding that actions have results
Collaboration: Working together to solve problems

Week 3: Simple Machines & Environmental Science

Learning Objectives:

Identify simple machines in everyday life
Understand basic environmental concepts
Develop observation skills
Connect STEM to the natural world

Key Concepts:

Simple Machines: Lever, pulley, wheel, ramp
Environment: Plants, animals, weather, seasons
Observation: Using our senses to learn
Nature patterns: Recognizing patterns in nature

Week 4: Unplugged Coding

Learning Objectives:

Introduction to coding concepts without computers
Understand sequence and order
Develop logical thinking
Practice following and giving instructions

Key Concepts:

Sequence: Steps in order
Instructions: Clear directions to follow
Algorithms: Step-by-step solutions
Patterns: Recognizing and creating patterns

Assessment Test - Preschoolers (4-6 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: STEM Basics

Format: Practical/Observational Assessment

Floating or Sinking? (Show child various objects)

Point to objects that will float: feather, cork, plastic toy
Point to objects that will sink: stone, coin, marble
Explain why you think so (in simple words)

STEM Matching (Picture cards)

Match the scientist to the magnifying glass
Match the engineer to the building blocks
Match the mathematician to the numbers
Match the technologist to the computer

Following Instructions

Can follow 2-step instructions: “Pick up the red block and put it in the box”
Can give simple instructions to a friend
Can arrange objects in order (biggest to smallest)

Assessment Rubric:

Exceeding (3): Completes all tasks independently with explanation
Meeting (2): Completes most tasks with minimal guidance
Approaching (1): Attempts tasks with significant support
Beginning (0): Needs extensive help to participate

Week 3-4 Assessment: Simple Machines & Coding

Format: Hands-on Demonstration

Simple Machines Hunt

Find the lever (seesaw, scissors)
Find the wheel (bicycle, toy car)
Find the ramp (slide, wedge)
Explain what each machine helps us do

Nature Observation

Draw or point to living things vs. non-living things
Identify basic shapes in nature (circles in flowers, triangles in mountains)
Name things that grow vs. things that are made

Unplugged Coding Challenge

Arrange sequence cards to show morning routine
Give directions to help friend reach the treasure
Complete a simple pattern with blocks or shapes

Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years)

Term 1: Scratch & Blockly Programming

Week 1: Introduction to Programming

Learning Objectives:

Understand what programming is
Learn about Scratch programming environment
Install and explore Scratch interface
Grasp the concept of sequencing

Key Concepts:

Programming: Giving instructions to computers
Scratch: Visual programming language using blocks
Interface: The screen where we work with Scratch
Sequencing: Putting commands in the right order
Sprites: Characters in Scratch programs
Stage: Where Scratch programs run

Core Activities:

Explore Scratch interface and tools
Identify different areas (sprite area, blocks palette, stage)
Learn about different block categories (Motion, Looks, Sound, etc.)
Create first simple animation

Week 2: Understanding Scratch Interface

Learning Objectives:

Navigate Scratch interface confidently
Understand different block categories
Create basic sprite movements
Save and load projects

Key Concepts:

Blocks Palette: Where programming blocks are stored
Scripts Area: Where we build our programs
Motion Blocks: Make sprites move
Looks Blocks: Change sprite appearance
Events: What starts our programs running

Week 3: Setting Up Scratch Projects

Learning Objectives:

Plan and organize Scratch projects
Understand project structure
Use backgrounds and sprites effectively
Practice debugging simple problems

Key Concepts:

Project Planning: Thinking before coding
Backgrounds: Scenes for our programs
Sprite Library: Ready-made characters
Debugging: Finding and fixing problems

Week 4: Introduction to Blockly

Learning Objectives:

Understand Blockly visual programming
Compare Blockly with Scratch
Complete basic Blockly puzzles
Transfer concepts between platforms

Key Concepts:

Blockly: Another visual programming language
Puzzle-based Learning: Learning through solving challenges
Logic Blocks: Making decisions in programs
Loops: Repeating actions

Week 5: Blockly Games for Scratch Programmers

Learning Objectives:

Apply Scratch knowledge to Blockly games
Solve increasingly complex puzzles
Understand programming logic and flow
Build problem-solving confidence

Key Concepts:

Game Logic: Rules that make games work
Progressive Difficulty: Challenges that get harder
Pattern Recognition: Seeing repeated solutions
Persistence: Keep trying when challenges are difficult

Assessment Test - Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years)

Week 1-3 Assessment: Scratch Fundamentals

Format: Practical Computer Assessment (30 minutes)

Part A: Interface Knowledge (10 points)

Label the parts of Scratch interface:

Blocks Palette
Scripts Area
Stage
Sprite Area

Match the block colors to their functions:

Motion blocks: _____ (Blue)
Looks blocks: _____ (Purple)
Sound blocks: _____ (Pink)
Events blocks: _____ (Yellow)

Part B: Basic Programming (15 points) 3. Create a program that makes a sprite:

Move 10 steps forward
Turn 90 degrees right
Say “Hello” for 2 seconds
Change color

Fix this broken sequence (drag blocks in correct order):

[Say "Goodbye"][When green flag clicked][Move 100 steps][Say "Hello"]

Part C: Problem Solving (10 points) 5. Your sprite isn’t moving when you click the green flag. What might be wrong?

Missing “when green flag clicked” block
Sprite is already at the edge
Motion blocks aren’t connected
All of the above

Create a simple animation showing a cat walking across the stage.

Week 4-5 Assessment: Blockly & Problem Solving

Format: Computer-based Blockly Challenges (25 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Basics (8 points)

Complete the “Move Forward” puzzle in Blockly
Complete the “Turn Left/Right” puzzle
Complete the “Repeat Loop” puzzle
Complete the “If/Else” puzzle

Part B: Logic Understanding (12 points) 5. Explain what this Blockly code does:

Repeat 4 times:
  Move forward
  Turn right 90 degrees

Answer: _________________

Write Blockly code to make a character:

Move forward 3 steps
Turn left if path is blocked
Repeat until reaching goal

Part C: Transfer Learning (10 points) 7. How is Blockly similar to Scratch? List 3 similarities:

Create a Scratch program that does the same thing as this Blockly code:

When started:  Repeat 5 times:    Move forward 20 steps    Wait 1 second

Assessment Rubric:

Advanced (90-100%): Completes all tasks efficiently with creative additions
Proficient (80-89%): Completes most tasks correctly with minor errors
Developing (70-79%): Completes basic tasks but struggles with complex problems
Beginning (Below 70%): Needs significant support to complete tasks

Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years)

Term 1: Drone Aviation Introduction

Week 1: Introduction to Drones and Aviation Basics

Learning Objectives:

Understand what drones are and their applications
Learn basic aviation principles
Identify different types of aircraft
Understand the evolution of flight

Key Concepts:

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): Aircraft without a human pilot aboard
Remote Pilot: Person controlling the drone from the ground
Autonomous Flight: Drones flying with minimal human control
Commercial vs. Recreational Use: Different purposes for drones
Four Forces of Flight: Lift, Weight, Thrust, Drag
Aerodynamics: How air moves around objects in flight

Applications of Drones:

Photography and videography
Search and rescue operations
Agriculture monitoring
Package delivery
Scientific research
Military operations

Week 2: Drone Safety Rules and Best Practices

Learning Objectives:

Learn essential drone safety protocols
Understand pre-flight checklist procedures
Identify potential hazards and risks
Develop responsible drone operation habits

Key Concepts:

Pre-flight Inspection: Checking drone condition before flying
Weather Conditions: How weather affects drone flight
Battery Safety: Proper battery handling and storage
Emergency Procedures: What to do when things go wrong
Situational Awareness: Being aware of surroundings while flying

Safety Rules:

Always maintain visual contact with drone
Check weather conditions before flying
Inspect drone and equipment before each flight
Fly in open areas away from people and property
Never fly above 400 feet
Respect others’ privacy
Land immediately if drone malfunctions

Week 3: FAA/UAS Regulations (Basic Overview)

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic aviation regulations
Learn about no-fly zones and restricted airspace
Understand registration requirements
Learn about pilot certification basics

Key Concepts:

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): Government agency regulating aviation
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS): Official term for drones and related equipment
No-Fly Zones: Areas where drone flight is prohibited
Remote Pilot Certificate: License required for commercial drone operations
Registration: Required identification for drones over 0.55 pounds

Basic Regulations:

Drones must be registered if over 0.55 lbs (250 grams)
Maximum altitude: 400 feet above ground level
Must yield right-of-way to manned aircraft
No flying over groups of people
No flying at night without special certification
Respect airport operational areas (usually 5-mile radius)

Week 4: Key Drone Types & Components

Learning Objectives:

Identify different drone configurations
Understand key drone components and their functions
Compare advantages and disadvantages of different designs
Learn basic maintenance requirements

Key Concepts:

Multirotor: Drones with multiple rotating propellers
Fixed-wing: Airplane-like drones with wings
Hybrid VTOL: Vertical takeoff and landing with forward flight capability
Frame: Main structure holding all components
Flight Controller: Computer controlling drone flight
ESC (Electronic Speed Controller): Controls motor speed
Gimbal: Stabilizes camera during flight

Drone Types:

Quadcopter: 4 rotors, most common configuration
Hexacopter: 6 rotors, more redundancy and payload capacity
Octocopter: 8 rotors, highest redundancy and capacity
Fixed-wing: Longer flight times, faster speeds
Racing drones: Small, fast, agile for competitive flying

Week 5: Basic Principles of Flight

Learning Objectives:

Understand the four forces of flight in detail
Learn how drones achieve controlled flight
Understand stability and control concepts
Explore flight dynamics and physics

Key Concepts:

Lift: Upward force generated by rotors or wings
Weight (Gravity): Downward force pulling drone toward earth
Thrust: Forward force propelling drone through air
Drag: Resistance force opposing motion through air
Center of Gravity: Balance point of drone
Pitch, Roll, Yaw: Three axes of rotation
Gyroscopic Effect: How spinning rotors affect stability

Flight Control:

Throttle: Controls altitude (up/down)
Pitch: Controls forward/backward movement
Roll: Controls left/right movement
Yaw: Controls rotation (turning left/right)
Trim: Fine adjustments for balanced flight

Assessment Test - Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: Drone Basics and Safety

Format: Written Test + Practical Safety Demonstration (45 minutes)

Part A: Multiple Choice (20 points)

What does UAV stand for? a) Universal Aviation Vehicle b) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle c) Ultra Aerodynamic Vehicle d) United Aviation Vehicle
Which of the four forces of flight works against gravity? a) Thrust b) Drag c) Lift d) Weight
What should you do FIRST before flying a drone? a) Start the motors b) Check weather conditions c) Take off immediately d) Turn on the camera
The maximum altitude for recreational drone flight is: a) 200 feet b) 300 feet c) 400 feet d) 500 feet
What is the main difference between commercial and recreational drone use? a) Size of drone b) Purpose and regulations c) Color of drone d) Number of rotors

Part B: Short Answer (25 points) 6. List 5 safety rules that must be followed when operating a drone: (10 points)

Explain three commercial applications of drones: (9 points)

Why is it important to maintain visual contact with your drone during flight? (6 points)

Part C: Practical Safety Assessment (15 points) 9. Demonstrate proper pre-flight inspection checklist 10. Identify suitable vs. unsuitable flying locations from photos 11. Explain emergency landing procedures

Week 3-5 Assessment: Regulations and Flight Principles

Format: Written Test + Flight Theory Application (50 minutes)

Part A: Regulations Knowledge (20 points)

True/False (10 points)

Drones under 0.55 lbs need to be registered: ___
You can fly your drone anywhere as long as it’s daytime: ___
Commercial drone operations require a Remote Pilot Certificate: ___
Drones must always yield to manned aircraft: ___
Flying over groups of people is allowed with permission: ___

What is a no-fly zone and give 3 examples: (10 points) Definition: ________________________________ Examples:

Part B: Drone Components (15 points) 3. Match the component to its function:

Flight Controller: _____ a) Provides power to motors
ESC: _____ b) Stabilizes camera
Gimbal: _____ c) Main structural support
Frame: _____ d) Controls drone flight
Battery: _____ e) Controls motor speed

Compare quadcopter vs. fixed-wing drones (advantages/disadvantages): (10 points)

Part C: Flight Principles (25 points) 5. Draw and label the four forces of flight on a drone diagram: (12 points)

Explain how a drone moves in each direction: (13 points)

Forward: ________________________________
Backward: ________________________________
Left: ________________________________
Right: ________________________________
Up: ________________________________
Rotate left: ________________________________

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Demonstrates comprehensive understanding with detailed explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Shows solid grasp of concepts with minor gaps
Developing (70-79%): Understands basic concepts but lacks detail in complex areas
Novice (Below 70%): Limited understanding, needs additional instruction

Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years)

Term 1: Introduction to Python Basics

Week 1: Writing Structured Python Code

Learning Objectives:

Understand Python syntax and structure
Learn proper code formatting and indentation
Write clean, readable code following best practices
Understand variables, data types, and basic operations

Key Concepts:

Python: High-level programming language
Syntax: Rules for writing Python code
Indentation: Using spaces to organize code structure
Variables: Named storage for data values
Data Types: int, float, string, boolean
Comments: Documentation within code using #
Print Statement: Displaying output to screen

Code Structure Best Practices:

# Header comment explaining the program
# Author: Your Name
# Date: Today's Date

# Import statements
import module_name

# Constants (UPPERCASE naming)
MAX_VALUE = 100

# Main program logic
def main():
    # Variable declarations
    user_name = "Student"
    age = 16

    # Program logic with proper indentation
    print(f"Hello, {user_name}!")
    print(f"You are {age} years old.")

# Run the program
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Week 2: Functions and Loops

Learning Objectives:

Create and use custom functions
Understand function parameters and return values
Implement for loops and while loops
Apply loops to solve repetitive tasks

Key Concepts:

Function: Reusable block of code that performs a specific task
Parameters: Input values passed to functions
Return Value: Output value from a function
For Loop: Repeats code a specific number of times
While Loop: Repeats code while a condition is true
Range Function: Generates sequences of numbers
Iteration: Each repetition of a loop
Loop Control: Managing when loops start and stop

Function Examples:

# Simple function with no parameters
def greet():
    print("Hello, World!")

# Function with parameters
def greet_person(name, age):
    print(f"Hello, {name}! You are {age} years old.")

# Function with return value
def calculate_area(length, width):
    area = length * width
    return area

# Using functions
greet()
greet_person("Alice", 16)
room_area = calculate_area(10, 12)
print(f"Room area: {room_area} square meters")

Loop Examples:

# For loop with range
for i in range(5):
    print(f"Count: {i}")

# For loop with list
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
for fruit in fruits:
    print(f"I like {fruit}")

# While loop
count = 0
while count < 3:
    print(f"While loop count: {count}")
    count += 1

Week 3: Using Python Libraries

Learning Objectives:

Understand what Python libraries are and why they’re useful
Learn to import and use common libraries
Work with GPIOZero and time libraries
Explore library documentation and help systems

Key Concepts:

Library/Module: Pre-written code that adds functionality
Import Statement: Bringing library functions into your program
GPIOZero: Library for controlling Raspberry Pi GPIO pins
Time Library: Functions for working with time and delays
Documentation: Instructions for using library functions
API: Application Programming Interface - how to use library functions

Library Usage Examples:

# Importing entire modules
import time
import math

# Importing specific functions
from gpiozero import LED, Button
from time import sleep

# Using time library
print("Starting program...")
time.sleep(2)  # Wait 2 seconds
print("2 seconds have passed!")

# Using math library
import math
radius = 5
area = math.pi * radius ** 2
print(f"Circle area: {area:.2f}")

# Using GPIOZero (for Raspberry Pi)
led = LED(18)  # LED connected to GPIO pin 18
button = Button(2)  # Button connected to GPIO pin 2

# Turn LED on and off
led.on()
sleep(1)
led.off()

Week 4: Controlling Motors with Python

Learning Objectives:

Understand how to interface with motors using Python
Learn about PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) for motor control
Control motor speed and direction
Implement safety features in motor control code

Key Concepts:

Motor Control: Using code to make motors move
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): Method to control motor speed
Duty Cycle: Percentage of time signal is “on” vs “off”
Direction Control: Making motors spin clockwise/counterclockwise
Motor Driver: Electronics that interface between Python and motors
Safety Features: Code to prevent motor damage

Motor Control Examples:

from gpiozero import Motor, PWMOutputDevice
from time import sleep

# Create motor object (assuming H-bridge motor driver)
motor = Motor(forward=2, backward=3, enable=18)

# Basic motor control
def basic_motor_test():
    print("Motor forward at full speed")
    motor.forward(1.0)  # Full speed forward
    sleep(2)

    print("Motor forward at half speed")
    motor.forward(0.5)  # Half speed forward
    sleep(2)

    print("Motor stopped")
    motor.stop()
    sleep(1)

    print("Motor backward at full speed")
    motor.backward(1.0)  # Full speed backward
    sleep(2)

    motor.stop()
    print("Motor test complete")

# PWM speed control example
def speed_ramp_test():
    print("Ramping motor speed up...")
    for speed in range(0, 101, 10):  # 0 to 100% in 10% steps
        motor_speed = speed / 100.0
        motor.forward(motor_speed)
        print(f"Speed: {speed}%")
        sleep(0.5)

    motor.stop()
    print("Speed ramp complete")

# Run the tests
basic_motor_test()
sleep(2)
speed_ramp_test()

Week 5: Controlling Sensors with Python

Learning Objectives:

Interface with various sensors using Python
Read and process sensor data
Implement sensor-based decision making
Create responsive programs based on sensor input

Key Concepts:

Sensor: Device that detects and measures physical properties
Analog vs Digital: Different types of sensor signals
ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter): Converts analog signals to digital
Sensor Calibration: Adjusting sensor readings for accuracy
Data Processing: Converting raw sensor data to useful information
Polling vs Interrupts: Different ways to read sensor data

Common Sensors:

Temperature sensors: Measure environmental temperature
Light sensors (LDR): Detect light intensity
Ultrasonic sensors: Measure distance using sound waves
Motion sensors (PIR): Detect movement
Pressure sensors: Measure force or pressure

Sensor Control Examples:

from gpiozero import MCP3008, DistanceSensor, MotionSensor, LED
from time import sleep
import statistics

# Temperature sensor (using analog input)
temp_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)

def read_temperature():
    # Convert voltage to temperature (example conversion)
    voltage = temp_sensor.voltage
    temperature_c = (voltage - 0.5) * 100  # Example conversion formula
    temperature_f = (temperature_c * 9/5) + 32
    return temperature_c, temperature_f

# Distance sensor (ultrasonic)
distance_sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)

def monitor_distance():
    print("Distance monitoring (press Ctrl+C to stop)")
    try:
        while True:
            distance = distance_sensor.distance * 100  # Convert to cm
            print(f"Distance: {distance:.1f} cm")

            if distance < 10:
                print("WARNING: Object too close!")

            sleep(0.5)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("Distance monitoring stopped")

# Motion sensor with LED indicator
motion = MotionSensor(4)
alert_led = LED(18)

def motion_detector():
    print("Motion detector active...")

    def motion_detected():
        print("Motion detected!")
        alert_led.on()
        sleep(2)
        alert_led.off()

    def no_motion():
        print("No motion")
        alert_led.off()

    # Set up motion sensor callbacks
    motion.when_motion = motion_detected
    motion.when_no_motion = no_motion

    # Keep program running
    try:
        while True:
            sleep(0.1)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("Motion detector stopped")

# Data logging example
def log_sensor_data():
    readings = []
    print("Collecting sensor data for 30 seconds...")

    start_time = time.time()
    while time.time() - start_time < 30:
        temp_c, temp_f = read_temperature()
        distance = distance_sensor.distance * 100

        readings.append({
            'timestamp': time.time(),
            'temperature_c': temp_c,
            'temperature_f': temp_f,
            'distance_cm': distance
        })

        print(f"Temp: {temp_c:.1f}°C, Distance: {distance:.1f}cm")
        sleep(1)

    # Calculate statistics
    temps = [r['temperature_c'] for r in readings]
    distances = [r['distance_cm'] for r in readings]

    print(f"\nData Summary:")
    print(f"Average temperature: {statistics.mean(temps):.1f}°C")
    print(f"Min/Max temperature: {min(temps):.1f}°C / {max(temps):.1f}°C")
    print(f"Average distance: {statistics.mean(distances):.1f}cm")
    print(f"Min/Max distance: {min(distances):.1f}cm / {max(distances):.1f}cm")

# Example usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Run different examples
    monitor_distance()  # Uncomment to run distance monitoring
    # motion_detector()  # Uncomment to run motion detection
    # log_sensor_data()  # Uncomment to run data logging

Assessment Test - Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: Python Fundamentals

Format: Coding Assignment + Written Questions (60 minutes)

Part A: Code Structure and Syntax (25 points)

Fix the following code and explain what was wrong (10 points):

# Broken code:
def calculate average(num1, num2, num3)
average = num1 + num2 + num3 / 3
print("The average is" + average)
return average

calculate average(10, 20, 30)

Your corrected code:

# Write corrected version here

Explanation of errors: ________________________________

Write a well-structured Python program (15 points): Create a program that:

Has proper header comments
Uses appropriate variable names
Calculates the area of different shapes (circle, rectangle, triangle)
Uses functions with parameters and return values
Follows proper indentation and formatting

Part B: Functions and Loops (30 points)

Write a function called print_multiplication_table (15 points):

Takes one parameter: number
Prints multiplication table for that number (1-10)
Uses a for loop
Example output for print_multiplication_table(3):

3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
... etc

Password Checker Program (15 points): Write a program using while loop that:

Asks user to enter a password
Keeps asking until they enter “python123”
Counts number of attempts
Prints “Access granted” when correct
Prints number of attempts it took

Week 3-5 Assessment: Libraries and Hardware Control

Format: Practical Coding Project (75 minutes)

Part A: Library Usage (20 points)

Complete this sensor reading program (20 points):

from gpiozero import MCP3008
from time import sleep
import ______  # What library do you need for calculating average?

# Create sensor object
light_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)

def read_light_levels():
    readings = []

    # Collect 10 readings
    for i in range(______):  # Fill in the range
        reading = light_sensor.______  # What property gives the reading?
        readings.append(reading)
        print(f"Reading {i+1}: {reading:.3f}")
        sleep(0.5)

    # Calculate and print statistics
    average = ______.mean(readings)  # Which function calculates mean?
    maximum = ______(readings)  # Built-in function for maximum
    minimum = ______(readings)  # Built-in function for minimum

    print(f"Average: {average:.3f}")
    print(f"Maximum: {maximum:.3f}")
    print(f"Minimum: {minimum:.3f}")

# Call the function
read_light_levels()

Part B: Motor Control Project (25 points)

Smart Fan Controller (25 points): Write a program that simulates a smart fan controller:

Use a temperature sensor to read room temperature
Control a motor (fan) based on temperature:
- Below 20°C: Fan off
- 20-25°C: Fan at 30% speed
- 25-30°C: Fan at 60% speed
- Above 30°C: Fan at 100% speed
Print current temperature and fan speed every 2 seconds
Include safety features (motor stop function)

Part C: Sensor Integration Challenge (30 points)

Security System Prototype (30 points): Create a basic security system that:

Uses a motion sensor to detect movement
Uses a distance sensor to detect objects too close
Controls LEDs to indicate system status:
- Green LED: System normal
- Yellow LED: Motion detected
- Red LED: Intrusion alert (object < 20cm)
Logs events with timestamps
Runs continuously until user presses Ctrl+C

Requirements:

Use at least 3 different libraries
Include proper error handling
Use functions to organize code
Add meaningful comments
Follow Python coding best practices

Sample code structure:

from gpiozero import MotionSensor, DistanceSensor, LED
from time import sleep
import time

# Hardware setup
motion = MotionSensor(4)
distance = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)
green_led = LED(18)
yellow_led = LED(19)
red_led = LED(20)

def log_event(message):
    # Write function to log events with timestamp
    pass

def check_security():
    # Write function to check all sensors and control LEDs
    pass

def main():
    # Write main program loop
    pass

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Assessment Rubric:

Exceptional (95-100%): Code runs flawlessly, excellent structure, creative additions, comprehensive error handling
Proficient (85-94%): Code works correctly, good structure, meets all requirements, minor improvements possible
Developing (75-84%): Code mostly works, basic structure present, meets most requirements, some bugs or missing features
Beginning (65-74%): Code has significant issues, poor structure, missing major requirements
Incomplete (Below 65%): Code doesn’t run or major portions missing

Additional Resources and Extensions

For All Grade Levels:

Vocabulary Glossary:

Algorithm: Step-by-step instructions to solve a problem
Bug: Error in code that prevents it from working correctly
Debug: Process of finding and fixing errors in code
Hardware: Physical components of computer systems
Software: Programs and applications that run on hardware
Interface: Way users interact with programs or devices
Sensor: Device that detects changes in environment
Actuator: Device that causes movement or action

Project Portfolio Suggestions:

Weekly Reflection Journal: Students document learning and challenges
Photo Documentation: Pictures of projects and experiments
Video Demonstrations: Students explain their projects
Peer Teaching: Advanced students help beginners
Innovation Challenges: Open-ended problems to solve creatively

Cross-Curricular Connections:

Math: Geometry in robotics, statistics in data analysis
Science: Physics of flight, electronics principles
Art: Creative programming projects, design thinking
Social Studies: Impact of technology on society
Language Arts: Technical writing, documentation skills

Safety Reminders:

Always supervise young children with electronic components
Check battery connections before powering devices
Keep work area clean and organized
Wash hands after handling electronic components
Report any damaged equipment immediately
Follow proper shutdown procedures for all devices

Assessment Portfolio Checklist:

Completed weekly assessments
Project documentation with photos
Reflection essays on learning progress
Peer evaluation forms
Self-assessment rubrics
Evidence of problem-solving process
Creative extensions or improvements to basic projects

Continuation - Weeks 6-8 for All Grade Levels

Preschoolers (4-6 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced STEM Exploration & Technology Awareness

Week 6: Technology Parts Awareness

Learning Objectives:

Use coding to tell stories, solve challenges, or navigate mazes
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically be able to follow code on floor grids
Build confidence and persistence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Technology Components: Basic parts that make devices work
Circuits: Paths that electricity follows
Assembly/Disassembly: Taking apart and putting together
Electronics Safety: Safe handling of batteries and components
Problem-Solving: Trying different solutions when something doesn’t work

Activities:

Technology Exploration: Examine old keyboards, phones, calculators
Simple Circuits: Connect bulbs to batteries with safe materials
Assembly Practice: Take apart and reassemble simple toys
Tech Parts Sorting: Group similar technology components

Materials: Old keyboards, phones, calculators, batteries, bulbs for circuits, safe connectors

Week 7: Sequencing & Floor Grid Coding

Learning Objectives:

Develop understanding of sequencing by arranging steps in correct order
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically follow code on floor grids
Build confidence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Sequencing: Putting steps in the right order
Algorithm Cards: Visual instructions to follow
Floor Grid Coding: Moving through spaces following directions
Left/Right/Forward/Back: Basic directional concepts
Trial and Error: Learning by trying and improving

Activities:

Obstacle Course Coding: Navigate through simple obstacles using arrow cards
Sequencing Games: Put daily routine cards in correct order
Paper Maze Coding: Use arrows to show path through printed mazes
Robot Friend: One child gives directions, another follows like a robot

Materials: Coding arrows/direction cards, floor grid mats, toys for navigation, printed maze worksheets

Week 8: Advanced Unplugged Coding & Storytelling

Learning Objectives:

Use coding to tell stories, solve challenges, or navigate mazes
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically follow code on floor grids
Build confidence and persistence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Conditional Logic: IF/THEN thinking (“If you see red, then stop”)
Debugging: Finding and fixing mistakes in directions
Block Building: Using physical blocks to represent code
Story Algorithms: Step-by-step instructions for telling stories

Activities:

Debug the Path: Present incorrect direction sequences for children to fix
IF/THEN Games: “If you see a triangle, then clap your hands”
Story Coding: Use picture cards to create step-by-step stories
Block Code Building: Stack blocks to represent programming sequences

Materials: Building blocks, floor grid mats, toys, printed materials, picture cards for storytelling

Preschoolers Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Technology Awareness

Format: Hands-on Exploration + Observation (20 minutes)

Technology Parts Recognition (10 points)

Point to and name 3 technology items from the collection
Show how a simple circuit works (bulb + battery)
Safely handle electronic components
Explain one thing each item helps us do

Assembly Skills (10 points)

Take apart a simple toy or device
Put it back together correctly
Identify which parts go where
Ask for help when needed

Assessment Criteria:

Mastery (3): Handles all materials safely, explains purposes, completes tasks independently
Developing (2): Safe handling, completes most tasks with minimal help
Emerging (1): Needs guidance but participates actively
Beginning (0): Requires extensive support

Week 7-8 Assessment: Advanced Unplugged Coding

Format: Physical Coding Challenges (25 minutes)

Sequencing Challenge (12 points)

Arrange 6 direction cards to navigate through obstacle course
Explain why each step comes in that order
Successfully complete the physical navigation
Fix mistakes when path doesn’t work

IF/THEN Logic (8 points)

Follow conditional instructions: “IF you see blue, THEN hop”
Create own IF/THEN rule for a friend to follow
Demonstrate understanding with actions

Story Algorithm (10 points)

Use 5 picture cards to create logical story sequence
Tell story following the card order
Explain what happens if cards are mixed up
Help fix a mixed-up story sequence

Practical Skills Rubric:

Advanced (25-30 points): Creates original sequences, helps others, shows deep understanding
Proficient (20-24 points): Completes all challenges correctly with minor guidance
Developing (15-19 points): Understands concepts but needs support for complex tasks
Beginning (Below 15 points): Requires significant help to participate

Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced Scratch Programming & Game Development

Week 6: Game Structure and Design

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic game structure (start, play, end)
Use Scratch blocks to move characters and detect collisions
Make characters move between different scenes
Create scoring or win conditions

Key Concepts:

Game Design Elements: Characters, backgrounds, objectives, rules
Game Loop: Continuous cycle of input, processing, output
Collision Detection: Knowing when sprites touch each other
Scene Transitions: Moving between different game screens
Win/Lose Conditions: Rules that determine game outcomes
User Interface: Buttons, scores, and information displays

Advanced Scratch Concepts:

Sensing Blocks: “touching color”, “distance to”, “key pressed”
Variables: Storing score, lives, or time
Broadcast Messages: Communication between sprites
Clone Sprites: Creating multiple copies of objects
Custom Blocks: Making your own programming blocks

Game Development Process:

Planning Phase: Sketch game idea, list needed sprites and backgrounds
Prototype: Create basic movement and interaction
Enhancement: Add sounds, effects, and polish
Testing: Play game and fix bugs
Sharing: Present to classmates

Example Game Structure:

When green flag clicked
Set score to 0
Set lives to 3
Say "Game Starting!" for 2 seconds
Show sprite
Forever:
    If key space pressed:
        Move player sprite
    If touching enemy:
        Change lives by -1
        If lives = 0:
            Say "Game Over!"
            Stop all

Week 7: Transition to Text-Based Concepts

Learning Objectives:

Prepare learners for text-based coding
Understand basic programming concepts using blocks
Use logic and loops to control sprite or robot actions
Begin transition to robotics or advanced coding platforms

Key Concepts:

Programming Fundamentals: Sequence, selection, iteration
Logic Blocks: IF/ELSE statements in visual form
Loop Types: Forever, repeat until, repeat X times
Variables and Operations: Math in programming
Event-Driven Programming: Responding to user input
Modular Programming: Breaking code into smaller parts

Bridging Visual to Text:

Block-to-Code Thinking: Understanding what blocks represent
Pseudocode: Writing steps in plain English before coding
Debugging Strategies: Systematic problem-solving approaches
Code Organization: Keeping projects neat and logical

Advanced Programming Patterns:

// Pattern 1: State Machine
When green flag clicked
Set game state to "menu"
Forever:
    If game state = "menu":
        Show menu options
    If game state = "playing":
        Run game logic
    If game state = "game over":
        Show final score

// Pattern 2: Object Behavior
When I start as a clone:
    Go to random position
    Forever:
        Move 2 steps
        If on edge, bounce
        If touching player:
            Change score by 10
            Delete this clone

Week 8: Blockly Integration and Logic Puzzles

Learning Objectives:

Solve logic puzzles using visual programming concepts
Create games using Blockly platform
Demonstrate understanding of programming fundamentals
Apply creative problem-solving skills

Key Concepts:

Blockly Platform: Google’s visual programming language
Logic Puzzles: Problems requiring systematic thinking
Algorithm Efficiency: Finding the best solution method
Pattern Recognition: Identifying repeated solutions
Creative Programming: Using code for artistic expression

Blockly vs. Scratch Comparison:

Feature	Scratch	Blockly
Focus	Storytelling & Games	Logic & Algorithms
Interface	Stage-based	Puzzle-based
Output	Animated Projects	Problem Solutions
Progression	Creative Expression	Mathematical Thinking

Logic Puzzle Types:

Maze Solving: Navigate through obstacles
Pattern Completion: Fill in missing sequences
Conditional Logic: IF/THEN decision making
Loop Optimization: Repeat actions efficiently

Grade 2-5 Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Game Development Project

Format: Scratch Game Creation + Presentation (45 minutes)

Part A: Game Planning (10 points)

Game Design Document - Create a simple plan including:

Game objective (what’s the goal?)
Main character description
Basic rules (how do you win/lose?)
Required sprites and backgrounds

Storyboard - Draw 3 screens showing:

Game start screen
Main gameplay
Win/lose screen

Part B: Game Implementation (25 points) 3. Core Functionality (15 points):

Character moves with arrow keys or WASD
At least one interactive element (enemy, collectible, obstacle)
Basic collision detection (touching = something happens)
Clear win or lose condition

Polish and Enhancement (10 points):

Sound effects or music
Visual feedback (score, lives, timer)
Smooth sprite movement
Creative backgrounds or costumes

Part C: Presentation and Reflection (15 points) 5. Game Demo (10 points):

Explain game rules clearly
Demonstrate gameplay for 2 minutes
Show different game scenarios
Handle questions from classmates

Technical Reflection (5 points):

Explain one challenging problem you solved
Describe one improvement you would make
Share one new Scratch skill you learned

Week 7-8 Assessment: Programming Concepts Mastery

Format: Mixed Assessment - Blockly Challenges + Scratch Review (50 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Logic Challenges (20 points)

Maze Navigation (8 points):

Complete 3 increasingly difficult maze puzzles
Use efficient solutions (minimal blocks)
Demonstrate understanding of loops and conditionals

Pattern Recognition (6 points):

Solve sequence completion puzzles
Identify and extend number/color patterns
Create original pattern for others to solve

Logic Puzzles (6 points):

Complete IF/THEN decision trees
Solve multi-step conditional problems
Optimize solutions for clarity

Part B: Concept Transfer (15 points) 4. Visual to Text Translation (10 points): Given this Scratch code block arrangement:

[When flag clicked] → [Forever] → [If touching mouse] → [Move 10 steps]

Write in pseudocode (plain English): “When the program starts, ________________”

Problem Decomposition (5 points): Break down this challenge into steps: “Create a sprite that follows the mouse but stops when it touches the edge”

Step 1: _______________ Step 2: _______________ Step 3: _______________ Step 4: _______________

Part C: Creative Application (15 points) 6. Original Algorithm (15 points): Choose ONE to complete:

Option A - Scratch: Create a “digital pet” that:

Follows mouse cursor
Changes expression when clicked
Makes sound when hungry (timer-based)
Has at least 3 different costumes

Option B - Blockly: Design a solution for:

Robot that sorts colored objects
Path that avoids all obstacles
Pattern that creates art using loops

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Exceeds requirements with creative solutions and clear explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Meets all requirements with good understanding demonstrated
Developing (70-79%): Meets most requirements but may have gaps in complex concepts
Novice (60-69%): Shows basic understanding but struggles with application
Beginning (Below 60%): Needs significant support to demonstrate concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Drone Laws, Emergency Procedures & Practical Flying

Week 6: Drone Laws and Regulations (Kenya Focus)

Learning Objectives:

Learn basic drone laws in Kenya (KCAA regulations)
Understand where and how children can fly drones legally
Develop awareness of responsible drone operation
Understand the importance of aviation safety

Key Concepts:

Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA): National aviation regulator
Drone Registration: Required identification and documentation
No-Fly Zones: Airports, government buildings, restricted areas
Altitude Restrictions: Maximum height limitations
Visual Line of Sight (VLOS): Maintaining visual contact
Privacy Laws: Respecting others’ rights and property

Kenya Drone Regulations Summary:

Registration Requirements:

All drones over 250g must be registered with KCAA
Operator license required for commercial operations
Age restrictions for different categories of operation

Operational Limits:

Maximum altitude: 400 feet (120 meters) AGL
Minimum distance from airports: 8km for major airports
No flying over crowds or public events
Daylight operations only (without special permits)

Prohibited Areas:

Within 5km of any airport
Over government buildings and installations
National parks without permits
Private property without permission

Safety and Legal Guidelines for Young Pilots:

Always have adult supervision
Start with toy drones under 250g
Practice in open, safe areas
Respect others’ privacy and property
Learn emergency procedures
Keep drone in sight at all times

Week 7: Emergency Procedures and Responsible Flying

Learning Objectives:

Review key safety and legal concepts from previous weeks
Understand emergency basics for beginner flyers
Develop decision-making skills for unexpected situations
Practice responsible pilot behavior

Key Concepts:

Emergency Procedures: Systematic responses to problems
Risk Assessment: Evaluating dangers before flying
Decision Making: Choosing appropriate actions under pressure
Communication: Alerting others during emergencies
Equipment Failure: What to do when drone malfunctions
Weather Awareness: Recognizing dangerous conditions

Emergency Scenarios and Responses:

Lost Communication with Drone:

Stay calm and observe drone behavior
Activate Return-to-Home (RTH) function if available
Move to higher ground for better signal
Prepare for manual landing if signal returns
Never chase after a flyaway drone

Low Battery Warning:

Immediately begin landing sequence
Choose nearest safe landing spot
Avoid flying over people or property
Land even if not at original takeoff point
Safety is more important than convenience

Unexpected Weather Changes:

Monitor weather conditions constantly
Land immediately if wind increases
Avoid flying in rain or snow
Watch for sudden temperature changes
When in doubt, don’t fly

Equipment Malfunction:

Attempt controlled landing immediately
Don’t try to fix problems while airborne
Inform other people in the area
Document the problem for later analysis
Never continue flying with known issues

Mission Planning Process:

Pre-flight Planning: Weather check, equipment inspection, route planning
Risk Assessment: Identify potential hazards and mitigation strategies
Communication Plan: Inform others of flight activities
Emergency Procedures: Know what to do if things go wrong
Post-flight Review: Analyze what went well and areas for improvement

Week 8: Practical Flying Skills and Team Challenges

Learning Objectives:

Demonstrate ability to control a mini drone (takeoff, hover, land)
Apply basic flight skills in problem-solving mission scenarios
Work as a team to complete drone-based challenges
Evaluate personal progress and set goals for improvement

Key Concepts:

Flight Control Mastery: Smooth, precise drone movements
Situational Awareness: Understanding surroundings during flight
Mission Planning: Preparing for specific flight objectives
Teamwork: Collaborative problem-solving with drones
Performance Evaluation: Self-assessment and peer feedback
Safety Leadership: Taking responsibility for safe operations

Basic Flight Skills Progression:

Fundamental Controls:

Smooth takeoff to hover
Maintaining steady hover
Controlled landing
Forward/backward movement
Left/right movement
Rotation control

Intermediate Maneuvers:

Figure-8 patterns
Precision landing on target
Obstacle avoidance
Following predetermined paths
Coordinated movements

Advanced Challenges:

Team relay races
Rescue simulations
Precision delivery tasks
Group choreography
Time-based challenges

Mission Scenarios:

Mission 1: Search and Rescue

Objective: Locate “missing person” (target) in designated area
Skills: Systematic search patterns, communication, observation
Time limit: 5 minutes
Success criteria: Target identified and location communicated

Mission 2: Delivery Challenge

Objective: Transport small payload from Point A to Point B
Skills: Precision flying, cargo management, safe landing
Obstacles: Wind conditions, landing accuracy requirements
Success criteria: Payload delivered undamaged within time limit

Mission 3: Team Coordination

Objective: Multiple drones work together to complete complex task
Skills: Communication, timing, spatial awareness
Challenge: Choreographed flight pattern or group problem-solving
Success criteria: All drones complete task without collisions

Safety Protocols for Practical Flying:

Always maintain 10-foot safety zone around flying area
Designate specific roles: pilot, observer, safety officer
Use hand signals for communication during loud operations
Practice emergency landing procedures before each session
Rotate roles so everyone experiences different responsibilities

Grade 6-9 Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Drone Laws and Regulations

Format: Written Test + Legal Scenario Analysis (40 minutes)

Part A: Kenya Aviation Law Knowledge (25 points)

KCAA Regulations (10 points) Fill in the blanks:

Drones over ______ grams must be registered with KCAA
Maximum altitude for recreational flying is ______ feet
Minimum distance from major airports is ______ kilometers
Commercial drone operations require a ______ license
Drones must remain within ______ line of sight

No-Fly Zone Identification (10 points) Mark TRUE or FALSE for each flying location:

Your school playground during lunch break: ______
Open field 2km from Wilson Airport: ______
Your backyard with adult supervision: ______
Uhuru Park during a public event: ______
Private farm with owner’s permission: ______

Legal Compliance (5 points) List 3 requirements for legally flying a drone in Kenya:

Part B: Scenario-Based Decision Making (20 points)

Legal Scenarios (20 points) For each scenario, explain if the action is legal and why:

Scenario A: Sarah wants to fly her 300g drone over her neighbor’s house to take photos of her own backyard. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario B: James plans to fly his registered drone at 200 feet altitude in an open field 10km from any airport during daylight hours. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario C: A group of students want to use their drone for a school project, filming the school building from 100 feet up. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario D: Ahmed wants to fly his 150g toy drone in his compound for 10 minutes. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Part C: Responsible Pilot Planning (15 points)

Pre-flight Checklist (15 points) Create a 10-item pre-flight checklist that includes legal, safety, and equipment considerations:

[Continue through 10]

Week 7-8 Assessment: Emergency Procedures and Practical Skills

Format: Practical Flight Test + Emergency Response Simulation (60 minutes)

Part A: Emergency Response Knowledge (20 points)

Emergency Procedures (15 points) Describe the correct response for each emergency:

Low Battery Warning: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Lost Radio Contact: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Sudden Weather Change: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Risk Assessment (5 points) Identify 3 risks for flying in each environment:

School playground: ____________, ____________, ____________
Open field: ____________, ____________, ____________

Part B: Practical Flight Skills Assessment (30 points)

Basic Flight Controls (15 points) Demonstrate competency in:

Smooth takeoff and landing (3 points)
Stable hovering for 30 seconds (3 points)
Forward/backward precision movement (3 points)
Left/right precision movement (3 points)
Controlled rotation (3 points)

Mission Challenge (15 points) Complete ONE of the following missions:

Option A - Navigation Course:

Fly through 5 waypoints in sequence
Land within 1-meter target circle
Complete within 3 minutes

Option B - Team Coordination:

Work with partner to complete relay challenge
Communicate effectively during handoff
Maintain safety throughout mission

Part C: Leadership and Safety Evaluation (15 points)

Safety Leadership (8 points) While others are flying, demonstrate:

Proper safety zone maintenance
Clear communication with pilot
Appropriate responses to unsafe situations
Helpful coaching and encouragement

Self-Assessment and Goal Setting (7 points) Written reflection:

What flight skill are you most confident with? Why?
What area needs the most improvement?
Set one specific goal for future drone flying
Describe one way you can help others fly safely

Practical Skills Rubric:

Expert Pilot (90-100%): Demonstrates advanced skills, teaches others, shows exceptional safety awareness
Competent Pilot (80-89%): Performs all basic skills reliably, follows safety protocols consistently
Developing Pilot (70-79%): Shows improvement in most areas, occasional guidance needed
Novice Pilot (60-69%): Basic skills present but inconsistent, needs continued practice
Beginning Pilot (Below 60%): Requires significant instruction and supervision

Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced Python Projects & Integration

Week 6-7: Integrated Systems Project (Combined Weeks)

Learning Objectives:

Combine motors and sensors in complex systems
Debug integrated hardware/software systems
Apply creative problem-solving to real-world challenges
Document projects professionally

Key Concepts:

Systems Integration: Combining multiple components into unified solutions
Hardware-Software Interface: Code that bridges digital and physical worlds
System Architecture: Planning complex projects with multiple subsystems
Error Handling: Managing failures gracefully in complex systems
Performance Optimization: Making systems run efficiently
Documentation Standards: Professional project recording

Advanced Integration Concepts:

1. Multi-Sensor Fusion

import threading
import queue
from gpiozero import DistanceSensor, MotionSensor, MCP3008
from time import sleep
import json

class SensorFusion:
    def __init__(self):
        self.distance_sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)
        self.motion_sensor = MotionSensor(4)
        self.light_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)
        self.temp_sensor = MCP3008(channel=1)

        # Data queues for thread communication
        self.sensor_data = queue.Queue()
        self.running = False

    def read_sensors(self):
        """Continuous sensor reading in separate thread"""
        while self.running:
            try:
                data = {
                    'timestamp': time.time(),
                    'distance': self.distance_sensor.distance * 100,
                    'motion': self.motion_sensor.motion_detected,
                    'light_level': self.light_sensor.voltage,
                    'temperature': self.convert_temp(self.temp_sensor.voltage)
                }
                self.sensor_data.put(data)
                sleep(0.1)  # 10Hz sampling rate
            except Exception as e:
                print(f"Sensor reading error: {e}")

    def convert_temp(self, voltage):
        """Convert sensor voltage to temperature"""
        return (voltage - 0.5) * 100  # Example conversion

    def start_monitoring(self):
        """Start sensor monitoring thread"""
        self.running = True
        self.sensor_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_sensors)
        self.sensor_thread.start()

    def stop_monitoring(self):
        """Stop sensor monitoring"""
        self.running = False
        if hasattr(self, 'sensor_thread'):
            self.sensor_thread.join()

2. Intelligent Control Systems

class SmartEnvironmentController:
    def __init__(self):
        self.sensors = SensorFusion()
        self.fan_motor = Motor(forward=2, backward=3)
        self.heater_relay = OutputDevice(18)
        self.lights = PWMOutputDevice(19)

        # Control parameters
        self.target_temp = 22.0  # Target temperature in Celsius
        self.temp_tolerance = 1.0
        self.light_threshold = 0.3

        # Control state
        self.auto_mode = True
        self.manual_override = False

    def analyze_environment(self, sensor_data):
        """Intelligent decision making based on sensor data"""
        decisions = {
            'fan_speed': 0.0,
            'heater_on': False,
            'light_level': 0.0,
            'alert_status': 'normal'
        }

        # Temperature control logic
        temp_diff = sensor_data['temperature'] - self.target_temp

        if temp_diff > self.temp_tolerance:  # Too hot
            decisions['fan_speed'] = min(1.0, temp_diff / 5.0)  # Scale fan speed
            decisions['heater_on'] = False
        elif temp_diff < -self.temp_tolerance:  # Too cold
            decisions['fan_speed'] = 0.0
            decisions['heater_on'] = True

        # Light control logic
        if sensor_data['light_level'] < self.light_threshold:
            decisions['light_level'] = 1.0 - sensor_data['light_level']  # Complement lighting

        # Security monitoring
        if sensor_data['motion'] and sensor_data['distance'] < 20:  # Close motion
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'intrusion_detected'
        elif sensor_data['distance'] < 5:  # Very close object
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'obstacle_warning'

        return decisions

    def execute_controls(self, decisions):
        """Execute control decisions"""
        if not self.manual_override:
            # Motor control
            if decisions['fan_speed'] > 0:
                self.fan_motor.forward(decisions['fan_speed'])
            else:
                self.fan_motor.stop()

            # Heater control
            if decisions['heater_on']:
                self.heater_relay.on()
            else:
                self.heater_relay.off()

            # Light control
            self.lights.value = decisions['light_level']

    def run_control_loop(self):
        """Main control loop"""
        self.sensors.start_monitoring()

        try:
            while True:
                if not self.sensors.sensor_data.empty():
                    current_data = self.sensors.sensor_data.get()
                    decisions = self.analyze_environment(current_data)
                    self.execute_controls(decisions)

                    # Log system status
                    self.log_system_status(current_data, decisions)

                sleep(0.5)  # Control loop frequency

        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            print("Shutting down control system...")
        finally:
            self.sensors.stop_monitoring()
            self.fan_motor.stop()
            self.heater_relay.off()
            self.lights.off()

    def log_system_status(self, sensor_data, decisions):
        """Log system performance data"""
        log_entry = {
            'timestamp': sensor_data['timestamp'],
            'sensors': sensor_data,
            'controls': decisions,
            'mode': 'auto' if self.auto_mode else 'manual'
        }

        # In a real system, this would write to a file or database
        print(f"System Status: Temp={sensor_data['temperature']:.1f}°C, "
              f"Fan={decisions['fan_speed']:.1f}, "
              f"Alert={decisions['alert_status']}")

3. Project Documentation Standards

"""
Smart Environment Control System
================================

Project: IoT Environmental Controller
Author: Student Name
Date: Current Date
Version: 1.0

Description:
    An intelligent system that monitors environmental conditions and automatically
    adjusts heating, cooling, and lighting based on sensor feedback.

Hardware Requirements:
    - Raspberry Pi 4 or similar
    - Temperature sensor (DS18B20 or similar)
    - Light sensor (LDR with MCP3008 ADC)
    - Motion sensor (PIR)
    - Distance sensor (HC-SR04)
    - DC Motor (for fan simulation)
    - Relay module (for heater control)
    - PWM-controlled LED (for lighting)

Software Dependencies:
    - Python 3.7+
    - gpiozero library
    - threading module (standard library)
    - queue module (standard library)
    - json module (standard library)

Installation:
    pip install gpiozero

Usage:
    python smart_environment.py

Configuration:
    Modify target_temp and light_threshold variables in SmartEnvironmentController
    class to adjust system behavior.

Testing:
    Run included test functions to verify sensor readings and control outputs
    before deploying the full system.

Known Issues:
    - Temperature sensor calibration may need adjustment for local conditions
    - Motion sensor has 2-second reset time that affects rapid detection

Future Enhancements:
    - Web interface for remote monitoring
    - Data logging to CSV files
    - Machine learning for predictive control
    - Mobile app integration
"""

Project Examples for Students:

Project 1: Smart Garden Monitor

Monitors soil moisture, light, and temperature
Controls watering pump and grow lights
Logs plant growth data
Sends alerts when intervention needed

Project 2: Home Security System

Multiple sensor integration (motion, door, window)
Camera trigger on detection
SMS/email notifications
Mobile app control interface

Project 3: Weather Station

Measures temperature, humidity, pressure, wind
Data logging with timestamps
Weather prediction algorithms
Web dashboard for data visualization

Project 4: Automated Greenhouse

Climate control (temperature, humidity)
Automated watering system
Light cycle management
Growth optimization algorithms

Week 8: Project Presentations and Assessment

Learning Objectives:

Present technical projects professionally
Give and receive constructive feedback
Self-evaluate learning progress and achievements
Plan next steps for continued learning

Key Concepts:

Technical Communication: Explaining complex systems clearly
Presentation Skills: Engaging audiences with technical content
Peer Review: Constructive feedback and collaboration
Self-Assessment: Honest evaluation of own work
Professional Development: Planning continued learning paths
Portfolio Building: Documenting achievements for future opportunities

Presentation Structure:

Project Overview (2 minutes)

Problem statement and objectives
Target audience and use cases
Key features and functionality

Technical Demonstration (2 minutes)

Live system operation
Key components and how they work
Code walkthrough of critical sections

Challenges and Solutions (1 minute)

Major obstacles encountered
Creative solutions implemented
Lessons learned from failures

Evaluation Criteria:

Technical Merit (40%):

System functionality and reliability
Code quality and organization
Creative problem-solving approach
Integration of multiple technologies

Communication (30%):

Clear explanation of technical concepts
Engaging presentation delivery
Appropriate use of visual aids
Effective response to questions

Documentation (20%):

Complete project documentation
Code comments and structure
User instructions and setup guides
Reflection on learning process

Collaboration (10%):

Constructive feedback to peers
Professional interaction during Q&A
Willingness to share knowledge
Respectful critique and discussion

Python Programming Trivia Challenge: End the term with fun technical questions:

What does “PEP 8” refer to in Python?
What’s the difference between == and is in Python?
How do you handle exceptions in Python?
What is a Python decorator?
What’s the difference between a list and a tuple?

Grade 10-12 Final Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Integrated Systems Project Assessment

Format: Major Project + Technical Presentation + Peer Review (2 weeks + presentation day)

Project Requirements: Students must create an integrated system that combines:

At least 3 different sensors
At least 2 actuators (motors, lights, relays, etc.)
Data logging and analysis
User interface (command line or simple GUI)
Error handling and safety features

Part A: Technical Implementation (40 points)

System Design (10 points)

Clear problem definition and solution approach
System architecture diagram showing component relationships
Hardware schematic or connection diagram
Software flowchart or algorithm description

Code Quality (15 points)

Well-structured, modular code with functions/classes
Appropriate variable names and code organization
Comprehensive comments explaining complex sections
Error handling for hardware failures
Efficient algorithms and resource usage

Hardware Integration (15 points)

Stable sensor readings with appropriate filtering
Reliable actuator control with safety limits
Proper electrical connections and component usage
System operates reliably for extended periods
Professional cable management and mounting

Part B: Documentation and Communication (25 points)

Project Documentation (15 points) Create a complete project report including:

Executive summary of project goals and achievements
Detailed technical specifications and requirements
Installation and setup instructions
User manual with clear operating procedures
Troubleshooting guide for common problems
Code documentation with API reference

Technical Presentation (10 points)

Clear 5-minute presentation explaining project
Live demonstration of working system
Professional slides with technical diagrams
Confident handling of technical questions
Appropriate use of technical vocabulary

Part C: Innovation and Problem Solving (20 points)

Creative Solutions (10 points)

Original approach to solving chosen problem
Creative use of available hardware and software
Evidence of iterative design and improvement
Solutions show depth of understanding beyond basic requirements

Advanced Features (10 points) Choose and implement at least TWO:

Machine learning or AI decision making
Network communication (IoT connectivity)
Mobile app or web interface
Data visualization and analytics
Predictive algorithms or optimization
Integration with external APIs or services

Part D: Professional Skills (15 points)

Peer Collaboration (8 points)

Constructive feedback provided to classmates
Professional behavior during presentations
Willingness to help others debug problems
Respectful and insightful questions during Q&A

Self-Assessment (7 points) Written reflection addressing:

Most significant technical challenge and how you overcame it
What you would do differently if starting over
How this project connects to potential career interests
Specific skills you want to develop further
Your confidence level with different aspects of the project

Sample Project Evaluation Rubric:

Exceptional (90-100%)

System exceeds all requirements with innovative features
Code is publication-quality with comprehensive documentation
Presentation is engaging and demonstrates deep understanding
Shows leadership in helping others and contributing to class learning
Self-reflection shows sophisticated understanding of learning process

Proficient (80-89%)

System meets all requirements reliably
Code is well-structured with good documentation
Presentation is clear and technically accurate
Actively participates in peer learning and feedback
Self-reflection shows good awareness of strengths and growth areas

Developing (70-79%)

System meets most requirements with minor issues
Code works but may have organizational or documentation gaps
Presentation covers required topics but may lack depth
Participates adequately in class activities
Self-reflection shows basic understanding of learning process

Beginning (60-69%)

System meets basic requirements but has significant limitations
Code works for demonstration but has structural or reliability issues
Presentation covers basics but shows limited understanding
Minimal participation in peer activities
Self-reflection is superficial or lacks insight

Incomplete (Below 60%)

System fails to meet basic requirements or doesn’t function reliably
Code has major issues that prevent proper operation
Presentation is unclear or shows misunderstanding of concepts
Little to no participation in collaborative learning
Self-reflection missing or shows no evidence of learning

Term 1 Final Portfolio Assessment - All Grade Levels

Portfolio Components Checklist

For All Students:

Weekly reflection journals documenting learning progress
Photo documentation of all projects and experiments
Completed weekly assessments with corrections
Evidence of peer collaboration and teaching
Self-assessment of growth in each major topic area

Grade-Specific Additions:

Preschoolers (4-6 years):

Drawings of favorite STEM activities
Parent/teacher observation notes on engagement and skills
Examples of unplugged coding sequences created
Photos of technology exploration activities

Grade 2-5 (7-11 years):

Screenshots of completed Scratch projects
Blockly puzzle solutions and explanations
Game design documents and storyboards
Video explanations of programming concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 years):

Drone safety checklist created and used
Mission planning worksheets with risk assessments
Photos/videos of practical flying sessions
Research report on drone applications in chosen field

Grade 10-12 (14-16 years):

Complete code repositories with documentation
Hardware connection diagrams and schematics
Data analysis reports from sensor projects
Technical presentation slides and demonstration videos

Cross-Grade Learning Objectives Mastery

By the end of Term 1, students should demonstrate:

Preschoolers:

Basic understanding of STEM concepts through play
Ability to follow simple sequences and patterns
Safe interaction with age-appropriate technology
Curiosity and engagement with hands-on exploration

Grade 2-5:

Fundamental programming concepts using visual languages
Ability to create simple games and interactive stories
Understanding of sequence, loops, and basic logic
Confidence in debugging and problem-solving

Grade 6-9:

Comprehensive understanding of drone safety and regulations
Practical flying skills with safety awareness
Knowledge of aviation principles and laws
Teamwork and communication skills in technical contexts

Grade 10-12:

Proficiency in Python programming for hardware control
Ability to integrate multiple sensors and actuators
Professional documentation and presentation skills
Independent problem-solving and creative innovation

Preparation for Term 2

Preschoolers → Scratch Junior Programming:

Continue building sequencing skills
Introduction to tablet-based programming
Creative storytelling with technology

Grade 2-5 → IoT Integration with Sensors:

Bridge from visual programming to physical computing
Introduction to sensors and real-world data
Beginning electronics and circuit concepts

Grade 6-9 → Smart Home Security:

Apply drone safety concepts to IoT systems
Introduction to sensors and automation
Home automation and security principles

Grade 10-12 → Smart Cities:

Scale up from individual projects to community solutions
Advanced IoT networking and data analysis
Social impact of technology solutions

Additional Resources and Extensions

Online Learning Platforms:

Preschoolers: PBS Kids programming games, Kodable app
Grade 2-5: Scratch Jr., Code.org courses, Blockly games
Grade 6-9: DroneBlocks, FAA educational materials, aviation simulation games
Grade 10-12: Python.org tutorials, Raspberry Pi Foundation projects, GitHub learning labs

STEM Career Connections:

Robotics Engineer: Designs and builds robots for various applications
Software Developer: Creates programs and applications for computers and devices
Drone Pilot: Professional UAV operations for photography, surveying, delivery
IoT Developer: Connects everyday objects to the internet for smart automation
Data Scientist: Analyzes sensor data to find patterns and make predictions

Community Extension Activities:

Science Fair Projects: Using skills learned to create original investigations
STEM Club Leadership: Teaching younger students basic concepts
Community Problem Solving: Identifying local problems that technology could help solve
Maker Space Participation: Continuing projects in community workshop environments

Assessment Data Tracking: Teachers should maintain records of:

Individual student progress through learning objectives
Common areas of difficulty requiring additional support
Exceptional student work that could be showcased
Parent/guardian feedback on home engagement with STEM concepts
Equipment and resource needs for optimal program delivery

Notes

I’ve created a comprehensive set of notes and assessment tests for Term 1 across all grade levels (Preschoolers through Grade 10-12). The document includes:

What’s Included:

For Each Grade Level:

Detailed weekly lesson notes covering weeks 1-8 content
Key concepts and learning objectives for each topic
Practical examples and code samples (for programming grades)
Age-appropriate assessment tests with multiple formats

Assessment Formats:

Preschoolers (4-6): Practical/observational assessments with hands-on activities
Grade 2-5 (7-11): Computer-based Scratch/Blockly challenges
Grade 6-9 (11-14): Written tests + practical drone safety demonstrations
Grade 10-12 (14-16): Coding assignments + hardware integration projects

Key Features:

✅ Covers all 8 weeks of Term 1 content
✅ Aligned with curriculum from the IoT & Robotics document
✅ Progressive difficulty appropriate for each age group
✅ Practical assessments that test real understanding
✅ Detailed rubrics for fair evaluation
✅ Extension activities for advanced learners
✅ Safety guidelines and best practices

Topics Covered:

Preschoolers: STEM basics, simple machines, unplugged coding
Grade 2-5: Scratch programming, Blockly games, interface navigation
Grade 6-9: Drone basics, aviation principles, safety regulations
Grade 10-12: Python programming, hardware control, sensor integration

Each assessment is designed to be practical and engaging, testing both theoretical knowledge and hands-on application skills. The rubrics provide clear criteria for evaluation at different skill levels.

Perfect! I’ve now completed the comprehensive Term 1 notes and assessment materials covering all 8 weeks for all grade levels. Here’s what’s now included:

Assessment Test

IoT & Robotics Term 1 - Complete Notes & Assessment Tests

Preschoolers (4-6 Years)

Term 1: STEM Storytelling & Coding Toys

Week 1: Introduction to STEM

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic concepts of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math)
Spark excitement and curiosity about STEM through hands-on activities
Foster teamwork through group experiments
Develop early thinking through guided play and experimentation

Key Concepts:

Science: Learning about the world around us through observation
Technology: Simple tools and devices that help us
Engineering: Building and creating solutions
Mathematics: Numbers, shapes, and patterns in everyday life

Activities:

Floating vs. Sinking experiments with various objects
Basic robot interaction and exploration
STEM vocabulary building games
Classification activities

Materials: Water, buckets, floating items (paper, feathers), sinking items (stones, coins), toy robot, tablet

Week 2: STEM Play Corners

Learning Objectives:

Explore different STEM areas through play stations
Develop fine motor skills through hands-on manipulation
Practice problem-solving through guided discovery
Build confidence in exploring new concepts

Key Concepts:

Play-based learning: Learning through exploration and fun
Spatial awareness: Understanding shapes, sizes, and positions
Cause and effect: Understanding that actions have results
Collaboration: Working together to solve problems

Week 3: Simple Machines & Environmental Science

Learning Objectives:

Identify simple machines in everyday life
Understand basic environmental concepts
Develop observation skills
Connect STEM to the natural world

Key Concepts:

Simple Machines: Lever, pulley, wheel, ramp
Environment: Plants, animals, weather, seasons
Observation: Using our senses to learn
Nature patterns: Recognizing patterns in nature

Week 4: Unplugged Coding

Learning Objectives:

Introduction to coding concepts without computers
Understand sequence and order
Develop logical thinking
Practice following and giving instructions

Key Concepts:

Sequence: Steps in order
Instructions: Clear directions to follow
Algorithms: Step-by-step solutions
Patterns: Recognizing and creating patterns

Assessment Test - Preschoolers (4-6 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: STEM Basics

Format: Practical/Observational Assessment

Floating or Sinking? (Show child various objects)

Point to objects that will float: feather, cork, plastic toy
Point to objects that will sink: stone, coin, marble
Explain why you think so (in simple words)

STEM Matching (Picture cards)

Match the scientist to the magnifying glass
Match the engineer to the building blocks
Match the mathematician to the numbers
Match the technologist to the computer

Following Instructions

Can follow 2-step instructions: “Pick up the red block and put it in the box”
Can give simple instructions to a friend
Can arrange objects in order (biggest to smallest)

Assessment Rubric:

Exceeding (3): Completes all tasks independently with explanation
Meeting (2): Completes most tasks with minimal guidance
Approaching (1): Attempts tasks with significant support
Beginning (0): Needs extensive help to participate

Week 3-4 Assessment: Simple Machines & Coding

Format: Hands-on Demonstration

Simple Machines Hunt

Find the lever (seesaw, scissors)
Find the wheel (bicycle, toy car)
Find the ramp (slide, wedge)
Explain what each machine helps us do

Nature Observation

Draw or point to living things vs. non-living things
Identify basic shapes in nature (circles in flowers, triangles in mountains)
Name things that grow vs. things that are made

Unplugged Coding Challenge

Arrange sequence cards to show morning routine
Give directions to help friend reach the treasure
Complete a simple pattern with blocks or shapes

Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years)

Term 1: Scratch & Blockly Programming

Week 1: Introduction to Programming

Learning Objectives:

Understand what programming is
Learn about Scratch programming environment
Install and explore Scratch interface
Grasp the concept of sequencing

Key Concepts:

Programming: Giving instructions to computers
Scratch: Visual programming language using blocks
Interface: The screen where we work with Scratch
Sequencing: Putting commands in the right order
Sprites: Characters in Scratch programs
Stage: Where Scratch programs run

Core Activities:

Explore Scratch interface and tools
Identify different areas (sprite area, blocks palette, stage)
Learn about different block categories (Motion, Looks, Sound, etc.)
Create first simple animation

Week 2: Understanding Scratch Interface

Learning Objectives:

Navigate Scratch interface confidently
Understand different block categories
Create basic sprite movements
Save and load projects

Key Concepts:

Blocks Palette: Where programming blocks are stored
Scripts Area: Where we build our programs
Motion Blocks: Make sprites move
Looks Blocks: Change sprite appearance
Events: What starts our programs running

Week 3: Setting Up Scratch Projects

Learning Objectives:

Plan and organize Scratch projects
Understand project structure
Use backgrounds and sprites effectively
Practice debugging simple problems

Key Concepts:

Project Planning: Thinking before coding
Backgrounds: Scenes for our programs
Sprite Library: Ready-made characters
Debugging: Finding and fixing problems

Week 4: Introduction to Blockly

Learning Objectives:

Understand Blockly visual programming
Compare Blockly with Scratch
Complete basic Blockly puzzles
Transfer concepts between platforms

Key Concepts:

Blockly: Another visual programming language
Puzzle-based Learning: Learning through solving challenges
Logic Blocks: Making decisions in programs
Loops: Repeating actions

Week 5: Blockly Games for Scratch Programmers

Learning Objectives:

Apply Scratch knowledge to Blockly games
Solve increasingly complex puzzles
Understand programming logic and flow
Build problem-solving confidence

Key Concepts:

Game Logic: Rules that make games work
Progressive Difficulty: Challenges that get harder
Pattern Recognition: Seeing repeated solutions
Persistence: Keep trying when challenges are difficult

Assessment Test - Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years)

Week 1-3 Assessment: Scratch Fundamentals

Format: Practical Computer Assessment (30 minutes)

Part A: Interface Knowledge (10 points)

Label the parts of Scratch interface:

Blocks Palette
Scripts Area
Stage
Sprite Area

Match the block colors to their functions:

Motion blocks: _____ (Blue)
Looks blocks: _____ (Purple)
Sound blocks: _____ (Pink)
Events blocks: _____ (Yellow)

Part B: Basic Programming (15 points) 3. Create a program that makes a sprite:

Move 10 steps forward
Turn 90 degrees right
Say “Hello” for 2 seconds
Change color

Fix this broken sequence (drag blocks in correct order):

[Say "Goodbye"][When green flag clicked][Move 100 steps][Say "Hello"]

Part C: Problem Solving (10 points) 5. Your sprite isn’t moving when you click the green flag. What might be wrong?

Missing “when green flag clicked” block
Sprite is already at the edge
Motion blocks aren’t connected
All of the above

Create a simple animation showing a cat walking across the stage.

Week 4-5 Assessment: Blockly & Problem Solving

Format: Computer-based Blockly Challenges (25 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Basics (8 points)

Complete the “Move Forward” puzzle in Blockly
Complete the “Turn Left/Right” puzzle
Complete the “Repeat Loop” puzzle
Complete the “If/Else” puzzle

Part B: Logic Understanding (12 points) 5. Explain what this Blockly code does:

Repeat 4 times:
  Move forward
  Turn right 90 degrees

Answer: _________________

Write Blockly code to make a character:

Move forward 3 steps
Turn left if path is blocked
Repeat until reaching goal

Part C: Transfer Learning (10 points) 7. How is Blockly similar to Scratch? List 3 similarities:

Create a Scratch program that does the same thing as this Blockly code:

When started:  Repeat 5 times:    Move forward 20 steps    Wait 1 second

Assessment Rubric:

Advanced (90-100%): Completes all tasks efficiently with creative additions
Proficient (80-89%): Completes most tasks correctly with minor errors
Developing (70-79%): Completes basic tasks but struggles with complex problems
Beginning (Below 70%): Needs significant support to complete tasks

Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years)

Term 1: Drone Aviation Introduction

Week 1: Introduction to Drones and Aviation Basics

Learning Objectives:

Understand what drones are and their applications
Learn basic aviation principles
Identify different types of aircraft
Understand the evolution of flight

Key Concepts:

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): Aircraft without a human pilot aboard
Remote Pilot: Person controlling the drone from the ground
Autonomous Flight: Drones flying with minimal human control
Commercial vs. Recreational Use: Different purposes for drones
Four Forces of Flight: Lift, Weight, Thrust, Drag
Aerodynamics: How air moves around objects in flight

Applications of Drones:

Photography and videography
Search and rescue operations
Agriculture monitoring
Package delivery
Scientific research
Military operations

Week 2: Drone Safety Rules and Best Practices

Learning Objectives:

Learn essential drone safety protocols
Understand pre-flight checklist procedures
Identify potential hazards and risks
Develop responsible drone operation habits

Key Concepts:

Pre-flight Inspection: Checking drone condition before flying
Weather Conditions: How weather affects drone flight
Battery Safety: Proper battery handling and storage
Emergency Procedures: What to do when things go wrong
Situational Awareness: Being aware of surroundings while flying

Safety Rules:

Always maintain visual contact with drone
Check weather conditions before flying
Inspect drone and equipment before each flight
Fly in open areas away from people and property
Never fly above 400 feet
Respect others’ privacy
Land immediately if drone malfunctions

Week 3: FAA/UAS Regulations (Basic Overview)

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic aviation regulations
Learn about no-fly zones and restricted airspace
Understand registration requirements
Learn about pilot certification basics

Key Concepts:

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): Government agency regulating aviation
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS): Official term for drones and related equipment
No-Fly Zones: Areas where drone flight is prohibited
Remote Pilot Certificate: License required for commercial drone operations
Registration: Required identification for drones over 0.55 pounds

Basic Regulations:

Drones must be registered if over 0.55 lbs (250 grams)
Maximum altitude: 400 feet above ground level
Must yield right-of-way to manned aircraft
No flying over groups of people
No flying at night without special certification
Respect airport operational areas (usually 5-mile radius)

Week 4: Key Drone Types & Components

Learning Objectives:

Identify different drone configurations
Understand key drone components and their functions
Compare advantages and disadvantages of different designs
Learn basic maintenance requirements

Key Concepts:

Multirotor: Drones with multiple rotating propellers
Fixed-wing: Airplane-like drones with wings
Hybrid VTOL: Vertical takeoff and landing with forward flight capability
Frame: Main structure holding all components
Flight Controller: Computer controlling drone flight
ESC (Electronic Speed Controller): Controls motor speed
Gimbal: Stabilizes camera during flight

Drone Types:

Quadcopter: 4 rotors, most common configuration
Hexacopter: 6 rotors, more redundancy and payload capacity
Octocopter: 8 rotors, highest redundancy and capacity
Fixed-wing: Longer flight times, faster speeds
Racing drones: Small, fast, agile for competitive flying

Week 5: Basic Principles of Flight

Learning Objectives:

Understand the four forces of flight in detail
Learn how drones achieve controlled flight
Understand stability and control concepts
Explore flight dynamics and physics

Key Concepts:

Lift: Upward force generated by rotors or wings
Weight (Gravity): Downward force pulling drone toward earth
Thrust: Forward force propelling drone through air
Drag: Resistance force opposing motion through air
Center of Gravity: Balance point of drone
Pitch, Roll, Yaw: Three axes of rotation
Gyroscopic Effect: How spinning rotors affect stability

Flight Control:

Throttle: Controls altitude (up/down)
Pitch: Controls forward/backward movement
Roll: Controls left/right movement
Yaw: Controls rotation (turning left/right)
Trim: Fine adjustments for balanced flight

Assessment Test - Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: Drone Basics and Safety

Format: Written Test + Practical Safety Demonstration (45 minutes)

Part A: Multiple Choice (20 points)

What does UAV stand for? a) Universal Aviation Vehicle b) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle c) Ultra Aerodynamic Vehicle d) United Aviation Vehicle
Which of the four forces of flight works against gravity? a) Thrust b) Drag c) Lift d) Weight
What should you do FIRST before flying a drone? a) Start the motors b) Check weather conditions c) Take off immediately d) Turn on the camera
The maximum altitude for recreational drone flight is: a) 200 feet b) 300 feet c) 400 feet d) 500 feet
What is the main difference between commercial and recreational drone use? a) Size of drone b) Purpose and regulations c) Color of drone d) Number of rotors

Part B: Short Answer (25 points) 6. List 5 safety rules that must be followed when operating a drone: (10 points)

Explain three commercial applications of drones: (9 points)

Why is it important to maintain visual contact with your drone during flight? (6 points)

Week 3-5 Assessment: Regulations and Flight Principles

Format: Written Test + Flight Theory Application (50 minutes)

Part A: Regulations Knowledge (20 points)

True/False (10 points)

Drones under 0.55 lbs need to be registered: ___
You can fly your drone anywhere as long as it’s daytime: ___
Commercial drone operations require a Remote Pilot Certificate: ___
Drones must always yield to manned aircraft: ___
Flying over groups of people is allowed with permission: ___

What is a no-fly zone and give 3 examples: (10 points) Definition: ________________________________ Examples:

Part B: Drone Components (15 points) 3. Match the component to its function:

Flight Controller: _____ a) Provides power to motors
ESC: _____ b) Stabilizes camera
Gimbal: _____ c) Main structural support
Frame: _____ d) Controls drone flight
Battery: _____ e) Controls motor speed

Compare quadcopter vs. fixed-wing drones (advantages/disadvantages): (10 points)

Part C: Flight Principles (25 points) 5. Draw and label the four forces of flight on a drone diagram: (12 points)

Explain how a drone moves in each direction: (13 points)

Forward: ________________________________
Backward: ________________________________
Left: ________________________________
Right: ________________________________
Up: ________________________________
Rotate left: ________________________________

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Demonstrates comprehensive understanding with detailed explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Shows solid grasp of concepts with minor gaps
Developing (70-79%): Understands basic concepts but lacks detail in complex areas
Novice (Below 70%): Limited understanding, needs additional instruction

Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years)

Term 1: Introduction to Python Basics

Week 1: Writing Structured Python Code

Learning Objectives:

Understand Python syntax and structure
Learn proper code formatting and indentation
Write clean, readable code following best practices
Understand variables, data types, and basic operations

Key Concepts:

Python: High-level programming language
Syntax: Rules for writing Python code
Indentation: Using spaces to organize code structure
Variables: Named storage for data values
Data Types: int, float, string, boolean
Comments: Documentation within code using #
Print Statement: Displaying output to screen

Code Structure Best Practices:

# Header comment explaining the program
# Author: Your Name
# Date: Today's Date

# Import statements
import module_name

# Constants (UPPERCASE naming)
MAX_VALUE = 100

# Main program logic
def main():
    # Variable declarations
    user_name = "Student"
    age = 16

    # Program logic with proper indentation
    print(f"Hello, {user_name}!")
    print(f"You are {age} years old.")

# Run the program
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Week 2: Functions and Loops

Learning Objectives:

Create and use custom functions
Understand function parameters and return values
Implement for loops and while loops
Apply loops to solve repetitive tasks

Key Concepts:

Function: Reusable block of code that performs a specific task
Parameters: Input values passed to functions
Return Value: Output value from a function
For Loop: Repeats code a specific number of times
While Loop: Repeats code while a condition is true
Range Function: Generates sequences of numbers
Iteration: Each repetition of a loop
Loop Control: Managing when loops start and stop

Function Examples:

# Simple function with no parameters
def greet():
    print("Hello, World!")

# Function with parameters
def greet_person(name, age):
    print(f"Hello, {name}! You are {age} years old.")

# Function with return value
def calculate_area(length, width):
    area = length * width
    return area

# Using functions
greet()
greet_person("Alice", 16)
room_area = calculate_area(10, 12)
print(f"Room area: {room_area} square meters")

Loop Examples:

# For loop with range
for i in range(5):
    print(f"Count: {i}")

# For loop with list
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
for fruit in fruits:
    print(f"I like {fruit}")

# While loop
count = 0
while count < 3:
    print(f"While loop count: {count}")
    count += 1

Week 3: Using Python Libraries

Learning Objectives:

Understand what Python libraries are and why they’re useful
Learn to import and use common libraries
Work with GPIOZero and time libraries
Explore library documentation and help systems

Key Concepts:

Library/Module: Pre-written code that adds functionality
Import Statement: Bringing library functions into your program
GPIOZero: Library for controlling Raspberry Pi GPIO pins
Time Library: Functions for working with time and delays
Documentation: Instructions for using library functions
API: Application Programming Interface - how to use library functions

Library Usage Examples:

# Importing entire modules
import time
import math

# Importing specific functions
from gpiozero import LED, Button
from time import sleep

# Using time library
print("Starting program...")
time.sleep(2)  # Wait 2 seconds
print("2 seconds have passed!")

# Using math library
import math
radius = 5
area = math.pi * radius ** 2
print(f"Circle area: {area:.2f}")

# Using GPIOZero (for Raspberry Pi)
led = LED(18)  # LED connected to GPIO pin 18
button = Button(2)  # Button connected to GPIO pin 2

# Turn LED on and off
led.on()
sleep(1)
led.off()

Week 4: Controlling Motors with Python

Learning Objectives:

Understand how to interface with motors using Python
Learn about PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) for motor control
Control motor speed and direction
Implement safety features in motor control code

Key Concepts:

Motor Control: Using code to make motors move
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): Method to control motor speed
Duty Cycle: Percentage of time signal is “on” vs “off”
Direction Control: Making motors spin clockwise/counterclockwise
Motor Driver: Electronics that interface between Python and motors
Safety Features: Code to prevent motor damage

Motor Control Examples:

from gpiozero import Motor, PWMOutputDevice
from time import sleep

# Create motor object (assuming H-bridge motor driver)
motor = Motor(forward=2, backward=3, enable=18)

# Basic motor control
def basic_motor_test():
    print("Motor forward at full speed")
    motor.forward(1.0)  # Full speed forward
    sleep(2)

    print("Motor forward at half speed")
    motor.forward(0.5)  # Half speed forward
    sleep(2)

    print("Motor stopped")
    motor.stop()
    sleep(1)

    print("Motor backward at full speed")
    motor.backward(1.0)  # Full speed backward
    sleep(2)

    motor.stop()
    print("Motor test complete")

# PWM speed control example
def speed_ramp_test():
    print("Ramping motor speed up...")
    for speed in range(0, 101, 10):  # 0 to 100% in 10% steps
        motor_speed = speed / 100.0
        motor.forward(motor_speed)
        print(f"Speed: {speed}%")
        sleep(0.5)

    motor.stop()
    print("Speed ramp complete")

# Run the tests
basic_motor_test()
sleep(2)
speed_ramp_test()

Week 5: Controlling Sensors with Python

Learning Objectives:

Interface with various sensors using Python
Read and process sensor data
Implement sensor-based decision making
Create responsive programs based on sensor input

Key Concepts:

Sensor: Device that detects and measures physical properties
Analog vs Digital: Different types of sensor signals
ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter): Converts analog signals to digital
Sensor Calibration: Adjusting sensor readings for accuracy
Data Processing: Converting raw sensor data to useful information
Polling vs Interrupts: Different ways to read sensor data

Common Sensors:

Temperature sensors: Measure environmental temperature
Light sensors (LDR): Detect light intensity
Ultrasonic sensors: Measure distance using sound waves
Motion sensors (PIR): Detect movement
Pressure sensors: Measure force or pressure

Sensor Control Examples:

from gpiozero import MCP3008, DistanceSensor, MotionSensor, LED
from time import sleep
import statistics

# Temperature sensor (using analog input)
temp_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)

def read_temperature():
    # Convert voltage to temperature (example conversion)
    voltage = temp_sensor.voltage
    temperature_c = (voltage - 0.5) * 100  # Example conversion formula
    temperature_f = (temperature_c * 9/5) + 32
    return temperature_c, temperature_f

# Distance sensor (ultrasonic)
distance_sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)

def monitor_distance():
    print("Distance monitoring (press Ctrl+C to stop)")
    try:
        while True:
            distance = distance_sensor.distance * 100  # Convert to cm
            print(f"Distance: {distance:.1f} cm")

            if distance < 10:
                print("WARNING: Object too close!")

            sleep(0.5)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("Distance monitoring stopped")

# Motion sensor with LED indicator
motion = MotionSensor(4)
alert_led = LED(18)

def motion_detector():
    print("Motion detector active...")

    def motion_detected():
        print("Motion detected!")
        alert_led.on()
        sleep(2)
        alert_led.off()

    def no_motion():
        print("No motion")
        alert_led.off()

    # Set up motion sensor callbacks
    motion.when_motion = motion_detected
    motion.when_no_motion = no_motion

    # Keep program running
    try:
        while True:
            sleep(0.1)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("Motion detector stopped")

# Data logging example
def log_sensor_data():
    readings = []
    print("Collecting sensor data for 30 seconds...")

    start_time = time.time()
    while time.time() - start_time < 30:
        temp_c, temp_f = read_temperature()
        distance = distance_sensor.distance * 100

        readings.append({
            'timestamp': time.time(),
            'temperature_c': temp_c,
            'temperature_f': temp_f,
            'distance_cm': distance
        })

        print(f"Temp: {temp_c:.1f}°C, Distance: {distance:.1f}cm")
        sleep(1)

    # Calculate statistics
    temps = [r['temperature_c'] for r in readings]
    distances = [r['distance_cm'] for r in readings]

    print(f"\nData Summary:")
    print(f"Average temperature: {statistics.mean(temps):.1f}°C")
    print(f"Min/Max temperature: {min(temps):.1f}°C / {max(temps):.1f}°C")
    print(f"Average distance: {statistics.mean(distances):.1f}cm")
    print(f"Min/Max distance: {min(distances):.1f}cm / {max(distances):.1f}cm")

# Example usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Run different examples
    monitor_distance()  # Uncomment to run distance monitoring
    # motion_detector()  # Uncomment to run motion detection
    # log_sensor_data()  # Uncomment to run data logging

Assessment Test - Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: Python Fundamentals

Format: Coding Assignment + Written Questions (60 minutes)

Part A: Code Structure and Syntax (25 points)

Fix the following code and explain what was wrong (10 points):

# Broken code:
def calculate average(num1, num2, num3)
average = num1 + num2 + num3 / 3
print("The average is" + average)
return average

calculate average(10, 20, 30)

Your corrected code:

# Write corrected version here

Explanation of errors: ________________________________

Write a well-structured Python program (15 points): Create a program that:

Has proper header comments
Uses appropriate variable names
Calculates the area of different shapes (circle, rectangle, triangle)
Uses functions with parameters and return values
Follows proper indentation and formatting

Part B: Functions and Loops (30 points)

Write a function called print_multiplication_table (15 points):

Takes one parameter: number
Prints multiplication table for that number (1-10)
Uses a for loop
Example output for print_multiplication_table(3):

3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
... etc

Password Checker Program (15 points): Write a program using while loop that:

Asks user to enter a password
Keeps asking until they enter “python123”
Counts number of attempts
Prints “Access granted” when correct
Prints number of attempts it took

Week 3-5 Assessment: Libraries and Hardware Control

Format: Practical Coding Project (75 minutes)

Part A: Library Usage (20 points)

Complete this sensor reading program (20 points):

from gpiozero import MCP3008
from time import sleep
import ______  # What library do you need for calculating average?

# Create sensor object
light_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)

def read_light_levels():
    readings = []

    # Collect 10 readings
    for i in range(______):  # Fill in the range
        reading = light_sensor.______  # What property gives the reading?
        readings.append(reading)
        print(f"Reading {i+1}: {reading:.3f}")
        sleep(0.5)

    # Calculate and print statistics
    average = ______.mean(readings)  # Which function calculates mean?
    maximum = ______(readings)  # Built-in function for maximum
    minimum = ______(readings)  # Built-in function for minimum

    print(f"Average: {average:.3f}")
    print(f"Maximum: {maximum:.3f}")
    print(f"Minimum: {minimum:.3f}")

# Call the function
read_light_levels()

Part B: Motor Control Project (25 points)

Smart Fan Controller (25 points): Write a program that simulates a smart fan controller:

Use a temperature sensor to read room temperature
Control a motor (fan) based on temperature:
- Below 20°C: Fan off
- 20-25°C: Fan at 30% speed
- 25-30°C: Fan at 60% speed
- Above 30°C: Fan at 100% speed
Print current temperature and fan speed every 2 seconds
Include safety features (motor stop function)

Part C: Sensor Integration Challenge (30 points)

Security System Prototype (30 points): Create a basic security system that:

Uses a motion sensor to detect movement
Uses a distance sensor to detect objects too close
Controls LEDs to indicate system status:
- Green LED: System normal
- Yellow LED: Motion detected
- Red LED: Intrusion alert (object < 20cm)
Logs events with timestamps
Runs continuously until user presses Ctrl+C

Requirements:

Use at least 3 different libraries
Include proper error handling
Use functions to organize code
Add meaningful comments
Follow Python coding best practices

Sample code structure:

from gpiozero import MotionSensor, DistanceSensor, LED
from time import sleep
import time

# Hardware setup
motion = MotionSensor(4)
distance = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)
green_led = LED(18)
yellow_led = LED(19)
red_led = LED(20)

def log_event(message):
    # Write function to log events with timestamp
    pass

def check_security():
    # Write function to check all sensors and control LEDs
    pass

def main():
    # Write main program loop
    pass

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Assessment Rubric:

Exceptional (95-100%): Code runs flawlessly, excellent structure, creative additions, comprehensive error handling
Proficient (85-94%): Code works correctly, good structure, meets all requirements, minor improvements possible
Developing (75-84%): Code mostly works, basic structure present, meets most requirements, some bugs or missing features
Beginning (65-74%): Code has significant issues, poor structure, missing major requirements
Incomplete (Below 65%): Code doesn’t run or major portions missing

Additional Resources and Extensions

For All Grade Levels:

Vocabulary Glossary:

Algorithm: Step-by-step instructions to solve a problem
Bug: Error in code that prevents it from working correctly
Debug: Process of finding and fixing errors in code
Hardware: Physical components of computer systems
Software: Programs and applications that run on hardware
Interface: Way users interact with programs or devices
Sensor: Device that detects changes in environment
Actuator: Device that causes movement or action

Project Portfolio Suggestions:

Weekly Reflection Journal: Students document learning and challenges
Photo Documentation: Pictures of projects and experiments
Video Demonstrations: Students explain their projects
Peer Teaching: Advanced students help beginners
Innovation Challenges: Open-ended problems to solve creatively

Cross-Curricular Connections:

Math: Geometry in robotics, statistics in data analysis
Science: Physics of flight, electronics principles
Art: Creative programming projects, design thinking
Social Studies: Impact of technology on society
Language Arts: Technical writing, documentation skills

Safety Reminders:

Always supervise young children with electronic components
Check battery connections before powering devices
Keep work area clean and organized
Wash hands after handling electronic components
Report any damaged equipment immediately
Follow proper shutdown procedures for all devices

Assessment Portfolio Checklist:

Completed weekly assessments
Project documentation with photos
Reflection essays on learning progress
Peer evaluation forms
Self-assessment rubrics
Evidence of problem-solving process
Creative extensions or improvements to basic projects

Continuation - Weeks 6-8 for All Grade Levels

Preschoolers (4-6 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced STEM Exploration & Technology Awareness

Week 6: Technology Parts Awareness

Learning Objectives:

Use coding to tell stories, solve challenges, or navigate mazes
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically be able to follow code on floor grids
Build confidence and persistence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Technology Components: Basic parts that make devices work
Circuits: Paths that electricity follows
Assembly/Disassembly: Taking apart and putting together
Electronics Safety: Safe handling of batteries and components
Problem-Solving: Trying different solutions when something doesn’t work

Activities:

Technology Exploration: Examine old keyboards, phones, calculators
Simple Circuits: Connect bulbs to batteries with safe materials
Assembly Practice: Take apart and reassemble simple toys
Tech Parts Sorting: Group similar technology components

Materials: Old keyboards, phones, calculators, batteries, bulbs for circuits, safe connectors

Week 7: Sequencing & Floor Grid Coding

Learning Objectives:

Develop understanding of sequencing by arranging steps in correct order
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically follow code on floor grids
Build confidence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Sequencing: Putting steps in the right order
Algorithm Cards: Visual instructions to follow
Floor Grid Coding: Moving through spaces following directions
Left/Right/Forward/Back: Basic directional concepts
Trial and Error: Learning by trying and improving

Activities:

Obstacle Course Coding: Navigate through simple obstacles using arrow cards
Sequencing Games: Put daily routine cards in correct order
Paper Maze Coding: Use arrows to show path through printed mazes
Robot Friend: One child gives directions, another follows like a robot

Materials: Coding arrows/direction cards, floor grid mats, toys for navigation, printed maze worksheets

Week 8: Advanced Unplugged Coding & Storytelling

Learning Objectives:

Use coding to tell stories, solve challenges, or navigate mazes
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically follow code on floor grids
Build confidence and persistence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Conditional Logic: IF/THEN thinking (“If you see red, then stop”)
Debugging: Finding and fixing mistakes in directions
Block Building: Using physical blocks to represent code
Story Algorithms: Step-by-step instructions for telling stories

Activities:

Debug the Path: Present incorrect direction sequences for children to fix
IF/THEN Games: “If you see a triangle, then clap your hands”
Story Coding: Use picture cards to create step-by-step stories
Block Code Building: Stack blocks to represent programming sequences

Materials: Building blocks, floor grid mats, toys, printed materials, picture cards for storytelling

Preschoolers Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Technology Awareness

Format: Hands-on Exploration + Observation (20 minutes)

Technology Parts Recognition (10 points)

Point to and name 3 technology items from the collection
Show how a simple circuit works (bulb + battery)
Safely handle electronic components
Explain one thing each item helps us do

Assembly Skills (10 points)

Take apart a simple toy or device
Put it back together correctly
Identify which parts go where
Ask for help when needed

Assessment Criteria:

Mastery (3): Handles all materials safely, explains purposes, completes tasks independently
Developing (2): Safe handling, completes most tasks with minimal help
Emerging (1): Needs guidance but participates actively
Beginning (0): Requires extensive support

Week 7-8 Assessment: Advanced Unplugged Coding

Format: Physical Coding Challenges (25 minutes)

Sequencing Challenge (12 points)

Arrange 6 direction cards to navigate through obstacle course
Explain why each step comes in that order
Successfully complete the physical navigation
Fix mistakes when path doesn’t work

IF/THEN Logic (8 points)

Follow conditional instructions: “IF you see blue, THEN hop”
Create own IF/THEN rule for a friend to follow
Demonstrate understanding with actions

Story Algorithm (10 points)

Use 5 picture cards to create logical story sequence
Tell story following the card order
Explain what happens if cards are mixed up
Help fix a mixed-up story sequence

Practical Skills Rubric:

Advanced (25-30 points): Creates original sequences, helps others, shows deep understanding
Proficient (20-24 points): Completes all challenges correctly with minor guidance
Developing (15-19 points): Understands concepts but needs support for complex tasks
Beginning (Below 15 points): Requires significant help to participate

Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced Scratch Programming & Game Development

Week 6: Game Structure and Design

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic game structure (start, play, end)
Use Scratch blocks to move characters and detect collisions
Make characters move between different scenes
Create scoring or win conditions

Key Concepts:

Game Design Elements: Characters, backgrounds, objectives, rules
Game Loop: Continuous cycle of input, processing, output
Collision Detection: Knowing when sprites touch each other
Scene Transitions: Moving between different game screens
Win/Lose Conditions: Rules that determine game outcomes
User Interface: Buttons, scores, and information displays

Advanced Scratch Concepts:

Sensing Blocks: “touching color”, “distance to”, “key pressed”
Variables: Storing score, lives, or time
Broadcast Messages: Communication between sprites
Clone Sprites: Creating multiple copies of objects
Custom Blocks: Making your own programming blocks

Game Development Process:

Planning Phase: Sketch game idea, list needed sprites and backgrounds
Prototype: Create basic movement and interaction
Enhancement: Add sounds, effects, and polish
Testing: Play game and fix bugs
Sharing: Present to classmates

Example Game Structure:

When green flag clicked
Set score to 0
Set lives to 3
Say "Game Starting!" for 2 seconds
Show sprite
Forever:
    If key space pressed:
        Move player sprite
    If touching enemy:
        Change lives by -1
        If lives = 0:
            Say "Game Over!"
            Stop all

Week 7: Transition to Text-Based Concepts

Learning Objectives:

Prepare learners for text-based coding
Understand basic programming concepts using blocks
Use logic and loops to control sprite or robot actions
Begin transition to robotics or advanced coding platforms

Key Concepts:

Programming Fundamentals: Sequence, selection, iteration
Logic Blocks: IF/ELSE statements in visual form
Loop Types: Forever, repeat until, repeat X times
Variables and Operations: Math in programming
Event-Driven Programming: Responding to user input
Modular Programming: Breaking code into smaller parts

Bridging Visual to Text:

Block-to-Code Thinking: Understanding what blocks represent
Pseudocode: Writing steps in plain English before coding
Debugging Strategies: Systematic problem-solving approaches
Code Organization: Keeping projects neat and logical

Advanced Programming Patterns:

// Pattern 1: State Machine
When green flag clicked
Set game state to "menu"
Forever:
    If game state = "menu":
        Show menu options
    If game state = "playing":
        Run game logic
    If game state = "game over":
        Show final score

// Pattern 2: Object Behavior
When I start as a clone:
    Go to random position
    Forever:
        Move 2 steps
        If on edge, bounce
        If touching player:
            Change score by 10
            Delete this clone

Week 8: Blockly Integration and Logic Puzzles

Learning Objectives:

Solve logic puzzles using visual programming concepts
Create games using Blockly platform
Demonstrate understanding of programming fundamentals
Apply creative problem-solving skills

Key Concepts:

Blockly Platform: Google’s visual programming language
Logic Puzzles: Problems requiring systematic thinking
Algorithm Efficiency: Finding the best solution method
Pattern Recognition: Identifying repeated solutions
Creative Programming: Using code for artistic expression

Blockly vs. Scratch Comparison:

Feature	Scratch	Blockly
Focus	Storytelling & Games	Logic & Algorithms
Interface	Stage-based	Puzzle-based
Output	Animated Projects	Problem Solutions
Progression	Creative Expression	Mathematical Thinking

Logic Puzzle Types:

Maze Solving: Navigate through obstacles
Pattern Completion: Fill in missing sequences
Conditional Logic: IF/THEN decision making
Loop Optimization: Repeat actions efficiently

Grade 2-5 Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Game Development Project

Format: Scratch Game Creation + Presentation (45 minutes)

Part A: Game Planning (10 points)

Game Design Document - Create a simple plan including:

Game objective (what’s the goal?)
Main character description
Basic rules (how do you win/lose?)
Required sprites and backgrounds

Storyboard - Draw 3 screens showing:

Game start screen
Main gameplay
Win/lose screen

Part B: Game Implementation (25 points) 3. Core Functionality (15 points):

Character moves with arrow keys or WASD
At least one interactive element (enemy, collectible, obstacle)
Basic collision detection (touching = something happens)
Clear win or lose condition

Polish and Enhancement (10 points):

Sound effects or music
Visual feedback (score, lives, timer)
Smooth sprite movement
Creative backgrounds or costumes

Part C: Presentation and Reflection (15 points) 5. Game Demo (10 points):

Explain game rules clearly
Demonstrate gameplay for 2 minutes
Show different game scenarios
Handle questions from classmates

Technical Reflection (5 points):

Explain one challenging problem you solved
Describe one improvement you would make
Share one new Scratch skill you learned

Week 7-8 Assessment: Programming Concepts Mastery

Format: Mixed Assessment - Blockly Challenges + Scratch Review (50 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Logic Challenges (20 points)

Maze Navigation (8 points):

Complete 3 increasingly difficult maze puzzles
Use efficient solutions (minimal blocks)
Demonstrate understanding of loops and conditionals

Pattern Recognition (6 points):

Solve sequence completion puzzles
Identify and extend number/color patterns
Create original pattern for others to solve

Logic Puzzles (6 points):

Complete IF/THEN decision trees
Solve multi-step conditional problems
Optimize solutions for clarity

Part B: Concept Transfer (15 points) 4. Visual to Text Translation (10 points): Given this Scratch code block arrangement:

[When flag clicked] → [Forever] → [If touching mouse] → [Move 10 steps]

Write in pseudocode (plain English): “When the program starts, ________________”

Problem Decomposition (5 points): Break down this challenge into steps: “Create a sprite that follows the mouse but stops when it touches the edge”

Step 1: _______________ Step 2: _______________ Step 3: _______________ Step 4: _______________

Part C: Creative Application (15 points) 6. Original Algorithm (15 points): Choose ONE to complete:

Option A - Scratch: Create a “digital pet” that:

Follows mouse cursor
Changes expression when clicked
Makes sound when hungry (timer-based)
Has at least 3 different costumes

Option B - Blockly: Design a solution for:

Robot that sorts colored objects
Path that avoids all obstacles
Pattern that creates art using loops

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Exceeds requirements with creative solutions and clear explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Meets all requirements with good understanding demonstrated
Developing (70-79%): Meets most requirements but may have gaps in complex concepts
Novice (60-69%): Shows basic understanding but struggles with application
Beginning (Below 60%): Needs significant support to demonstrate concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Drone Laws, Emergency Procedures & Practical Flying

Week 6: Drone Laws and Regulations (Kenya Focus)

Learning Objectives:

Learn basic drone laws in Kenya (KCAA regulations)
Understand where and how children can fly drones legally
Develop awareness of responsible drone operation
Understand the importance of aviation safety

Key Concepts:

Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA): National aviation regulator
Drone Registration: Required identification and documentation
No-Fly Zones: Airports, government buildings, restricted areas
Altitude Restrictions: Maximum height limitations
Visual Line of Sight (VLOS): Maintaining visual contact
Privacy Laws: Respecting others’ rights and property

Kenya Drone Regulations Summary:

Registration Requirements:

All drones over 250g must be registered with KCAA
Operator license required for commercial operations
Age restrictions for different categories of operation

Operational Limits:

Maximum altitude: 400 feet (120 meters) AGL
Minimum distance from airports: 8km for major airports
No flying over crowds or public events
Daylight operations only (without special permits)

Prohibited Areas:

Within 5km of any airport
Over government buildings and installations
National parks without permits
Private property without permission

Safety and Legal Guidelines for Young Pilots:

Always have adult supervision
Start with toy drones under 250g
Practice in open, safe areas
Respect others’ privacy and property
Learn emergency procedures
Keep drone in sight at all times

Week 7: Emergency Procedures and Responsible Flying

Learning Objectives:

Review key safety and legal concepts from previous weeks
Understand emergency basics for beginner flyers
Develop decision-making skills for unexpected situations
Practice responsible pilot behavior

Key Concepts:

Emergency Procedures: Systematic responses to problems
Risk Assessment: Evaluating dangers before flying
Decision Making: Choosing appropriate actions under pressure
Communication: Alerting others during emergencies
Equipment Failure: What to do when drone malfunctions
Weather Awareness: Recognizing dangerous conditions

Emergency Scenarios and Responses:

Lost Communication with Drone:

Stay calm and observe drone behavior
Activate Return-to-Home (RTH) function if available
Move to higher ground for better signal
Prepare for manual landing if signal returns
Never chase after a flyaway drone

Low Battery Warning:

Immediately begin landing sequence
Choose nearest safe landing spot
Avoid flying over people or property
Land even if not at original takeoff point
Safety is more important than convenience

Unexpected Weather Changes:

Monitor weather conditions constantly
Land immediately if wind increases
Avoid flying in rain or snow
Watch for sudden temperature changes
When in doubt, don’t fly

Equipment Malfunction:

Attempt controlled landing immediately
Don’t try to fix problems while airborne
Inform other people in the area
Document the problem for later analysis
Never continue flying with known issues

Mission Planning Process:

Pre-flight Planning: Weather check, equipment inspection, route planning
Risk Assessment: Identify potential hazards and mitigation strategies
Communication Plan: Inform others of flight activities
Emergency Procedures: Know what to do if things go wrong
Post-flight Review: Analyze what went well and areas for improvement

Week 8: Practical Flying Skills and Team Challenges

Learning Objectives:

Demonstrate ability to control a mini drone (takeoff, hover, land)
Apply basic flight skills in problem-solving mission scenarios
Work as a team to complete drone-based challenges
Evaluate personal progress and set goals for improvement

Key Concepts:

Flight Control Mastery: Smooth, precise drone movements
Situational Awareness: Understanding surroundings during flight
Mission Planning: Preparing for specific flight objectives
Teamwork: Collaborative problem-solving with drones
Performance Evaluation: Self-assessment and peer feedback
Safety Leadership: Taking responsibility for safe operations

Basic Flight Skills Progression:

Fundamental Controls:

Smooth takeoff to hover
Maintaining steady hover
Controlled landing
Forward/backward movement
Left/right movement
Rotation control

Intermediate Maneuvers:

Figure-8 patterns
Precision landing on target
Obstacle avoidance
Following predetermined paths
Coordinated movements

Advanced Challenges:

Team relay races
Rescue simulations
Precision delivery tasks
Group choreography
Time-based challenges

Mission Scenarios:

Mission 1: Search and Rescue

Objective: Locate “missing person” (target) in designated area
Skills: Systematic search patterns, communication, observation
Time limit: 5 minutes
Success criteria: Target identified and location communicated

Mission 2: Delivery Challenge

Objective: Transport small payload from Point A to Point B
Skills: Precision flying, cargo management, safe landing
Obstacles: Wind conditions, landing accuracy requirements
Success criteria: Payload delivered undamaged within time limit

Mission 3: Team Coordination

Objective: Multiple drones work together to complete complex task
Skills: Communication, timing, spatial awareness
Challenge: Choreographed flight pattern or group problem-solving
Success criteria: All drones complete task without collisions

Safety Protocols for Practical Flying:

Always maintain 10-foot safety zone around flying area
Designate specific roles: pilot, observer, safety officer
Use hand signals for communication during loud operations
Practice emergency landing procedures before each session
Rotate roles so everyone experiences different responsibilities

Grade 6-9 Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Drone Laws and Regulations

Format: Written Test + Legal Scenario Analysis (40 minutes)

Part A: Kenya Aviation Law Knowledge (25 points)

KCAA Regulations (10 points) Fill in the blanks:

Drones over ______ grams must be registered with KCAA
Maximum altitude for recreational flying is ______ feet
Minimum distance from major airports is ______ kilometers
Commercial drone operations require a ______ license
Drones must remain within ______ line of sight

No-Fly Zone Identification (10 points) Mark TRUE or FALSE for each flying location:

Your school playground during lunch break: ______
Open field 2km from Wilson Airport: ______
Your backyard with adult supervision: ______
Uhuru Park during a public event: ______
Private farm with owner’s permission: ______

Legal Compliance (5 points) List 3 requirements for legally flying a drone in Kenya:

Part B: Scenario-Based Decision Making (20 points)

Legal Scenarios (20 points) For each scenario, explain if the action is legal and why:

Scenario A: Sarah wants to fly her 300g drone over her neighbor’s house to take photos of her own backyard. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario B: James plans to fly his registered drone at 200 feet altitude in an open field 10km from any airport during daylight hours. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario C: A group of students want to use their drone for a school project, filming the school building from 100 feet up. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario D: Ahmed wants to fly his 150g toy drone in his compound for 10 minutes. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Part C: Responsible Pilot Planning (15 points)

Pre-flight Checklist (15 points) Create a 10-item pre-flight checklist that includes legal, safety, and equipment considerations:

[Continue through 10]

Week 7-8 Assessment: Emergency Procedures and Practical Skills

Format: Practical Flight Test + Emergency Response Simulation (60 minutes)

Part A: Emergency Response Knowledge (20 points)

Emergency Procedures (15 points) Describe the correct response for each emergency:

Low Battery Warning: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Lost Radio Contact: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Sudden Weather Change: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Risk Assessment (5 points) Identify 3 risks for flying in each environment:

School playground: ____________, ____________, ____________
Open field: ____________, ____________, ____________

Part B: Practical Flight Skills Assessment (30 points)

Basic Flight Controls (15 points) Demonstrate competency in:

Smooth takeoff and landing (3 points)
Stable hovering for 30 seconds (3 points)
Forward/backward precision movement (3 points)
Left/right precision movement (3 points)
Controlled rotation (3 points)

Mission Challenge (15 points) Complete ONE of the following missions:

Option A - Navigation Course:

Fly through 5 waypoints in sequence
Land within 1-meter target circle
Complete within 3 minutes

Option B - Team Coordination:

Work with partner to complete relay challenge
Communicate effectively during handoff
Maintain safety throughout mission

Part C: Leadership and Safety Evaluation (15 points)

Safety Leadership (8 points) While others are flying, demonstrate:

Proper safety zone maintenance
Clear communication with pilot
Appropriate responses to unsafe situations
Helpful coaching and encouragement

Self-Assessment and Goal Setting (7 points) Written reflection:

What flight skill are you most confident with? Why?
What area needs the most improvement?
Set one specific goal for future drone flying
Describe one way you can help others fly safely

Practical Skills Rubric:

Expert Pilot (90-100%): Demonstrates advanced skills, teaches others, shows exceptional safety awareness
Competent Pilot (80-89%): Performs all basic skills reliably, follows safety protocols consistently
Developing Pilot (70-79%): Shows improvement in most areas, occasional guidance needed
Novice Pilot (60-69%): Basic skills present but inconsistent, needs continued practice
Beginning Pilot (Below 60%): Requires significant instruction and supervision

Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced Python Projects & Integration

Week 6-7: Integrated Systems Project (Combined Weeks)

Learning Objectives:

Combine motors and sensors in complex systems
Debug integrated hardware/software systems
Apply creative problem-solving to real-world challenges
Document projects professionally

Key Concepts:

Systems Integration: Combining multiple components into unified solutions
Hardware-Software Interface: Code that bridges digital and physical worlds
System Architecture: Planning complex projects with multiple subsystems
Error Handling: Managing failures gracefully in complex systems
Performance Optimization: Making systems run efficiently
Documentation Standards: Professional project recording

Advanced Integration Concepts:

1. Multi-Sensor Fusion

import threading
import queue
from gpiozero import DistanceSensor, MotionSensor, MCP3008
from time import sleep
import json

class SensorFusion:
    def __init__(self):
        self.distance_sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)
        self.motion_sensor = MotionSensor(4)
        self.light_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)
        self.temp_sensor = MCP3008(channel=1)

        # Data queues for thread communication
        self.sensor_data = queue.Queue()
        self.running = False

    def read_sensors(self):
        """Continuous sensor reading in separate thread"""
        while self.running:
            try:
                data = {
                    'timestamp': time.time(),
                    'distance': self.distance_sensor.distance * 100,
                    'motion': self.motion_sensor.motion_detected,
                    'light_level': self.light_sensor.voltage,
                    'temperature': self.convert_temp(self.temp_sensor.voltage)
                }
                self.sensor_data.put(data)
                sleep(0.1)  # 10Hz sampling rate
            except Exception as e:
                print(f"Sensor reading error: {e}")

    def convert_temp(self, voltage):
        """Convert sensor voltage to temperature"""
        return (voltage - 0.5) * 100  # Example conversion

    def start_monitoring(self):
        """Start sensor monitoring thread"""
        self.running = True
        self.sensor_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_sensors)
        self.sensor_thread.start()

    def stop_monitoring(self):
        """Stop sensor monitoring"""
        self.running = False
        if hasattr(self, 'sensor_thread'):
            self.sensor_thread.join()

2. Intelligent Control Systems

class SmartEnvironmentController:
    def __init__(self):
        self.sensors = SensorFusion()
        self.fan_motor = Motor(forward=2, backward=3)
        self.heater_relay = OutputDevice(18)
        self.lights = PWMOutputDevice(19)

        # Control parameters
        self.target_temp = 22.0  # Target temperature in Celsius
        self.temp_tolerance = 1.0
        self.light_threshold = 0.3

        # Control state
        self.auto_mode = True
        self.manual_override = False

    def analyze_environment(self, sensor_data):
        """Intelligent decision making based on sensor data"""
        decisions = {
            'fan_speed': 0.0,
            'heater_on': False,
            'light_level': 0.0,
            'alert_status': 'normal'
        }

        # Temperature control logic
        temp_diff = sensor_data['temperature'] - self.target_temp

        if temp_diff > self.temp_tolerance:  # Too hot
            decisions['fan_speed'] = min(1.0, temp_diff / 5.0)  # Scale fan speed
            decisions['heater_on'] = False
        elif temp_diff < -self.temp_tolerance:  # Too cold
            decisions['fan_speed'] = 0.0
            decisions['heater_on'] = True

        # Light control logic
        if sensor_data['light_level'] < self.light_threshold:
            decisions['light_level'] = 1.0 - sensor_data['light_level']  # Complement lighting

        # Security monitoring
        if sensor_data['motion'] and sensor_data['distance'] < 20:  # Close motion
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'intrusion_detected'
        elif sensor_data['distance'] < 5:  # Very close object
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'obstacle_warning'

        return decisions

    def execute_controls(self, decisions):
        """Execute control decisions"""
        if not self.manual_override:
            # Motor control
            if decisions['fan_speed'] > 0:
                self.fan_motor.forward(decisions['fan_speed'])
            else:
                self.fan_motor.stop()

            # Heater control
            if decisions['heater_on']:
                self.heater_relay.on()
            else:
                self.heater_relay.off()

            # Light control
            self.lights.value = decisions['light_level']

    def run_control_loop(self):
        """Main control loop"""
        self.sensors.start_monitoring()

        try:
            while True:
                if not self.sensors.sensor_data.empty():
                    current_data = self.sensors.sensor_data.get()
                    decisions = self.analyze_environment(current_data)
                    self.execute_controls(decisions)

                    # Log system status
                    self.log_system_status(current_data, decisions)

                sleep(0.5)  # Control loop frequency

        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            print("Shutting down control system...")
        finally:
            self.sensors.stop_monitoring()
            self.fan_motor.stop()
            self.heater_relay.off()
            self.lights.off()

    def log_system_status(self, sensor_data, decisions):
        """Log system performance data"""
        log_entry = {
            'timestamp': sensor_data['timestamp'],
            'sensors': sensor_data,
            'controls': decisions,
            'mode': 'auto' if self.auto_mode else 'manual'
        }

        # In a real system, this would write to a file or database
        print(f"System Status: Temp={sensor_data['temperature']:.1f}°C, "
              f"Fan={decisions['fan_speed']:.1f}, "
              f"Alert={decisions['alert_status']}")

3. Project Documentation Standards

"""
Smart Environment Control System
================================

Project: IoT Environmental Controller
Author: Student Name
Date: Current Date
Version: 1.0

Description:
    An intelligent system that monitors environmental conditions and automatically
    adjusts heating, cooling, and lighting based on sensor feedback.

Hardware Requirements:
    - Raspberry Pi 4 or similar
    - Temperature sensor (DS18B20 or similar)
    - Light sensor (LDR with MCP3008 ADC)
    - Motion sensor (PIR)
    - Distance sensor (HC-SR04)
    - DC Motor (for fan simulation)
    - Relay module (for heater control)
    - PWM-controlled LED (for lighting)

Software Dependencies:
    - Python 3.7+
    - gpiozero library
    - threading module (standard library)
    - queue module (standard library)
    - json module (standard library)

Installation:
    pip install gpiozero

Usage:
    python smart_environment.py

Configuration:
    Modify target_temp and light_threshold variables in SmartEnvironmentController
    class to adjust system behavior.

Testing:
    Run included test functions to verify sensor readings and control outputs
    before deploying the full system.

Known Issues:
    - Temperature sensor calibration may need adjustment for local conditions
    - Motion sensor has 2-second reset time that affects rapid detection

Future Enhancements:
    - Web interface for remote monitoring
    - Data logging to CSV files
    - Machine learning for predictive control
    - Mobile app integration
"""

Project Examples for Students:

Project 1: Smart Garden Monitor

Monitors soil moisture, light, and temperature
Controls watering pump and grow lights
Logs plant growth data
Sends alerts when intervention needed

Project 2: Home Security System

Multiple sensor integration (motion, door, window)
Camera trigger on detection
SMS/email notifications
Mobile app control interface

Project 3: Weather Station

Measures temperature, humidity, pressure, wind
Data logging with timestamps
Weather prediction algorithms
Web dashboard for data visualization

Project 4: Automated Greenhouse

Climate control (temperature, humidity)
Automated watering system
Light cycle management
Growth optimization algorithms

Week 8: Project Presentations and Assessment

Learning Objectives:

Present technical projects professionally
Give and receive constructive feedback
Self-evaluate learning progress and achievements
Plan next steps for continued learning

Key Concepts:

Technical Communication: Explaining complex systems clearly
Presentation Skills: Engaging audiences with technical content
Peer Review: Constructive feedback and collaboration
Self-Assessment: Honest evaluation of own work
Professional Development: Planning continued learning paths
Portfolio Building: Documenting achievements for future opportunities

Presentation Structure:

Project Overview (2 minutes)

Problem statement and objectives
Target audience and use cases
Key features and functionality

Technical Demonstration (2 minutes)

Live system operation
Key components and how they work
Code walkthrough of critical sections

Challenges and Solutions (1 minute)

Major obstacles encountered
Creative solutions implemented
Lessons learned from failures

Evaluation Criteria:

Technical Merit (40%):

System functionality and reliability
Code quality and organization
Creative problem-solving approach
Integration of multiple technologies

Communication (30%):

Clear explanation of technical concepts
Engaging presentation delivery
Appropriate use of visual aids
Effective response to questions

Documentation (20%):

Complete project documentation
Code comments and structure
User instructions and setup guides
Reflection on learning process

Collaboration (10%):

Constructive feedback to peers
Professional interaction during Q&A
Willingness to share knowledge
Respectful critique and discussion

Python Programming Trivia Challenge: End the term with fun technical questions:

What does “PEP 8” refer to in Python?
What’s the difference between == and is in Python?
How do you handle exceptions in Python?
What is a Python decorator?
What’s the difference between a list and a tuple?

Grade 10-12 Final Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Integrated Systems Project Assessment

Format: Major Project + Technical Presentation + Peer Review (2 weeks + presentation day)

Project Requirements: Students must create an integrated system that combines:

At least 3 different sensors
At least 2 actuators (motors, lights, relays, etc.)
Data logging and analysis
User interface (command line or simple GUI)
Error handling and safety features

Part A: Technical Implementation (40 points)

System Design (10 points)

Clear problem definition and solution approach
System architecture diagram showing component relationships
Hardware schematic or connection diagram
Software flowchart or algorithm description

Code Quality (15 points)

Well-structured, modular code with functions/classes
Appropriate variable names and code organization
Comprehensive comments explaining complex sections
Error handling for hardware failures
Efficient algorithms and resource usage

Hardware Integration (15 points)

Stable sensor readings with appropriate filtering
Reliable actuator control with safety limits
Proper electrical connections and component usage
System operates reliably for extended periods
Professional cable management and mounting

Part B: Documentation and Communication (25 points)

Project Documentation (15 points) Create a complete project report including:

Executive summary of project goals and achievements
Detailed technical specifications and requirements
Installation and setup instructions
User manual with clear operating procedures
Troubleshooting guide for common problems
Code documentation with API reference

Technical Presentation (10 points)

Clear 5-minute presentation explaining project
Live demonstration of working system
Professional slides with technical diagrams
Confident handling of technical questions
Appropriate use of technical vocabulary

Part C: Innovation and Problem Solving (20 points)

Creative Solutions (10 points)

Original approach to solving chosen problem
Creative use of available hardware and software
Evidence of iterative design and improvement
Solutions show depth of understanding beyond basic requirements

Advanced Features (10 points) Choose and implement at least TWO:

Machine learning or AI decision making
Network communication (IoT connectivity)
Mobile app or web interface
Data visualization and analytics
Predictive algorithms or optimization
Integration with external APIs or services

Part D: Professional Skills (15 points)

Peer Collaboration (8 points)

Constructive feedback provided to classmates
Professional behavior during presentations
Willingness to help others debug problems
Respectful and insightful questions during Q&A

Self-Assessment (7 points) Written reflection addressing:

Most significant technical challenge and how you overcame it
What you would do differently if starting over
How this project connects to potential career interests
Specific skills you want to develop further
Your confidence level with different aspects of the project

Sample Project Evaluation Rubric:

Exceptional (90-100%)

System exceeds all requirements with innovative features
Code is publication-quality with comprehensive documentation
Presentation is engaging and demonstrates deep understanding
Shows leadership in helping others and contributing to class learning
Self-reflection shows sophisticated understanding of learning process

Proficient (80-89%)

System meets all requirements reliably
Code is well-structured with good documentation
Presentation is clear and technically accurate
Actively participates in peer learning and feedback
Self-reflection shows good awareness of strengths and growth areas

Developing (70-79%)

System meets most requirements with minor issues
Code works but may have organizational or documentation gaps
Presentation covers required topics but may lack depth
Participates adequately in class activities
Self-reflection shows basic understanding of learning process

Beginning (60-69%)

System meets basic requirements but has significant limitations
Code works for demonstration but has structural or reliability issues
Presentation covers basics but shows limited understanding
Minimal participation in peer activities
Self-reflection is superficial or lacks insight

Incomplete (Below 60%)

System fails to meet basic requirements or doesn’t function reliably
Code has major issues that prevent proper operation
Presentation is unclear or shows misunderstanding of concepts
Little to no participation in collaborative learning
Self-reflection missing or shows no evidence of learning

Term 1 Final Portfolio Assessment - All Grade Levels

Portfolio Components Checklist

For All Students:

Weekly reflection journals documenting learning progress
Photo documentation of all projects and experiments
Completed weekly assessments with corrections
Evidence of peer collaboration and teaching
Self-assessment of growth in each major topic area

Grade-Specific Additions:

Preschoolers (4-6 years):

Drawings of favorite STEM activities
Parent/teacher observation notes on engagement and skills
Examples of unplugged coding sequences created
Photos of technology exploration activities

Grade 2-5 (7-11 years):

Screenshots of completed Scratch projects
Blockly puzzle solutions and explanations
Game design documents and storyboards
Video explanations of programming concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 years):

Drone safety checklist created and used
Mission planning worksheets with risk assessments
Photos/videos of practical flying sessions
Research report on drone applications in chosen field

Grade 10-12 (14-16 years):

Complete code repositories with documentation
Hardware connection diagrams and schematics
Data analysis reports from sensor projects
Technical presentation slides and demonstration videos

Cross-Grade Learning Objectives Mastery

By the end of Term 1, students should demonstrate:

Preschoolers:

Basic understanding of STEM concepts through play
Ability to follow simple sequences and patterns
Safe interaction with age-appropriate technology
Curiosity and engagement with hands-on exploration

Grade 2-5:

Fundamental programming concepts using visual languages
Ability to create simple games and interactive stories
Understanding of sequence, loops, and basic logic
Confidence in debugging and problem-solving

Grade 6-9:

Comprehensive understanding of drone safety and regulations
Practical flying skills with safety awareness
Knowledge of aviation principles and laws
Teamwork and communication skills in technical contexts

Grade 10-12:

Proficiency in Python programming for hardware control
Ability to integrate multiple sensors and actuators
Professional documentation and presentation skills
Independent problem-solving and creative innovation

Preparation for Term 2

Preschoolers → Scratch Junior Programming:

Continue building sequencing skills
Introduction to tablet-based programming
Creative storytelling with technology

Grade 2-5 → IoT Integration with Sensors:

Bridge from visual programming to physical computing
Introduction to sensors and real-world data
Beginning electronics and circuit concepts

Grade 6-9 → Smart Home Security:

Apply drone safety concepts to IoT systems
Introduction to sensors and automation
Home automation and security principles

Grade 10-12 → Smart Cities:

Scale up from individual projects to community solutions
Advanced IoT networking and data analysis
Social impact of technology solutions

Additional Resources and Extensions

Online Learning Platforms:

Preschoolers: PBS Kids programming games, Kodable app
Grade 2-5: Scratch Jr., Code.org courses, Blockly games
Grade 6-9: DroneBlocks, FAA educational materials, aviation simulation games
Grade 10-12: Python.org tutorials, Raspberry Pi Foundation projects, GitHub learning labs

STEM Career Connections:

Robotics Engineer: Designs and builds robots for various applications
Software Developer: Creates programs and applications for computers and devices
Drone Pilot: Professional UAV operations for photography, surveying, delivery
IoT Developer: Connects everyday objects to the internet for smart automation
Data Scientist: Analyzes sensor data to find patterns and make predictions

Community Extension Activities:

Science Fair Projects: Using skills learned to create original investigations
STEM Club Leadership: Teaching younger students basic concepts
Community Problem Solving: Identifying local problems that technology could help solve
Maker Space Participation: Continuing projects in community workshop environments

Assessment Data Tracking: Teachers should maintain records of:

Individual student progress through learning objectives
Common areas of difficulty requiring additional support
Exceptional student work that could be showcased
Parent/guardian feedback on home engagement with STEM concepts
Equipment and resource needs for optimal program delivery

Notes

I’ve created a comprehensive set of notes and assessment tests for Term 1 across all grade levels (Preschoolers through Grade 10-12). The document includes:

What’s Included:

For Each Grade Level:

Detailed weekly lesson notes covering weeks 1-8 content
Key concepts and learning objectives for each topic
Practical examples and code samples (for programming grades)
Age-appropriate assessment tests with multiple formats

Assessment Formats:

Preschoolers (4-6): Practical/observational assessments with hands-on activities
Grade 2-5 (7-11): Computer-based Scratch/Blockly challenges
Grade 6-9 (11-14): Written tests + practical drone safety demonstrations
Grade 10-12 (14-16): Coding assignments + hardware integration projects

Key Features:

✅ Covers all 8 weeks of Term 1 content
✅ Aligned with curriculum from the IoT & Robotics document
✅ Progressive difficulty appropriate for each age group
✅ Practical assessments that test real understanding
✅ Detailed rubrics for fair evaluation
✅ Extension activities for advanced learners
✅ Safety guidelines and best practices

Topics Covered:

Preschoolers: STEM basics, simple machines, unplugged coding
Grade 2-5: Scratch programming, Blockly games, interface navigation
Grade 6-9: Drone basics, aviation principles, safety regulations
Grade 10-12: Python programming, hardware control, sensor integration

Perfect! I’ve now completed the comprehensive Term 1 notes and assessment materials covering all 8 weeks for all grade levels. Here’s what’s now included:

Assessment Test

Intro - Grade 2 - 5

Term 1 Final Portfolio Assessment - All Grade Levels

Portfolio Components Checklist

For All Students:

Weekly reflection journals documenting learning progress
Photo documentation of all projects and experiments
Completed weekly assessments with corrections
Evidence of peer collaboration and teaching
Self-assessment of growth in each major topic area

Grade-Specific Additions:

Preschoolers (4-6 years):

Drawings of favorite STEM activities
Parent/teacher observation notes on engagement and skills
Examples of unplugged coding sequences created
Photos of technology exploration activities

Grade 2-5 (7-11 years):

Screenshots of completed Scratch projects
Blockly puzzle solutions and explanations
Game design documents and storyboards
Video explanations of programming concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 years):

Drone safety checklist created and used
Mission planning worksheets with risk assessments
Photos/videos of practical flying sessions
Research report on drone applications in chosen field

Grade 10-12 (14-16 years):

Complete code repositories with documentation
Hardware connection diagrams and schematics
Data analysis reports from sensor projects
Technical presentation slides and demonstration videos

Cross-Grade Learning Objectives Mastery

By the end of Term 1, students should demonstrate:

Preschoolers:

Basic understanding of STEM concepts through play
Ability to follow simple sequences and patterns
Safe interaction with age-appropriate technology
Curiosity and engagement with hands-on exploration

Grade 2-5:

Fundamental programming concepts using visual languages
Ability to create simple games and interactive stories
Understanding of sequence, loops, and basic logic
Confidence in debugging and problem-solving

Grade 6-9:

Comprehensive understanding of drone safety and regulations
Practical flying skills with safety awareness
Knowledge of aviation principles and laws
Teamwork and communication skills in technical contexts

Grade 10-12:

Proficiency in Python programming for hardware control
Ability to integrate multiple sensors and actuators
Professional documentation and presentation skills
Independent problem-solving and creative innovation

Preparation for Term 2

Preschoolers → Scratch Junior Programming:

Continue building sequencing skills
Introduction to tablet-based programming
Creative storytelling with technology

Grade 2-5 → IoT Integration with Sensors:

Bridge from visual programming to physical computing
Introduction to sensors and real-world data
Beginning electronics and circuit concepts

Grade 6-9 → Smart Home Security:

Apply drone safety concepts to IoT systems
Introduction to sensors and automation
Home automation and security principles

Grade 10-12 → Smart Cities:

Scale up from individual projects to community solutions
Advanced IoT networking and data analysis
Social impact of technology solutions

Additional Resources and Extensions

Online Learning Platforms:

Preschoolers: PBS Kids programming games, Kodable app
Grade 2-5: Scratch Jr., Code.org courses, Blockly games
Grade 6-9: DroneBlocks, FAA educational materials, aviation simulation games
Grade 10-12: Python.org tutorials, Raspberry Pi Foundation projects, GitHub learning labs

STEM Career Connections:

Robotics Engineer: Designs and builds robots for various applications
Software Developer: Creates programs and applications for computers and devices
Drone Pilot: Professional UAV operations for photography, surveying, delivery
IoT Developer: Connects everyday objects to the internet for smart automation
Data Scientist: Analyzes sensor data to find patterns and make predictions

Community Extension Activities:

Science Fair Projects: Using skills learned to create original investigations
STEM Club Leadership: Teaching younger students basic concepts
Community Problem Solving: Identifying local problems that technology could help solve
Maker Space Participation: Continuing projects in community workshop environments

Assessment Data Tracking: Teachers should maintain records of:

Individual student progress through learning objectives
Common areas of difficulty requiring additional support
Exceptional student work that could be showcased
Parent/guardian feedback on home engagement with STEM concepts
Equipment and resource needs for optimal program delivery

Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years)

Term 1: Scratch & Blockly Programming

Week 1: Introduction to Programming

Learning Objectives:

Understand what programming is
Learn about Scratch programming environment
Install and explore Scratch interface
Grasp the concept of sequencing

Key Concepts:

Programming: Giving instructions to computers
Scratch: Visual programming language using blocks
Interface: The screen where we work with Scratch
Sequencing: Putting commands in the right order
Sprites: Characters in Scratch programs
Stage: Where Scratch programs run

Core Activities:

Explore Scratch interface and tools
Identify different areas (sprite area, blocks palette, stage)
Learn about different block categories (Motion, Looks, Sound, etc.)
Create first simple animation

Assessment Test - Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years)

Week 1-3 Assessment: Scratch Fundamentals

Format: Practical Computer Assessment (30 minutes)

Part A: Interface Knowledge (10 points)

Label the parts of Scratch interface:

Blocks Palette
Scripts Area
Stage
Sprite Area

Match the block colors to their functions:

Motion blocks: _ (Blue)
Looks blocks: _ (Purple)
Sound blocks: _ (Pink)
Events blocks: _ (Yellow)

Part B: Basic Programming (15 points) 3. Create a program that makes a sprite:

Move 10 steps forward
Turn 90 degrees right
Say “Hello” for 2 seconds
Change color

Fix this broken sequence (drag blocks in correct order):

[Say "Goodbye"][When green flag clicked][Move 100 steps][Say "Hello"]

Part C: Problem Solving (10 points) 5. Your sprite isn’t moving when you click the green flag. What might be wrong?

Missing “when green flag clicked” block
Sprite is already at the edge
Motion blocks aren’t connected
All of the above

Create a simple animation showing a cat walking across the stage.

Week 2: Understanding Scratch Interface

Learning Objectives:

Navigate Scratch interface confidently
Understand different block categories
Create basic sprite movements
Save and load projects

Key Concepts:

Blocks Palette: Where programming blocks are stored
Scripts Area: Where we build our programs
Motion Blocks: Make sprites move
Looks Blocks: Change sprite appearance
Events: What starts our programs running

Assessment Test - Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years)

Week 1-3 Assessment: Scratch Fundamentals

Format: Practical Computer Assessment (30 minutes)

Part A: Interface Knowledge (10 points)

Label the parts of Scratch interface:

Blocks Palette
Scripts Area
Stage
Sprite Area

Match the block colors to their functions:

Motion blocks: _ (Blue)
Looks blocks: _ (Purple)
Sound blocks: _ (Pink)
Events blocks: _ (Yellow)

Part B: Basic Programming (15 points) 3. Create a program that makes a sprite:

Move 10 steps forward
Turn 90 degrees right
Say “Hello” for 2 seconds
Change color

Fix this broken sequence (drag blocks in correct order):

[Say "Goodbye"][When green flag clicked][Move 100 steps][Say "Hello"]

Part C: Problem Solving (10 points) 5. Your sprite isn’t moving when you click the green flag. What might be wrong?

Missing “when green flag clicked” block
Sprite is already at the edge
Motion blocks aren’t connected
All of the above

Create a simple animation showing a cat walking across the stage.

Week 3: Setting Up Scratch Projects

Learning Objectives:

Plan and organize Scratch projects
Understand project structure
Use backgrounds and sprites effectively
Practice debugging simple problems

Key Concepts:

Project Planning: Thinking before coding
Backgrounds: Scenes for our programs
Sprite Library: Ready-made characters
Debugging: Finding and fixing problems

Assessment Test - Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years)

Week 1-3 Assessment: Scratch Fundamentals

Format: Practical Computer Assessment (30 minutes)

Part A: Interface Knowledge (10 points)

Label the parts of Scratch interface:

Blocks Palette
Scripts Area
Stage
Sprite Area

Match the block colors to their functions:

Motion blocks: _ (Blue)
Looks blocks: _ (Purple)
Sound blocks: _ (Pink)
Events blocks: _ (Yellow)

Part B: Basic Programming (15 points) 3. Create a program that makes a sprite:

Move 10 steps forward
Turn 90 degrees right
Say “Hello” for 2 seconds
Change color

Fix this broken sequence (drag blocks in correct order):

[Say "Goodbye"][When green flag clicked][Move 100 steps][Say "Hello"]

Part C: Problem Solving (10 points) 5. Your sprite isn’t moving when you click the green flag. What might be wrong?

Missing “when green flag clicked” block
Sprite is already at the edge
Motion blocks aren’t connected
All of the above

Create a simple animation showing a cat walking across the stage.

Week 4: Introduction to Blockly

Learning Objectives:

Understand Blockly visual programming
Compare Blockly with Scratch
Complete basic Blockly puzzles
Transfer concepts between platforms

Key Concepts:

Blockly: Another visual programming language
Puzzle-based Learning: Learning through solving challenges
Logic Blocks: Making decisions in programs
Loops: Repeating actions

Week 4-5 Assessment: Blockly & Problem Solving

Format: Computer-based Blockly Challenges (25 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Basics (8 points)

Complete the “Move Forward” puzzle in Blockly
Complete the “Turn Left/Right” puzzle
Complete the “Repeat Loop” puzzle
Complete the “If/Else” puzzle

Part B: Logic Understanding (12 points) 5. Explain what this Blockly code does:

Repeat 4 times:
  Move forward
  Turn right 90 degrees

Answer: _

Write Blockly code to make a character:

Move forward 3 steps
Turn left if path is blocked
Repeat until reaching goal

Part C: Transfer Learning (10 points) 7. How is Blockly similar to Scratch? List 3 similarities:

Create a Scratch program that does the same thing as this Blockly code:

When started:  Repeat 5 times:    Move forward 20 steps    Wait 1 second

Assessment Rubric:

Advanced (90-100%): Completes all tasks efficiently with creative additions
Proficient (80-89%): Completes most tasks correctly with minor errors
Developing (70-79%): Completes basic tasks but struggles with complex problems
Beginning (Below 70%): Needs significant support to complete tasks

Week 5: Blockly Games for Scratch Programmers

Learning Objectives:

Apply Scratch knowledge to Blockly games
Solve increasingly complex puzzles
Understand programming logic and flow
Build problem-solving confidence

Key Concepts:

Game Logic: Rules that make games work
Progressive Difficulty: Challenges that get harder
Pattern Recognition: Seeing repeated solutions
Persistence: Keep trying when challenges are difficult

Week 4-5 Assessment: Blockly & Problem Solving

Format: Computer-based Blockly Challenges (25 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Basics (8 points)

Complete the “Move Forward” puzzle in Blockly
Complete the “Turn Left/Right” puzzle
Complete the “Repeat Loop” puzzle
Complete the “If/Else” puzzle

Part B: Logic Understanding (12 points) 5. Explain what this Blockly code does:

Repeat 4 times:
  Move forward
  Turn right 90 degrees

Answer: _

Write Blockly code to make a character:

Move forward 3 steps
Turn left if path is blocked
Repeat until reaching goal

Part C: Transfer Learning (10 points) 7. How is Blockly similar to Scratch? List 3 similarities:

Create a Scratch program that does the same thing as this Blockly code:

When started:  Repeat 5 times:    Move forward 20 steps    Wait 1 second

Assessment Rubric:

Advanced (90-100%): Completes all tasks efficiently with creative additions
Proficient (80-89%): Completes most tasks correctly with minor errors
Developing (70-79%): Completes basic tasks but struggles with complex problems
Beginning (Below 70%): Needs significant support to complete tasks

Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced Scratch Programming & Game Development

Week 6: Game Structure and Design

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic game structure (start, play, end)
Use Scratch blocks to move characters and detect collisions
Make characters move between different scenes
Create scoring or win conditions

Key Concepts:

Game Design Elements: Characters, backgrounds, objectives, rules
Game Loop: Continuous cycle of input, processing, output
Collision Detection: Knowing when sprites touch each other
Scene Transitions: Moving between different game screens
Win/Lose Conditions: Rules that determine game outcomes
User Interface: Buttons, scores, and information displays

Advanced Scratch Concepts:

Sensing Blocks: “touching color”, “distance to”, “key pressed”
Variables: Storing score, lives, or time
Broadcast Messages: Communication between sprites
Clone Sprites: Creating multiple copies of objects
Custom Blocks: Making your own programming blocks

Game Development Process:

Planning Phase: Sketch game idea, list needed sprites and backgrounds
Prototype: Create basic movement and interaction
Enhancement: Add sounds, effects, and polish
Testing: Play game and fix bugs
Sharing: Present to classmates

Example Game Structure:

When green flag clicked
Set score to 0
Set lives to 3
Say "Game Starting!" for 2 seconds
Show sprite
Forever:
    If key space pressed:
        Move player sprite
    If touching enemy:
        Change lives by -1
        If lives = 0:
            Say "Game Over!"
            Stop all

Grade 2-5 Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Game Development Project

Format: Scratch Game Creation + Presentation (45 minutes)

Part A: Game Planning (10 points)

Game Design Document - Create a simple plan including:

Game objective (what’s the goal?)
Main character description
Basic rules (how do you win/lose?)
Required sprites and backgrounds

Storyboard - Draw 3 screens showing:

Game start screen
Main gameplay
Win/lose screen

Part B: Game Implementation (25 points) 3. Core Functionality (15 points):

Character moves with arrow keys or WASD
At least one interactive element (enemy, collectible, obstacle)
Basic collision detection (touching = something happens)
Clear win or lose condition

Polish and Enhancement (10 points):

Sound effects or music
Visual feedback (score, lives, timer)
Smooth sprite movement
Creative backgrounds or costumes

Part C: Presentation and Reflection (15 points) 5. Game Demo (10 points):

Explain game rules clearly
Demonstrate gameplay for 2 minutes
Show different game scenarios
Handle questions from classmates

Technical Reflection (5 points):

Explain one challenging problem you solved
Describe one improvement you would make
Share one new Scratch skill you learned

Week 7: Transition to Text-Based Concepts

Learning Objectives:

Prepare learners for text-based coding
Understand basic programming concepts using blocks
Use logic and loops to control sprite or robot actions
Begin transition to robotics or advanced coding platforms

Key Concepts:

Programming Fundamentals: Sequence, selection, iteration
Logic Blocks: IF/ELSE statements in visual form
Loop Types: Forever, repeat until, repeat X times
Variables and Operations: Math in programming
Event-Driven Programming: Responding to user input
Modular Programming: Breaking code into smaller parts

Bridging Visual to Text:

Block-to-Code Thinking: Understanding what blocks represent
Pseudocode: Writing steps in plain English before coding
Debugging Strategies: Systematic problem-solving approaches
Code Organization: Keeping projects neat and logical

Advanced Programming Patterns:

// Pattern 1: State Machine
When green flag clicked
Set game state to "menu"
Forever:
    If game state = "menu":
        Show menu options
    If game state = "playing":
        Run game logic
    If game state = "game over":
        Show final score

// Pattern 2: Object Behavior
When I start as a clone:
    Go to random position
    Forever:
        Move 2 steps
        If on edge, bounce
        If touching player:
            Change score by 10
            Delete this clone

Week 7-8 Assessment: Programming Concepts Mastery

Format: Mixed Assessment - Blockly Challenges + Scratch Review (50 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Logic Challenges (20 points)

Maze Navigation (8 points):

Complete 3 increasingly difficult maze puzzles
Use efficient solutions (minimal blocks)
Demonstrate understanding of loops and conditionals

Pattern Recognition (6 points):

Solve sequence completion puzzles
Identify and extend number/color patterns
Create original pattern for others to solve

Logic Puzzles (6 points):

Complete IF/THEN decision trees
Solve multi-step conditional problems
Optimize solutions for clarity

Part B: Concept Transfer (15 points) 4. Visual to Text Translation (10 points): Given this Scratch code block arrangement:

[When flag clicked] → [Forever] → [If touching mouse] → [Move 10 steps]

Write in pseudocode (plain English): “When the program starts, ____”

Problem Decomposition (5 points): Break down this challenge into steps: “Create a sprite that follows the mouse but stops when it touches the edge”

Step 1: ___ Step 2: ___ Step 3: ___ Step 4: ___

Part C: Creative Application (15 points) 6. Original Algorithm (15 points): Choose ONE to complete:

Option A - Scratch: Create a “digital pet” that:

Follows mouse cursor
Changes expression when clicked
Makes sound when hungry (timer-based)
Has at least 3 different costumes

Option B - Blockly: Design a solution for:

Robot that sorts colored objects
Path that avoids all obstacles
Pattern that creates art using loops

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Exceeds requirements with creative solutions and clear explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Meets all requirements with good understanding demonstrated
Developing (70-79%): Meets most requirements but may have gaps in complex concepts
Novice (60-69%): Shows basic understanding but struggles with application
Beginning (Below 60%): Needs significant support to demonstrate concepts

Week 8: Blockly Integration and Logic Puzzles

Learning Objectives:

Solve logic puzzles using visual programming concepts
Create games using Blockly platform
Demonstrate understanding of programming fundamentals
Apply creative problem-solving skills

Key Concepts:

Blockly Platform: Google’s visual programming language
Logic Puzzles: Problems requiring systematic thinking
Algorithm Efficiency: Finding the best solution method
Pattern Recognition: Identifying repeated solutions
Creative Programming: Using code for artistic expression

Blockly vs. Scratch Comparison:

Feature	Scratch	Blockly
Focus	Storytelling & Games	Logic & Algorithms
Interface	Stage-based	Puzzle-based
Output	Animated Projects	Problem Solutions
Progression	Creative Expression	Mathematical Thinking

Logic Puzzle Types:

Maze Solving: Navigate through obstacles
Pattern Completion: Fill in missing sequences
Conditional Logic: IF/THEN decision making
Loop Optimization: Repeat actions efficiently

Week 7-8 Assessment: Programming Concepts Mastery

Format: Mixed Assessment - Blockly Challenges + Scratch Review (50 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Logic Challenges (20 points)

Maze Navigation (8 points):

Complete 3 increasingly difficult maze puzzles
Use efficient solutions (minimal blocks)
Demonstrate understanding of loops and conditionals

Pattern Recognition (6 points):

Solve sequence completion puzzles
Identify and extend number/color patterns
Create original pattern for others to solve

Logic Puzzles (6 points):

Complete IF/THEN decision trees
Solve multi-step conditional problems
Optimize solutions for clarity

Part B: Concept Transfer (15 points) 4. Visual to Text Translation (10 points): Given this Scratch code block arrangement:

[When flag clicked] → [Forever] → [If touching mouse] → [Move 10 steps]

Write in pseudocode (plain English): “When the program starts, ____”

Problem Decomposition (5 points): Break down this challenge into steps: “Create a sprite that follows the mouse but stops when it touches the edge”

Step 1: ___ Step 2: ___ Step 3: ___ Step 4: ___

Part C: Creative Application (15 points) 6. Original Algorithm (15 points): Choose ONE to complete:

Option A - Scratch: Create a “digital pet” that:

Follows mouse cursor
Changes expression when clicked
Makes sound when hungry (timer-based)
Has at least 3 different costumes

Option B - Blockly: Design a solution for:

Robot that sorts colored objects
Path that avoids all obstacles
Pattern that creates art using loops

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Exceeds requirements with creative solutions and clear explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Meets all requirements with good understanding demonstrated
Developing (70-79%): Meets most requirements but may have gaps in complex concepts
Novice (60-69%): Shows basic understanding but struggles with application
Beginning (Below 60%): Needs significant support to demonstrate concepts

IoT & Robotics Term 1 - Complete Notes & Assessment Tests

Preschoolers (4-6 Years)

Term 1: STEM Storytelling & Coding Toys

Week 1: Introduction to STEM

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic concepts of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math)
Spark excitement and curiosity about STEM through hands-on activities
Foster teamwork through group experiments
Develop early thinking through guided play and experimentation

Key Concepts:

Science: Learning about the world around us through observation
Technology: Simple tools and devices that help us
Engineering: Building and creating solutions
Mathematics: Numbers, shapes, and patterns in everyday life

Activities:

Floating vs. Sinking experiments with various objects
Basic robot interaction and exploration
STEM vocabulary building games
Classification activities

Materials: Water, buckets, floating items (paper, feathers), sinking items (stones, coins), toy robot, tablet

Week 2: STEM Play Corners

Learning Objectives:

Explore different STEM areas through play stations
Develop fine motor skills through hands-on manipulation
Practice problem-solving through guided discovery
Build confidence in exploring new concepts

Key Concepts:

Play-based learning: Learning through exploration and fun
Spatial awareness: Understanding shapes, sizes, and positions
Cause and effect: Understanding that actions have results
Collaboration: Working together to solve problems

Week 3: Simple Machines & Environmental Science

Learning Objectives:

Identify simple machines in everyday life
Understand basic environmental concepts
Develop observation skills
Connect STEM to the natural world

Key Concepts:

Simple Machines: Lever, pulley, wheel, ramp
Environment: Plants, animals, weather, seasons
Observation: Using our senses to learn
Nature patterns: Recognizing patterns in nature

Week 4: Unplugged Coding

Learning Objectives:

Introduction to coding concepts without computers
Understand sequence and order
Develop logical thinking
Practice following and giving instructions

Key Concepts:

Sequence: Steps in order
Instructions: Clear directions to follow
Algorithms: Step-by-step solutions
Patterns: Recognizing and creating patterns

Assessment Test - Preschoolers (4-6 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: STEM Basics

Format: Practical/Observational Assessment

Floating or Sinking? (Show child various objects)

Point to objects that will float: feather, cork, plastic toy
Point to objects that will sink: stone, coin, marble
Explain why you think so (in simple words)

STEM Matching (Picture cards)

Match the scientist to the magnifying glass
Match the engineer to the building blocks
Match the mathematician to the numbers
Match the technologist to the computer

Following Instructions

Can follow 2-step instructions: “Pick up the red block and put it in the box”
Can give simple instructions to a friend
Can arrange objects in order (biggest to smallest)

Assessment Rubric:

Exceeding (3): Completes all tasks independently with explanation
Meeting (2): Completes most tasks with minimal guidance
Approaching (1): Attempts tasks with significant support
Beginning (0): Needs extensive help to participate

Week 3-4 Assessment: Simple Machines & Coding

Format: Hands-on Demonstration

Simple Machines Hunt

Find the lever (seesaw, scissors)
Find the wheel (bicycle, toy car)
Find the ramp (slide, wedge)
Explain what each machine helps us do

Nature Observation

Draw or point to living things vs. non-living things
Identify basic shapes in nature (circles in flowers, triangles in mountains)
Name things that grow vs. things that are made

Unplugged Coding Challenge

Arrange sequence cards to show morning routine
Give directions to help friend reach the treasure
Complete a simple pattern with blocks or shapes

Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years)

Term 1: Scratch & Blockly Programming

Week 1: Introduction to Programming

Learning Objectives:

Understand what programming is
Learn about Scratch programming environment
Install and explore Scratch interface
Grasp the concept of sequencing

Key Concepts:

Programming: Giving instructions to computers
Scratch: Visual programming language using blocks
Interface: The screen where we work with Scratch
Sequencing: Putting commands in the right order
Sprites: Characters in Scratch programs
Stage: Where Scratch programs run

Core Activities:

Explore Scratch interface and tools
Identify different areas (sprite area, blocks palette, stage)
Learn about different block categories (Motion, Looks, Sound, etc.)
Create first simple animation

Week 2: Understanding Scratch Interface

Learning Objectives:

Navigate Scratch interface confidently
Understand different block categories
Create basic sprite movements
Save and load projects

Key Concepts:

Blocks Palette: Where programming blocks are stored
Scripts Area: Where we build our programs
Motion Blocks: Make sprites move
Looks Blocks: Change sprite appearance
Events: What starts our programs running

Week 3: Setting Up Scratch Projects

Learning Objectives:

Plan and organize Scratch projects
Understand project structure
Use backgrounds and sprites effectively
Practice debugging simple problems

Key Concepts:

Project Planning: Thinking before coding
Backgrounds: Scenes for our programs
Sprite Library: Ready-made characters
Debugging: Finding and fixing problems

Week 4: Introduction to Blockly

Learning Objectives:

Understand Blockly visual programming
Compare Blockly with Scratch
Complete basic Blockly puzzles
Transfer concepts between platforms

Key Concepts:

Blockly: Another visual programming language
Puzzle-based Learning: Learning through solving challenges
Logic Blocks: Making decisions in programs
Loops: Repeating actions

Week 5: Blockly Games for Scratch Programmers

Learning Objectives:

Apply Scratch knowledge to Blockly games
Solve increasingly complex puzzles
Understand programming logic and flow
Build problem-solving confidence

Key Concepts:

Game Logic: Rules that make games work
Progressive Difficulty: Challenges that get harder
Pattern Recognition: Seeing repeated solutions
Persistence: Keep trying when challenges are difficult

Assessment Test - Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years)

Week 1-3 Assessment: Scratch Fundamentals

Format: Practical Computer Assessment (30 minutes)

Part A: Interface Knowledge (10 points)

Label the parts of Scratch interface:

Blocks Palette
Scripts Area
Stage
Sprite Area

Match the block colors to their functions:

Motion blocks: _____ (Blue)
Looks blocks: _____ (Purple)
Sound blocks: _____ (Pink)
Events blocks: _____ (Yellow)

Part B: Basic Programming (15 points) 3. Create a program that makes a sprite:

Move 10 steps forward
Turn 90 degrees right
Say “Hello” for 2 seconds
Change color

Fix this broken sequence (drag blocks in correct order):

[Say "Goodbye"][When green flag clicked][Move 100 steps][Say "Hello"]

Part C: Problem Solving (10 points) 5. Your sprite isn’t moving when you click the green flag. What might be wrong?

Missing “when green flag clicked” block
Sprite is already at the edge
Motion blocks aren’t connected
All of the above

Create a simple animation showing a cat walking across the stage.

Week 4-5 Assessment: Blockly & Problem Solving

Format: Computer-based Blockly Challenges (25 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Basics (8 points)

Complete the “Move Forward” puzzle in Blockly
Complete the “Turn Left/Right” puzzle
Complete the “Repeat Loop” puzzle
Complete the “If/Else” puzzle

Part B: Logic Understanding (12 points) 5. Explain what this Blockly code does:

Repeat 4 times:
  Move forward
  Turn right 90 degrees

Answer: _________________

Write Blockly code to make a character:

Move forward 3 steps
Turn left if path is blocked
Repeat until reaching goal

Part C: Transfer Learning (10 points) 7. How is Blockly similar to Scratch? List 3 similarities:

Create a Scratch program that does the same thing as this Blockly code:

When started:  Repeat 5 times:    Move forward 20 steps    Wait 1 second

Assessment Rubric:

Advanced (90-100%): Completes all tasks efficiently with creative additions
Proficient (80-89%): Completes most tasks correctly with minor errors
Developing (70-79%): Completes basic tasks but struggles with complex problems
Beginning (Below 70%): Needs significant support to complete tasks

Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years)

Term 1: Drone Aviation Introduction

Week 1: Introduction to Drones and Aviation Basics

Learning Objectives:

Understand what drones are and their applications
Learn basic aviation principles
Identify different types of aircraft
Understand the evolution of flight

Key Concepts:

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): Aircraft without a human pilot aboard
Remote Pilot: Person controlling the drone from the ground
Autonomous Flight: Drones flying with minimal human control
Commercial vs. Recreational Use: Different purposes for drones
Four Forces of Flight: Lift, Weight, Thrust, Drag
Aerodynamics: How air moves around objects in flight

Applications of Drones:

Photography and videography
Search and rescue operations
Agriculture monitoring
Package delivery
Scientific research
Military operations

Week 2: Drone Safety Rules and Best Practices

Learning Objectives:

Learn essential drone safety protocols
Understand pre-flight checklist procedures
Identify potential hazards and risks
Develop responsible drone operation habits

Key Concepts:

Pre-flight Inspection: Checking drone condition before flying
Weather Conditions: How weather affects drone flight
Battery Safety: Proper battery handling and storage
Emergency Procedures: What to do when things go wrong
Situational Awareness: Being aware of surroundings while flying

Safety Rules:

Always maintain visual contact with drone
Check weather conditions before flying
Inspect drone and equipment before each flight
Fly in open areas away from people and property
Never fly above 400 feet
Respect others’ privacy
Land immediately if drone malfunctions

Week 3: FAA/UAS Regulations (Basic Overview)

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic aviation regulations
Learn about no-fly zones and restricted airspace
Understand registration requirements
Learn about pilot certification basics

Key Concepts:

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): Government agency regulating aviation
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS): Official term for drones and related equipment
No-Fly Zones: Areas where drone flight is prohibited
Remote Pilot Certificate: License required for commercial drone operations
Registration: Required identification for drones over 0.55 pounds

Basic Regulations:

Drones must be registered if over 0.55 lbs (250 grams)
Maximum altitude: 400 feet above ground level
Must yield right-of-way to manned aircraft
No flying over groups of people
No flying at night without special certification
Respect airport operational areas (usually 5-mile radius)

Week 4: Key Drone Types & Components

Learning Objectives:

Identify different drone configurations
Understand key drone components and their functions
Compare advantages and disadvantages of different designs
Learn basic maintenance requirements

Key Concepts:

Multirotor: Drones with multiple rotating propellers
Fixed-wing: Airplane-like drones with wings
Hybrid VTOL: Vertical takeoff and landing with forward flight capability
Frame: Main structure holding all components
Flight Controller: Computer controlling drone flight
ESC (Electronic Speed Controller): Controls motor speed
Gimbal: Stabilizes camera during flight

Drone Types:

Quadcopter: 4 rotors, most common configuration
Hexacopter: 6 rotors, more redundancy and payload capacity
Octocopter: 8 rotors, highest redundancy and capacity
Fixed-wing: Longer flight times, faster speeds
Racing drones: Small, fast, agile for competitive flying

Week 5: Basic Principles of Flight

Learning Objectives:

Understand the four forces of flight in detail
Learn how drones achieve controlled flight
Understand stability and control concepts
Explore flight dynamics and physics

Key Concepts:

Lift: Upward force generated by rotors or wings
Weight (Gravity): Downward force pulling drone toward earth
Thrust: Forward force propelling drone through air
Drag: Resistance force opposing motion through air
Center of Gravity: Balance point of drone
Pitch, Roll, Yaw: Three axes of rotation
Gyroscopic Effect: How spinning rotors affect stability

Flight Control:

Throttle: Controls altitude (up/down)
Pitch: Controls forward/backward movement
Roll: Controls left/right movement
Yaw: Controls rotation (turning left/right)
Trim: Fine adjustments for balanced flight

Assessment Test - Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: Drone Basics and Safety

Format: Written Test + Practical Safety Demonstration (45 minutes)

Part A: Multiple Choice (20 points)

What does UAV stand for? a) Universal Aviation Vehicle b) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle c) Ultra Aerodynamic Vehicle d) United Aviation Vehicle
Which of the four forces of flight works against gravity? a) Thrust b) Drag c) Lift d) Weight
What should you do FIRST before flying a drone? a) Start the motors b) Check weather conditions c) Take off immediately d) Turn on the camera
The maximum altitude for recreational drone flight is: a) 200 feet b) 300 feet c) 400 feet d) 500 feet
What is the main difference between commercial and recreational drone use? a) Size of drone b) Purpose and regulations c) Color of drone d) Number of rotors

Part B: Short Answer (25 points) 6. List 5 safety rules that must be followed when operating a drone: (10 points)

Explain three commercial applications of drones: (9 points)

Why is it important to maintain visual contact with your drone during flight? (6 points)

Week 3-5 Assessment: Regulations and Flight Principles

Format: Written Test + Flight Theory Application (50 minutes)

Part A: Regulations Knowledge (20 points)

True/False (10 points)

Drones under 0.55 lbs need to be registered: ___
You can fly your drone anywhere as long as it’s daytime: ___
Commercial drone operations require a Remote Pilot Certificate: ___
Drones must always yield to manned aircraft: ___
Flying over groups of people is allowed with permission: ___

What is a no-fly zone and give 3 examples: (10 points) Definition: ________________________________ Examples:

Part B: Drone Components (15 points) 3. Match the component to its function:

Flight Controller: _____ a) Provides power to motors
ESC: _____ b) Stabilizes camera
Gimbal: _____ c) Main structural support
Frame: _____ d) Controls drone flight
Battery: _____ e) Controls motor speed

Compare quadcopter vs. fixed-wing drones (advantages/disadvantages): (10 points)

Part C: Flight Principles (25 points) 5. Draw and label the four forces of flight on a drone diagram: (12 points)

Explain how a drone moves in each direction: (13 points)

Forward: ________________________________
Backward: ________________________________
Left: ________________________________
Right: ________________________________
Up: ________________________________
Rotate left: ________________________________

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Demonstrates comprehensive understanding with detailed explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Shows solid grasp of concepts with minor gaps
Developing (70-79%): Understands basic concepts but lacks detail in complex areas
Novice (Below 70%): Limited understanding, needs additional instruction

Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years)

Term 1: Introduction to Python Basics

Week 1: Writing Structured Python Code

Learning Objectives:

Understand Python syntax and structure
Learn proper code formatting and indentation
Write clean, readable code following best practices
Understand variables, data types, and basic operations

Key Concepts:

Python: High-level programming language
Syntax: Rules for writing Python code
Indentation: Using spaces to organize code structure
Variables: Named storage for data values
Data Types: int, float, string, boolean
Comments: Documentation within code using #
Print Statement: Displaying output to screen

Code Structure Best Practices:

# Header comment explaining the program
# Author: Your Name
# Date: Today's Date

# Import statements
import module_name

# Constants (UPPERCASE naming)
MAX_VALUE = 100

# Main program logic
def main():
    # Variable declarations
    user_name = "Student"
    age = 16

    # Program logic with proper indentation
    print(f"Hello, {user_name}!")
    print(f"You are {age} years old.")

# Run the program
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Week 2: Functions and Loops

Learning Objectives:

Create and use custom functions
Understand function parameters and return values
Implement for loops and while loops
Apply loops to solve repetitive tasks

Key Concepts:

Function: Reusable block of code that performs a specific task
Parameters: Input values passed to functions
Return Value: Output value from a function
For Loop: Repeats code a specific number of times
While Loop: Repeats code while a condition is true
Range Function: Generates sequences of numbers
Iteration: Each repetition of a loop
Loop Control: Managing when loops start and stop

Function Examples:

# Simple function with no parameters
def greet():
    print("Hello, World!")

# Function with parameters
def greet_person(name, age):
    print(f"Hello, {name}! You are {age} years old.")

# Function with return value
def calculate_area(length, width):
    area = length * width
    return area

# Using functions
greet()
greet_person("Alice", 16)
room_area = calculate_area(10, 12)
print(f"Room area: {room_area} square meters")

Loop Examples:

# For loop with range
for i in range(5):
    print(f"Count: {i}")

# For loop with list
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
for fruit in fruits:
    print(f"I like {fruit}")

# While loop
count = 0
while count < 3:
    print(f"While loop count: {count}")
    count += 1

Week 3: Using Python Libraries

Learning Objectives:

Understand what Python libraries are and why they’re useful
Learn to import and use common libraries
Work with GPIOZero and time libraries
Explore library documentation and help systems

Key Concepts:

Library/Module: Pre-written code that adds functionality
Import Statement: Bringing library functions into your program
GPIOZero: Library for controlling Raspberry Pi GPIO pins
Time Library: Functions for working with time and delays
Documentation: Instructions for using library functions
API: Application Programming Interface - how to use library functions

Library Usage Examples:

# Importing entire modules
import time
import math

# Importing specific functions
from gpiozero import LED, Button
from time import sleep

# Using time library
print("Starting program...")
time.sleep(2)  # Wait 2 seconds
print("2 seconds have passed!")

# Using math library
import math
radius = 5
area = math.pi * radius ** 2
print(f"Circle area: {area:.2f}")

# Using GPIOZero (for Raspberry Pi)
led = LED(18)  # LED connected to GPIO pin 18
button = Button(2)  # Button connected to GPIO pin 2

# Turn LED on and off
led.on()
sleep(1)
led.off()

Week 4: Controlling Motors with Python

Learning Objectives:

Understand how to interface with motors using Python
Learn about PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) for motor control
Control motor speed and direction
Implement safety features in motor control code

Key Concepts:

Motor Control: Using code to make motors move
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): Method to control motor speed
Duty Cycle: Percentage of time signal is “on” vs “off”
Direction Control: Making motors spin clockwise/counterclockwise
Motor Driver: Electronics that interface between Python and motors
Safety Features: Code to prevent motor damage

Motor Control Examples:

from gpiozero import Motor, PWMOutputDevice
from time import sleep

# Create motor object (assuming H-bridge motor driver)
motor = Motor(forward=2, backward=3, enable=18)

# Basic motor control
def basic_motor_test():
    print("Motor forward at full speed")
    motor.forward(1.0)  # Full speed forward
    sleep(2)

    print("Motor forward at half speed")
    motor.forward(0.5)  # Half speed forward
    sleep(2)

    print("Motor stopped")
    motor.stop()
    sleep(1)

    print("Motor backward at full speed")
    motor.backward(1.0)  # Full speed backward
    sleep(2)

    motor.stop()
    print("Motor test complete")

# PWM speed control example
def speed_ramp_test():
    print("Ramping motor speed up...")
    for speed in range(0, 101, 10):  # 0 to 100% in 10% steps
        motor_speed = speed / 100.0
        motor.forward(motor_speed)
        print(f"Speed: {speed}%")
        sleep(0.5)

    motor.stop()
    print("Speed ramp complete")

# Run the tests
basic_motor_test()
sleep(2)
speed_ramp_test()

Week 5: Controlling Sensors with Python

Learning Objectives:

Interface with various sensors using Python
Read and process sensor data
Implement sensor-based decision making
Create responsive programs based on sensor input

Key Concepts:

Sensor: Device that detects and measures physical properties
Analog vs Digital: Different types of sensor signals
ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter): Converts analog signals to digital
Sensor Calibration: Adjusting sensor readings for accuracy
Data Processing: Converting raw sensor data to useful information
Polling vs Interrupts: Different ways to read sensor data

Common Sensors:

Temperature sensors: Measure environmental temperature
Light sensors (LDR): Detect light intensity
Ultrasonic sensors: Measure distance using sound waves
Motion sensors (PIR): Detect movement
Pressure sensors: Measure force or pressure

Sensor Control Examples:

from gpiozero import MCP3008, DistanceSensor, MotionSensor, LED
from time import sleep
import statistics

# Temperature sensor (using analog input)
temp_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)

def read_temperature():
    # Convert voltage to temperature (example conversion)
    voltage = temp_sensor.voltage
    temperature_c = (voltage - 0.5) * 100  # Example conversion formula
    temperature_f = (temperature_c * 9/5) + 32
    return temperature_c, temperature_f

# Distance sensor (ultrasonic)
distance_sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)

def monitor_distance():
    print("Distance monitoring (press Ctrl+C to stop)")
    try:
        while True:
            distance = distance_sensor.distance * 100  # Convert to cm
            print(f"Distance: {distance:.1f} cm")

            if distance < 10:
                print("WARNING: Object too close!")

            sleep(0.5)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("Distance monitoring stopped")

# Motion sensor with LED indicator
motion = MotionSensor(4)
alert_led = LED(18)

def motion_detector():
    print("Motion detector active...")

    def motion_detected():
        print("Motion detected!")
        alert_led.on()
        sleep(2)
        alert_led.off()

    def no_motion():
        print("No motion")
        alert_led.off()

    # Set up motion sensor callbacks
    motion.when_motion = motion_detected
    motion.when_no_motion = no_motion

    # Keep program running
    try:
        while True:
            sleep(0.1)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("Motion detector stopped")

# Data logging example
def log_sensor_data():
    readings = []
    print("Collecting sensor data for 30 seconds...")

    start_time = time.time()
    while time.time() - start_time < 30:
        temp_c, temp_f = read_temperature()
        distance = distance_sensor.distance * 100

        readings.append({
            'timestamp': time.time(),
            'temperature_c': temp_c,
            'temperature_f': temp_f,
            'distance_cm': distance
        })

        print(f"Temp: {temp_c:.1f}°C, Distance: {distance:.1f}cm")
        sleep(1)

    # Calculate statistics
    temps = [r['temperature_c'] for r in readings]
    distances = [r['distance_cm'] for r in readings]

    print(f"\nData Summary:")
    print(f"Average temperature: {statistics.mean(temps):.1f}°C")
    print(f"Min/Max temperature: {min(temps):.1f}°C / {max(temps):.1f}°C")
    print(f"Average distance: {statistics.mean(distances):.1f}cm")
    print(f"Min/Max distance: {min(distances):.1f}cm / {max(distances):.1f}cm")

# Example usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Run different examples
    monitor_distance()  # Uncomment to run distance monitoring
    # motion_detector()  # Uncomment to run motion detection
    # log_sensor_data()  # Uncomment to run data logging

Assessment Test - Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: Python Fundamentals

Format: Coding Assignment + Written Questions (60 minutes)

Part A: Code Structure and Syntax (25 points)

Fix the following code and explain what was wrong (10 points):

# Broken code:
def calculate average(num1, num2, num3)
average = num1 + num2 + num3 / 3
print("The average is" + average)
return average

calculate average(10, 20, 30)

Your corrected code:

# Write corrected version here

Explanation of errors: ________________________________

Write a well-structured Python program (15 points): Create a program that:

Has proper header comments
Uses appropriate variable names
Calculates the area of different shapes (circle, rectangle, triangle)
Uses functions with parameters and return values
Follows proper indentation and formatting

Part B: Functions and Loops (30 points)

Write a function called print_multiplication_table (15 points):

Takes one parameter: number
Prints multiplication table for that number (1-10)
Uses a for loop
Example output for print_multiplication_table(3):

3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
... etc

Password Checker Program (15 points): Write a program using while loop that:

Asks user to enter a password
Keeps asking until they enter “python123”
Counts number of attempts
Prints “Access granted” when correct
Prints number of attempts it took

Week 3-5 Assessment: Libraries and Hardware Control

Format: Practical Coding Project (75 minutes)

Part A: Library Usage (20 points)

Complete this sensor reading program (20 points):

from gpiozero import MCP3008
from time import sleep
import ______  # What library do you need for calculating average?

# Create sensor object
light_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)

def read_light_levels():
    readings = []

    # Collect 10 readings
    for i in range(______):  # Fill in the range
        reading = light_sensor.______  # What property gives the reading?
        readings.append(reading)
        print(f"Reading {i+1}: {reading:.3f}")
        sleep(0.5)

    # Calculate and print statistics
    average = ______.mean(readings)  # Which function calculates mean?
    maximum = ______(readings)  # Built-in function for maximum
    minimum = ______(readings)  # Built-in function for minimum

    print(f"Average: {average:.3f}")
    print(f"Maximum: {maximum:.3f}")
    print(f"Minimum: {minimum:.3f}")

# Call the function
read_light_levels()

Part B: Motor Control Project (25 points)

Smart Fan Controller (25 points): Write a program that simulates a smart fan controller:

Use a temperature sensor to read room temperature
Control a motor (fan) based on temperature:
- Below 20°C: Fan off
- 20-25°C: Fan at 30% speed
- 25-30°C: Fan at 60% speed
- Above 30°C: Fan at 100% speed
Print current temperature and fan speed every 2 seconds
Include safety features (motor stop function)

Part C: Sensor Integration Challenge (30 points)

Security System Prototype (30 points): Create a basic security system that:

Uses a motion sensor to detect movement
Uses a distance sensor to detect objects too close
Controls LEDs to indicate system status:
- Green LED: System normal
- Yellow LED: Motion detected
- Red LED: Intrusion alert (object < 20cm)
Logs events with timestamps
Runs continuously until user presses Ctrl+C

Requirements:

Use at least 3 different libraries
Include proper error handling
Use functions to organize code
Add meaningful comments
Follow Python coding best practices

Sample code structure:

from gpiozero import MotionSensor, DistanceSensor, LED
from time import sleep
import time

# Hardware setup
motion = MotionSensor(4)
distance = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)
green_led = LED(18)
yellow_led = LED(19)
red_led = LED(20)

def log_event(message):
    # Write function to log events with timestamp
    pass

def check_security():
    # Write function to check all sensors and control LEDs
    pass

def main():
    # Write main program loop
    pass

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Assessment Rubric:

Exceptional (95-100%): Code runs flawlessly, excellent structure, creative additions, comprehensive error handling
Proficient (85-94%): Code works correctly, good structure, meets all requirements, minor improvements possible
Developing (75-84%): Code mostly works, basic structure present, meets most requirements, some bugs or missing features
Beginning (65-74%): Code has significant issues, poor structure, missing major requirements
Incomplete (Below 65%): Code doesn’t run or major portions missing

Additional Resources and Extensions

For All Grade Levels:

Vocabulary Glossary:

Algorithm: Step-by-step instructions to solve a problem
Bug: Error in code that prevents it from working correctly
Debug: Process of finding and fixing errors in code
Hardware: Physical components of computer systems
Software: Programs and applications that run on hardware
Interface: Way users interact with programs or devices
Sensor: Device that detects changes in environment
Actuator: Device that causes movement or action

Project Portfolio Suggestions:

Weekly Reflection Journal: Students document learning and challenges
Photo Documentation: Pictures of projects and experiments
Video Demonstrations: Students explain their projects
Peer Teaching: Advanced students help beginners
Innovation Challenges: Open-ended problems to solve creatively

Cross-Curricular Connections:

Math: Geometry in robotics, statistics in data analysis
Science: Physics of flight, electronics principles
Art: Creative programming projects, design thinking
Social Studies: Impact of technology on society
Language Arts: Technical writing, documentation skills

Safety Reminders:

Always supervise young children with electronic components
Check battery connections before powering devices
Keep work area clean and organized
Wash hands after handling electronic components
Report any damaged equipment immediately
Follow proper shutdown procedures for all devices

Assessment Portfolio Checklist:

Completed weekly assessments
Project documentation with photos
Reflection essays on learning progress
Peer evaluation forms
Self-assessment rubrics
Evidence of problem-solving process
Creative extensions or improvements to basic projects

Continuation - Weeks 6-8 for All Grade Levels

Preschoolers (4-6 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced STEM Exploration & Technology Awareness

Week 6: Technology Parts Awareness

Learning Objectives:

Use coding to tell stories, solve challenges, or navigate mazes
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically be able to follow code on floor grids
Build confidence and persistence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Technology Components: Basic parts that make devices work
Circuits: Paths that electricity follows
Assembly/Disassembly: Taking apart and putting together
Electronics Safety: Safe handling of batteries and components
Problem-Solving: Trying different solutions when something doesn’t work

Activities:

Technology Exploration: Examine old keyboards, phones, calculators
Simple Circuits: Connect bulbs to batteries with safe materials
Assembly Practice: Take apart and reassemble simple toys
Tech Parts Sorting: Group similar technology components

Materials: Old keyboards, phones, calculators, batteries, bulbs for circuits, safe connectors

Week 7: Sequencing & Floor Grid Coding

Learning Objectives:

Develop understanding of sequencing by arranging steps in correct order
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically follow code on floor grids
Build confidence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Sequencing: Putting steps in the right order
Algorithm Cards: Visual instructions to follow
Floor Grid Coding: Moving through spaces following directions
Left/Right/Forward/Back: Basic directional concepts
Trial and Error: Learning by trying and improving

Activities:

Obstacle Course Coding: Navigate through simple obstacles using arrow cards
Sequencing Games: Put daily routine cards in correct order
Paper Maze Coding: Use arrows to show path through printed mazes
Robot Friend: One child gives directions, another follows like a robot

Materials: Coding arrows/direction cards, floor grid mats, toys for navigation, printed maze worksheets

Week 8: Advanced Unplugged Coding & Storytelling

Learning Objectives:

Use coding to tell stories, solve challenges, or navigate mazes
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically follow code on floor grids
Build confidence and persistence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Conditional Logic: IF/THEN thinking (“If you see red, then stop”)
Debugging: Finding and fixing mistakes in directions
Block Building: Using physical blocks to represent code
Story Algorithms: Step-by-step instructions for telling stories

Activities:

Debug the Path: Present incorrect direction sequences for children to fix
IF/THEN Games: “If you see a triangle, then clap your hands”
Story Coding: Use picture cards to create step-by-step stories
Block Code Building: Stack blocks to represent programming sequences

Materials: Building blocks, floor grid mats, toys, printed materials, picture cards for storytelling

Preschoolers Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Technology Awareness

Format: Hands-on Exploration + Observation (20 minutes)

Technology Parts Recognition (10 points)

Point to and name 3 technology items from the collection
Show how a simple circuit works (bulb + battery)
Safely handle electronic components
Explain one thing each item helps us do

Assembly Skills (10 points)

Take apart a simple toy or device
Put it back together correctly
Identify which parts go where
Ask for help when needed

Assessment Criteria:

Mastery (3): Handles all materials safely, explains purposes, completes tasks independently
Developing (2): Safe handling, completes most tasks with minimal help
Emerging (1): Needs guidance but participates actively
Beginning (0): Requires extensive support

Week 7-8 Assessment: Advanced Unplugged Coding

Format: Physical Coding Challenges (25 minutes)

Sequencing Challenge (12 points)

Arrange 6 direction cards to navigate through obstacle course
Explain why each step comes in that order
Successfully complete the physical navigation
Fix mistakes when path doesn’t work

IF/THEN Logic (8 points)

Follow conditional instructions: “IF you see blue, THEN hop”
Create own IF/THEN rule for a friend to follow
Demonstrate understanding with actions

Story Algorithm (10 points)

Use 5 picture cards to create logical story sequence
Tell story following the card order
Explain what happens if cards are mixed up
Help fix a mixed-up story sequence

Practical Skills Rubric:

Advanced (25-30 points): Creates original sequences, helps others, shows deep understanding
Proficient (20-24 points): Completes all challenges correctly with minor guidance
Developing (15-19 points): Understands concepts but needs support for complex tasks
Beginning (Below 15 points): Requires significant help to participate

Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced Scratch Programming & Game Development

Week 6: Game Structure and Design

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic game structure (start, play, end)
Use Scratch blocks to move characters and detect collisions
Make characters move between different scenes
Create scoring or win conditions

Key Concepts:

Game Design Elements: Characters, backgrounds, objectives, rules
Game Loop: Continuous cycle of input, processing, output
Collision Detection: Knowing when sprites touch each other
Scene Transitions: Moving between different game screens
Win/Lose Conditions: Rules that determine game outcomes
User Interface: Buttons, scores, and information displays

Advanced Scratch Concepts:

Sensing Blocks: “touching color”, “distance to”, “key pressed”
Variables: Storing score, lives, or time
Broadcast Messages: Communication between sprites
Clone Sprites: Creating multiple copies of objects
Custom Blocks: Making your own programming blocks

Game Development Process:

Planning Phase: Sketch game idea, list needed sprites and backgrounds
Prototype: Create basic movement and interaction
Enhancement: Add sounds, effects, and polish
Testing: Play game and fix bugs
Sharing: Present to classmates

Example Game Structure:

When green flag clicked
Set score to 0
Set lives to 3
Say "Game Starting!" for 2 seconds
Show sprite
Forever:
    If key space pressed:
        Move player sprite
    If touching enemy:
        Change lives by -1
        If lives = 0:
            Say "Game Over!"
            Stop all

Week 7: Transition to Text-Based Concepts

Learning Objectives:

Prepare learners for text-based coding
Understand basic programming concepts using blocks
Use logic and loops to control sprite or robot actions
Begin transition to robotics or advanced coding platforms

Key Concepts:

Programming Fundamentals: Sequence, selection, iteration
Logic Blocks: IF/ELSE statements in visual form
Loop Types: Forever, repeat until, repeat X times
Variables and Operations: Math in programming
Event-Driven Programming: Responding to user input
Modular Programming: Breaking code into smaller parts

Bridging Visual to Text:

Block-to-Code Thinking: Understanding what blocks represent
Pseudocode: Writing steps in plain English before coding
Debugging Strategies: Systematic problem-solving approaches
Code Organization: Keeping projects neat and logical

Advanced Programming Patterns:

// Pattern 1: State Machine
When green flag clicked
Set game state to "menu"
Forever:
    If game state = "menu":
        Show menu options
    If game state = "playing":
        Run game logic
    If game state = "game over":
        Show final score

// Pattern 2: Object Behavior
When I start as a clone:
    Go to random position
    Forever:
        Move 2 steps
        If on edge, bounce
        If touching player:
            Change score by 10
            Delete this clone

Week 8: Blockly Integration and Logic Puzzles

Learning Objectives:

Solve logic puzzles using visual programming concepts
Create games using Blockly platform
Demonstrate understanding of programming fundamentals
Apply creative problem-solving skills

Key Concepts:

Blockly Platform: Google’s visual programming language
Logic Puzzles: Problems requiring systematic thinking
Algorithm Efficiency: Finding the best solution method
Pattern Recognition: Identifying repeated solutions
Creative Programming: Using code for artistic expression

Blockly vs. Scratch Comparison:

Feature	Scratch	Blockly
Focus	Storytelling & Games	Logic & Algorithms
Interface	Stage-based	Puzzle-based
Output	Animated Projects	Problem Solutions
Progression	Creative Expression	Mathematical Thinking

Logic Puzzle Types:

Maze Solving: Navigate through obstacles
Pattern Completion: Fill in missing sequences
Conditional Logic: IF/THEN decision making
Loop Optimization: Repeat actions efficiently

Grade 2-5 Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Game Development Project

Format: Scratch Game Creation + Presentation (45 minutes)

Part A: Game Planning (10 points)

Game Design Document - Create a simple plan including:

Game objective (what’s the goal?)
Main character description
Basic rules (how do you win/lose?)
Required sprites and backgrounds

Storyboard - Draw 3 screens showing:

Game start screen
Main gameplay
Win/lose screen

Part B: Game Implementation (25 points) 3. Core Functionality (15 points):

Character moves with arrow keys or WASD
At least one interactive element (enemy, collectible, obstacle)
Basic collision detection (touching = something happens)
Clear win or lose condition

Polish and Enhancement (10 points):

Sound effects or music
Visual feedback (score, lives, timer)
Smooth sprite movement
Creative backgrounds or costumes

Part C: Presentation and Reflection (15 points) 5. Game Demo (10 points):

Explain game rules clearly
Demonstrate gameplay for 2 minutes
Show different game scenarios
Handle questions from classmates

Technical Reflection (5 points):

Explain one challenging problem you solved
Describe one improvement you would make
Share one new Scratch skill you learned

Week 7-8 Assessment: Programming Concepts Mastery

Format: Mixed Assessment - Blockly Challenges + Scratch Review (50 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Logic Challenges (20 points)

Maze Navigation (8 points):

Complete 3 increasingly difficult maze puzzles
Use efficient solutions (minimal blocks)
Demonstrate understanding of loops and conditionals

Pattern Recognition (6 points):

Solve sequence completion puzzles
Identify and extend number/color patterns
Create original pattern for others to solve

Logic Puzzles (6 points):

Complete IF/THEN decision trees
Solve multi-step conditional problems
Optimize solutions for clarity

Part B: Concept Transfer (15 points) 4. Visual to Text Translation (10 points): Given this Scratch code block arrangement:

[When flag clicked] → [Forever] → [If touching mouse] → [Move 10 steps]

Write in pseudocode (plain English): “When the program starts, ________________”

Problem Decomposition (5 points): Break down this challenge into steps: “Create a sprite that follows the mouse but stops when it touches the edge”

Step 1: _______________ Step 2: _______________ Step 3: _______________ Step 4: _______________

Part C: Creative Application (15 points) 6. Original Algorithm (15 points): Choose ONE to complete:

Option A - Scratch: Create a “digital pet” that:

Follows mouse cursor
Changes expression when clicked
Makes sound when hungry (timer-based)
Has at least 3 different costumes

Option B - Blockly: Design a solution for:

Robot that sorts colored objects
Path that avoids all obstacles
Pattern that creates art using loops

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Exceeds requirements with creative solutions and clear explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Meets all requirements with good understanding demonstrated
Developing (70-79%): Meets most requirements but may have gaps in complex concepts
Novice (60-69%): Shows basic understanding but struggles with application
Beginning (Below 60%): Needs significant support to demonstrate concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Drone Laws, Emergency Procedures & Practical Flying

Week 6: Drone Laws and Regulations (Kenya Focus)

Learning Objectives:

Learn basic drone laws in Kenya (KCAA regulations)
Understand where and how children can fly drones legally
Develop awareness of responsible drone operation
Understand the importance of aviation safety

Key Concepts:

Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA): National aviation regulator
Drone Registration: Required identification and documentation
No-Fly Zones: Airports, government buildings, restricted areas
Altitude Restrictions: Maximum height limitations
Visual Line of Sight (VLOS): Maintaining visual contact
Privacy Laws: Respecting others’ rights and property

Kenya Drone Regulations Summary:

Registration Requirements:

All drones over 250g must be registered with KCAA
Operator license required for commercial operations
Age restrictions for different categories of operation

Operational Limits:

Maximum altitude: 400 feet (120 meters) AGL
Minimum distance from airports: 8km for major airports
No flying over crowds or public events
Daylight operations only (without special permits)

Prohibited Areas:

Within 5km of any airport
Over government buildings and installations
National parks without permits
Private property without permission

Safety and Legal Guidelines for Young Pilots:

Always have adult supervision
Start with toy drones under 250g
Practice in open, safe areas
Respect others’ privacy and property
Learn emergency procedures
Keep drone in sight at all times

Week 7: Emergency Procedures and Responsible Flying

Learning Objectives:

Review key safety and legal concepts from previous weeks
Understand emergency basics for beginner flyers
Develop decision-making skills for unexpected situations
Practice responsible pilot behavior

Key Concepts:

Emergency Procedures: Systematic responses to problems
Risk Assessment: Evaluating dangers before flying
Decision Making: Choosing appropriate actions under pressure
Communication: Alerting others during emergencies
Equipment Failure: What to do when drone malfunctions
Weather Awareness: Recognizing dangerous conditions

Emergency Scenarios and Responses:

Lost Communication with Drone:

Stay calm and observe drone behavior
Activate Return-to-Home (RTH) function if available
Move to higher ground for better signal
Prepare for manual landing if signal returns
Never chase after a flyaway drone

Low Battery Warning:

Immediately begin landing sequence
Choose nearest safe landing spot
Avoid flying over people or property
Land even if not at original takeoff point
Safety is more important than convenience

Unexpected Weather Changes:

Monitor weather conditions constantly
Land immediately if wind increases
Avoid flying in rain or snow
Watch for sudden temperature changes
When in doubt, don’t fly

Equipment Malfunction:

Attempt controlled landing immediately
Don’t try to fix problems while airborne
Inform other people in the area
Document the problem for later analysis
Never continue flying with known issues

Mission Planning Process:

Pre-flight Planning: Weather check, equipment inspection, route planning
Risk Assessment: Identify potential hazards and mitigation strategies
Communication Plan: Inform others of flight activities
Emergency Procedures: Know what to do if things go wrong
Post-flight Review: Analyze what went well and areas for improvement

Week 8: Practical Flying Skills and Team Challenges

Learning Objectives:

Demonstrate ability to control a mini drone (takeoff, hover, land)
Apply basic flight skills in problem-solving mission scenarios
Work as a team to complete drone-based challenges
Evaluate personal progress and set goals for improvement

Key Concepts:

Flight Control Mastery: Smooth, precise drone movements
Situational Awareness: Understanding surroundings during flight
Mission Planning: Preparing for specific flight objectives
Teamwork: Collaborative problem-solving with drones
Performance Evaluation: Self-assessment and peer feedback
Safety Leadership: Taking responsibility for safe operations

Basic Flight Skills Progression:

Fundamental Controls:

Smooth takeoff to hover
Maintaining steady hover
Controlled landing
Forward/backward movement
Left/right movement
Rotation control

Intermediate Maneuvers:

Figure-8 patterns
Precision landing on target
Obstacle avoidance
Following predetermined paths
Coordinated movements

Advanced Challenges:

Team relay races
Rescue simulations
Precision delivery tasks
Group choreography
Time-based challenges

Mission Scenarios:

Mission 1: Search and Rescue

Objective: Locate “missing person” (target) in designated area
Skills: Systematic search patterns, communication, observation
Time limit: 5 minutes
Success criteria: Target identified and location communicated

Mission 2: Delivery Challenge

Objective: Transport small payload from Point A to Point B
Skills: Precision flying, cargo management, safe landing
Obstacles: Wind conditions, landing accuracy requirements
Success criteria: Payload delivered undamaged within time limit

Mission 3: Team Coordination

Objective: Multiple drones work together to complete complex task
Skills: Communication, timing, spatial awareness
Challenge: Choreographed flight pattern or group problem-solving
Success criteria: All drones complete task without collisions

Safety Protocols for Practical Flying:

Always maintain 10-foot safety zone around flying area
Designate specific roles: pilot, observer, safety officer
Use hand signals for communication during loud operations
Practice emergency landing procedures before each session
Rotate roles so everyone experiences different responsibilities

Grade 6-9 Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Drone Laws and Regulations

Format: Written Test + Legal Scenario Analysis (40 minutes)

Part A: Kenya Aviation Law Knowledge (25 points)

KCAA Regulations (10 points) Fill in the blanks:

Drones over ______ grams must be registered with KCAA
Maximum altitude for recreational flying is ______ feet
Minimum distance from major airports is ______ kilometers
Commercial drone operations require a ______ license
Drones must remain within ______ line of sight

No-Fly Zone Identification (10 points) Mark TRUE or FALSE for each flying location:

Your school playground during lunch break: ______
Open field 2km from Wilson Airport: ______
Your backyard with adult supervision: ______
Uhuru Park during a public event: ______
Private farm with owner’s permission: ______

Legal Compliance (5 points) List 3 requirements for legally flying a drone in Kenya:

Part B: Scenario-Based Decision Making (20 points)

Legal Scenarios (20 points) For each scenario, explain if the action is legal and why:

Scenario A: Sarah wants to fly her 300g drone over her neighbor’s house to take photos of her own backyard. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario B: James plans to fly his registered drone at 200 feet altitude in an open field 10km from any airport during daylight hours. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario C: A group of students want to use their drone for a school project, filming the school building from 100 feet up. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario D: Ahmed wants to fly his 150g toy drone in his compound for 10 minutes. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Part C: Responsible Pilot Planning (15 points)

Pre-flight Checklist (15 points) Create a 10-item pre-flight checklist that includes legal, safety, and equipment considerations:

[Continue through 10]

Week 7-8 Assessment: Emergency Procedures and Practical Skills

Format: Practical Flight Test + Emergency Response Simulation (60 minutes)

Part A: Emergency Response Knowledge (20 points)

Emergency Procedures (15 points) Describe the correct response for each emergency:

Low Battery Warning: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Lost Radio Contact: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Sudden Weather Change: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Risk Assessment (5 points) Identify 3 risks for flying in each environment:

School playground: ____________, ____________, ____________
Open field: ____________, ____________, ____________

Part B: Practical Flight Skills Assessment (30 points)

Basic Flight Controls (15 points) Demonstrate competency in:

Smooth takeoff and landing (3 points)
Stable hovering for 30 seconds (3 points)
Forward/backward precision movement (3 points)
Left/right precision movement (3 points)
Controlled rotation (3 points)

Mission Challenge (15 points) Complete ONE of the following missions:

Option A - Navigation Course:

Fly through 5 waypoints in sequence
Land within 1-meter target circle
Complete within 3 minutes

Option B - Team Coordination:

Work with partner to complete relay challenge
Communicate effectively during handoff
Maintain safety throughout mission

Part C: Leadership and Safety Evaluation (15 points)

Safety Leadership (8 points) While others are flying, demonstrate:

Proper safety zone maintenance
Clear communication with pilot
Appropriate responses to unsafe situations
Helpful coaching and encouragement

Self-Assessment and Goal Setting (7 points) Written reflection:

What flight skill are you most confident with? Why?
What area needs the most improvement?
Set one specific goal for future drone flying
Describe one way you can help others fly safely

Practical Skills Rubric:

Expert Pilot (90-100%): Demonstrates advanced skills, teaches others, shows exceptional safety awareness
Competent Pilot (80-89%): Performs all basic skills reliably, follows safety protocols consistently
Developing Pilot (70-79%): Shows improvement in most areas, occasional guidance needed
Novice Pilot (60-69%): Basic skills present but inconsistent, needs continued practice
Beginning Pilot (Below 60%): Requires significant instruction and supervision

Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced Python Projects & Integration

Week 6-7: Integrated Systems Project (Combined Weeks)

Learning Objectives:

Combine motors and sensors in complex systems
Debug integrated hardware/software systems
Apply creative problem-solving to real-world challenges
Document projects professionally

Key Concepts:

Systems Integration: Combining multiple components into unified solutions
Hardware-Software Interface: Code that bridges digital and physical worlds
System Architecture: Planning complex projects with multiple subsystems
Error Handling: Managing failures gracefully in complex systems
Performance Optimization: Making systems run efficiently
Documentation Standards: Professional project recording

Advanced Integration Concepts:

1. Multi-Sensor Fusion

import threading
import queue
from gpiozero import DistanceSensor, MotionSensor, MCP3008
from time import sleep
import json

class SensorFusion:
    def __init__(self):
        self.distance_sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)
        self.motion_sensor = MotionSensor(4)
        self.light_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)
        self.temp_sensor = MCP3008(channel=1)

        # Data queues for thread communication
        self.sensor_data = queue.Queue()
        self.running = False

    def read_sensors(self):
        """Continuous sensor reading in separate thread"""
        while self.running:
            try:
                data = {
                    'timestamp': time.time(),
                    'distance': self.distance_sensor.distance * 100,
                    'motion': self.motion_sensor.motion_detected,
                    'light_level': self.light_sensor.voltage,
                    'temperature': self.convert_temp(self.temp_sensor.voltage)
                }
                self.sensor_data.put(data)
                sleep(0.1)  # 10Hz sampling rate
            except Exception as e:
                print(f"Sensor reading error: {e}")

    def convert_temp(self, voltage):
        """Convert sensor voltage to temperature"""
        return (voltage - 0.5) * 100  # Example conversion

    def start_monitoring(self):
        """Start sensor monitoring thread"""
        self.running = True
        self.sensor_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_sensors)
        self.sensor_thread.start()

    def stop_monitoring(self):
        """Stop sensor monitoring"""
        self.running = False
        if hasattr(self, 'sensor_thread'):
            self.sensor_thread.join()

2. Intelligent Control Systems

class SmartEnvironmentController:
    def __init__(self):
        self.sensors = SensorFusion()
        self.fan_motor = Motor(forward=2, backward=3)
        self.heater_relay = OutputDevice(18)
        self.lights = PWMOutputDevice(19)

        # Control parameters
        self.target_temp = 22.0  # Target temperature in Celsius
        self.temp_tolerance = 1.0
        self.light_threshold = 0.3

        # Control state
        self.auto_mode = True
        self.manual_override = False

    def analyze_environment(self, sensor_data):
        """Intelligent decision making based on sensor data"""
        decisions = {
            'fan_speed': 0.0,
            'heater_on': False,
            'light_level': 0.0,
            'alert_status': 'normal'
        }

        # Temperature control logic
        temp_diff = sensor_data['temperature'] - self.target_temp

        if temp_diff > self.temp_tolerance:  # Too hot
            decisions['fan_speed'] = min(1.0, temp_diff / 5.0)  # Scale fan speed
            decisions['heater_on'] = False
        elif temp_diff < -self.temp_tolerance:  # Too cold
            decisions['fan_speed'] = 0.0
            decisions['heater_on'] = True

        # Light control logic
        if sensor_data['light_level'] < self.light_threshold:
            decisions['light_level'] = 1.0 - sensor_data['light_level']  # Complement lighting

        # Security monitoring
        if sensor_data['motion'] and sensor_data['distance'] < 20:  # Close motion
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'intrusion_detected'
        elif sensor_data['distance'] < 5:  # Very close object
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'obstacle_warning'

        return decisions

    def execute_controls(self, decisions):
        """Execute control decisions"""
        if not self.manual_override:
            # Motor control
            if decisions['fan_speed'] > 0:
                self.fan_motor.forward(decisions['fan_speed'])
            else:
                self.fan_motor.stop()

            # Heater control
            if decisions['heater_on']:
                self.heater_relay.on()
            else:
                self.heater_relay.off()

            # Light control
            self.lights.value = decisions['light_level']

    def run_control_loop(self):
        """Main control loop"""
        self.sensors.start_monitoring()

        try:
            while True:
                if not self.sensors.sensor_data.empty():
                    current_data = self.sensors.sensor_data.get()
                    decisions = self.analyze_environment(current_data)
                    self.execute_controls(decisions)

                    # Log system status
                    self.log_system_status(current_data, decisions)

                sleep(0.5)  # Control loop frequency

        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            print("Shutting down control system...")
        finally:
            self.sensors.stop_monitoring()
            self.fan_motor.stop()
            self.heater_relay.off()
            self.lights.off()

    def log_system_status(self, sensor_data, decisions):
        """Log system performance data"""
        log_entry = {
            'timestamp': sensor_data['timestamp'],
            'sensors': sensor_data,
            'controls': decisions,
            'mode': 'auto' if self.auto_mode else 'manual'
        }

        # In a real system, this would write to a file or database
        print(f"System Status: Temp={sensor_data['temperature']:.1f}°C, "
              f"Fan={decisions['fan_speed']:.1f}, "
              f"Alert={decisions['alert_status']}")

3. Project Documentation Standards

"""
Smart Environment Control System
================================

Project: IoT Environmental Controller
Author: Student Name
Date: Current Date
Version: 1.0

Description:
    An intelligent system that monitors environmental conditions and automatically
    adjusts heating, cooling, and lighting based on sensor feedback.

Hardware Requirements:
    - Raspberry Pi 4 or similar
    - Temperature sensor (DS18B20 or similar)
    - Light sensor (LDR with MCP3008 ADC)
    - Motion sensor (PIR)
    - Distance sensor (HC-SR04)
    - DC Motor (for fan simulation)
    - Relay module (for heater control)
    - PWM-controlled LED (for lighting)

Software Dependencies:
    - Python 3.7+
    - gpiozero library
    - threading module (standard library)
    - queue module (standard library)
    - json module (standard library)

Installation:
    pip install gpiozero

Usage:
    python smart_environment.py

Configuration:
    Modify target_temp and light_threshold variables in SmartEnvironmentController
    class to adjust system behavior.

Testing:
    Run included test functions to verify sensor readings and control outputs
    before deploying the full system.

Known Issues:
    - Temperature sensor calibration may need adjustment for local conditions
    - Motion sensor has 2-second reset time that affects rapid detection

Future Enhancements:
    - Web interface for remote monitoring
    - Data logging to CSV files
    - Machine learning for predictive control
    - Mobile app integration
"""

Project Examples for Students:

Project 1: Smart Garden Monitor

Monitors soil moisture, light, and temperature
Controls watering pump and grow lights
Logs plant growth data
Sends alerts when intervention needed

Project 2: Home Security System

Multiple sensor integration (motion, door, window)
Camera trigger on detection
SMS/email notifications
Mobile app control interface

Project 3: Weather Station

Measures temperature, humidity, pressure, wind
Data logging with timestamps
Weather prediction algorithms
Web dashboard for data visualization

Project 4: Automated Greenhouse

Climate control (temperature, humidity)
Automated watering system
Light cycle management
Growth optimization algorithms

Week 8: Project Presentations and Assessment

Learning Objectives:

Present technical projects professionally
Give and receive constructive feedback
Self-evaluate learning progress and achievements
Plan next steps for continued learning

Key Concepts:

Technical Communication: Explaining complex systems clearly
Presentation Skills: Engaging audiences with technical content
Peer Review: Constructive feedback and collaboration
Self-Assessment: Honest evaluation of own work
Professional Development: Planning continued learning paths
Portfolio Building: Documenting achievements for future opportunities

Presentation Structure:

Project Overview (2 minutes)

Problem statement and objectives
Target audience and use cases
Key features and functionality

Technical Demonstration (2 minutes)

Live system operation
Key components and how they work
Code walkthrough of critical sections

Challenges and Solutions (1 minute)

Major obstacles encountered
Creative solutions implemented
Lessons learned from failures

Evaluation Criteria:

Technical Merit (40%):

System functionality and reliability
Code quality and organization
Creative problem-solving approach
Integration of multiple technologies

Communication (30%):

Clear explanation of technical concepts
Engaging presentation delivery
Appropriate use of visual aids
Effective response to questions

Documentation (20%):

Complete project documentation
Code comments and structure
User instructions and setup guides
Reflection on learning process

Collaboration (10%):

Constructive feedback to peers
Professional interaction during Q&A
Willingness to share knowledge
Respectful critique and discussion

Python Programming Trivia Challenge: End the term with fun technical questions:

What does “PEP 8” refer to in Python?
What’s the difference between == and is in Python?
How do you handle exceptions in Python?
What is a Python decorator?
What’s the difference between a list and a tuple?

Grade 10-12 Final Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Integrated Systems Project Assessment

Format: Major Project + Technical Presentation + Peer Review (2 weeks + presentation day)

Project Requirements: Students must create an integrated system that combines:

At least 3 different sensors
At least 2 actuators (motors, lights, relays, etc.)
Data logging and analysis
User interface (command line or simple GUI)
Error handling and safety features

Part A: Technical Implementation (40 points)

System Design (10 points)

Clear problem definition and solution approach
System architecture diagram showing component relationships
Hardware schematic or connection diagram
Software flowchart or algorithm description

Code Quality (15 points)

Well-structured, modular code with functions/classes
Appropriate variable names and code organization
Comprehensive comments explaining complex sections
Error handling for hardware failures
Efficient algorithms and resource usage

Hardware Integration (15 points)

Stable sensor readings with appropriate filtering
Reliable actuator control with safety limits
Proper electrical connections and component usage
System operates reliably for extended periods
Professional cable management and mounting

Part B: Documentation and Communication (25 points)

Project Documentation (15 points) Create a complete project report including:

Executive summary of project goals and achievements
Detailed technical specifications and requirements
Installation and setup instructions
User manual with clear operating procedures
Troubleshooting guide for common problems
Code documentation with API reference

Technical Presentation (10 points)

Clear 5-minute presentation explaining project
Live demonstration of working system
Professional slides with technical diagrams
Confident handling of technical questions
Appropriate use of technical vocabulary

Part C: Innovation and Problem Solving (20 points)

Creative Solutions (10 points)

Original approach to solving chosen problem
Creative use of available hardware and software
Evidence of iterative design and improvement
Solutions show depth of understanding beyond basic requirements

Advanced Features (10 points) Choose and implement at least TWO:

Machine learning or AI decision making
Network communication (IoT connectivity)
Mobile app or web interface
Data visualization and analytics
Predictive algorithms or optimization
Integration with external APIs or services

Part D: Professional Skills (15 points)

Peer Collaboration (8 points)

Constructive feedback provided to classmates
Professional behavior during presentations
Willingness to help others debug problems
Respectful and insightful questions during Q&A

Self-Assessment (7 points) Written reflection addressing:

Most significant technical challenge and how you overcame it
What you would do differently if starting over
How this project connects to potential career interests
Specific skills you want to develop further
Your confidence level with different aspects of the project

Sample Project Evaluation Rubric:

Exceptional (90-100%)

System exceeds all requirements with innovative features
Code is publication-quality with comprehensive documentation
Presentation is engaging and demonstrates deep understanding
Shows leadership in helping others and contributing to class learning
Self-reflection shows sophisticated understanding of learning process

Proficient (80-89%)

System meets all requirements reliably
Code is well-structured with good documentation
Presentation is clear and technically accurate
Actively participates in peer learning and feedback
Self-reflection shows good awareness of strengths and growth areas

Developing (70-79%)

System meets most requirements with minor issues
Code works but may have organizational or documentation gaps
Presentation covers required topics but may lack depth
Participates adequately in class activities
Self-reflection shows basic understanding of learning process

Beginning (60-69%)

System meets basic requirements but has significant limitations
Code works for demonstration but has structural or reliability issues
Presentation covers basics but shows limited understanding
Minimal participation in peer activities
Self-reflection is superficial or lacks insight

Incomplete (Below 60%)

System fails to meet basic requirements or doesn’t function reliably
Code has major issues that prevent proper operation
Presentation is unclear or shows misunderstanding of concepts
Little to no participation in collaborative learning
Self-reflection missing or shows no evidence of learning

Term 1 Final Portfolio Assessment - All Grade Levels

Portfolio Components Checklist

For All Students:

Weekly reflection journals documenting learning progress
Photo documentation of all projects and experiments
Completed weekly assessments with corrections
Evidence of peer collaboration and teaching
Self-assessment of growth in each major topic area

Grade-Specific Additions:

Preschoolers (4-6 years):

Drawings of favorite STEM activities
Parent/teacher observation notes on engagement and skills
Examples of unplugged coding sequences created
Photos of technology exploration activities

Grade 2-5 (7-11 years):

Screenshots of completed Scratch projects
Blockly puzzle solutions and explanations
Game design documents and storyboards
Video explanations of programming concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 years):

Drone safety checklist created and used
Mission planning worksheets with risk assessments
Photos/videos of practical flying sessions
Research report on drone applications in chosen field

Grade 10-12 (14-16 years):

Complete code repositories with documentation
Hardware connection diagrams and schematics
Data analysis reports from sensor projects
Technical presentation slides and demonstration videos

Cross-Grade Learning Objectives Mastery

By the end of Term 1, students should demonstrate:

Preschoolers:

Basic understanding of STEM concepts through play
Ability to follow simple sequences and patterns
Safe interaction with age-appropriate technology
Curiosity and engagement with hands-on exploration

Grade 2-5:

Fundamental programming concepts using visual languages
Ability to create simple games and interactive stories
Understanding of sequence, loops, and basic logic
Confidence in debugging and problem-solving

Grade 6-9:

Comprehensive understanding of drone safety and regulations
Practical flying skills with safety awareness
Knowledge of aviation principles and laws
Teamwork and communication skills in technical contexts

Grade 10-12:

Proficiency in Python programming for hardware control
Ability to integrate multiple sensors and actuators
Professional documentation and presentation skills
Independent problem-solving and creative innovation

Preparation for Term 2

Preschoolers → Scratch Junior Programming:

Continue building sequencing skills
Introduction to tablet-based programming
Creative storytelling with technology

Grade 2-5 → IoT Integration with Sensors:

Bridge from visual programming to physical computing
Introduction to sensors and real-world data
Beginning electronics and circuit concepts

Grade 6-9 → Smart Home Security:

Apply drone safety concepts to IoT systems
Introduction to sensors and automation
Home automation and security principles

Grade 10-12 → Smart Cities:

Scale up from individual projects to community solutions
Advanced IoT networking and data analysis
Social impact of technology solutions

Additional Resources and Extensions

Online Learning Platforms:

Preschoolers: PBS Kids programming games, Kodable app
Grade 2-5: Scratch Jr., Code.org courses, Blockly games
Grade 6-9: DroneBlocks, FAA educational materials, aviation simulation games
Grade 10-12: Python.org tutorials, Raspberry Pi Foundation projects, GitHub learning labs

STEM Career Connections:

Robotics Engineer: Designs and builds robots for various applications
Software Developer: Creates programs and applications for computers and devices
Drone Pilot: Professional UAV operations for photography, surveying, delivery
IoT Developer: Connects everyday objects to the internet for smart automation
Data Scientist: Analyzes sensor data to find patterns and make predictions

Community Extension Activities:

Science Fair Projects: Using skills learned to create original investigations
STEM Club Leadership: Teaching younger students basic concepts
Community Problem Solving: Identifying local problems that technology could help solve
Maker Space Participation: Continuing projects in community workshop environments

Assessment Data Tracking: Teachers should maintain records of:

Individual student progress through learning objectives
Common areas of difficulty requiring additional support
Exceptional student work that could be showcased
Parent/guardian feedback on home engagement with STEM concepts
Equipment and resource needs for optimal program delivery

Notes

I’ve created a comprehensive set of notes and assessment tests for Term 1 across all grade levels (Preschoolers through Grade 10-12). The document includes:

What’s Included:

For Each Grade Level:

Detailed weekly lesson notes covering weeks 1-8 content
Key concepts and learning objectives for each topic
Practical examples and code samples (for programming grades)
Age-appropriate assessment tests with multiple formats

Assessment Formats:

Preschoolers (4-6): Practical/observational assessments with hands-on activities
Grade 2-5 (7-11): Computer-based Scratch/Blockly challenges
Grade 6-9 (11-14): Written tests + practical drone safety demonstrations
Grade 10-12 (14-16): Coding assignments + hardware integration projects

Key Features:

✅ Covers all 8 weeks of Term 1 content
✅ Aligned with curriculum from the IoT & Robotics document
✅ Progressive difficulty appropriate for each age group
✅ Practical assessments that test real understanding
✅ Detailed rubrics for fair evaluation
✅ Extension activities for advanced learners
✅ Safety guidelines and best practices

Topics Covered:

Preschoolers: STEM basics, simple machines, unplugged coding
Grade 2-5: Scratch programming, Blockly games, interface navigation
Grade 6-9: Drone basics, aviation principles, safety regulations
Grade 10-12: Python programming, hardware control, sensor integration

Perfect! I’ve now completed the comprehensive Term 1 notes and assessment materials covering all 8 weeks for all grade levels. Here’s what’s now included:

Assessment Test

IoT & Robotics Term 1 - Complete Notes & Assessment Tests

Preschoolers (4-6 Years)

Term 1: STEM Storytelling & Coding Toys

Week 1: Introduction to STEM

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic concepts of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math)
Spark excitement and curiosity about STEM through hands-on activities
Foster teamwork through group experiments
Develop early thinking through guided play and experimentation

Key Concepts:

Science: Learning about the world around us through observation
Technology: Simple tools and devices that help us
Engineering: Building and creating solutions
Mathematics: Numbers, shapes, and patterns in everyday life

Activities:

Floating vs. Sinking experiments with various objects
Basic robot interaction and exploration
STEM vocabulary building games
Classification activities

Materials: Water, buckets, floating items (paper, feathers), sinking items (stones, coins), toy robot, tablet

Week 2: STEM Play Corners

Learning Objectives:

Explore different STEM areas through play stations
Develop fine motor skills through hands-on manipulation
Practice problem-solving through guided discovery
Build confidence in exploring new concepts

Key Concepts:

Play-based learning: Learning through exploration and fun
Spatial awareness: Understanding shapes, sizes, and positions
Cause and effect: Understanding that actions have results
Collaboration: Working together to solve problems

Week 3: Simple Machines & Environmental Science

Learning Objectives:

Identify simple machines in everyday life
Understand basic environmental concepts
Develop observation skills
Connect STEM to the natural world

Key Concepts:

Simple Machines: Lever, pulley, wheel, ramp
Environment: Plants, animals, weather, seasons
Observation: Using our senses to learn
Nature patterns: Recognizing patterns in nature

Week 4: Unplugged Coding

Learning Objectives:

Introduction to coding concepts without computers
Understand sequence and order
Develop logical thinking
Practice following and giving instructions

Key Concepts:

Sequence: Steps in order
Instructions: Clear directions to follow
Algorithms: Step-by-step solutions
Patterns: Recognizing and creating patterns

Assessment Test - Preschoolers (4-6 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: STEM Basics

Format: Practical/Observational Assessment

Floating or Sinking? (Show child various objects)

Point to objects that will float: feather, cork, plastic toy
Point to objects that will sink: stone, coin, marble
Explain why you think so (in simple words)

STEM Matching (Picture cards)

Match the scientist to the magnifying glass
Match the engineer to the building blocks
Match the mathematician to the numbers
Match the technologist to the computer

Following Instructions

Can follow 2-step instructions: “Pick up the red block and put it in the box”
Can give simple instructions to a friend
Can arrange objects in order (biggest to smallest)

Assessment Rubric:

Exceeding (3): Completes all tasks independently with explanation
Meeting (2): Completes most tasks with minimal guidance
Approaching (1): Attempts tasks with significant support
Beginning (0): Needs extensive help to participate

Week 3-4 Assessment: Simple Machines & Coding

Format: Hands-on Demonstration

Simple Machines Hunt

Find the lever (seesaw, scissors)
Find the wheel (bicycle, toy car)
Find the ramp (slide, wedge)
Explain what each machine helps us do

Nature Observation

Draw or point to living things vs. non-living things
Identify basic shapes in nature (circles in flowers, triangles in mountains)
Name things that grow vs. things that are made

Unplugged Coding Challenge

Arrange sequence cards to show morning routine
Give directions to help friend reach the treasure
Complete a simple pattern with blocks or shapes

Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years)

Term 1: Scratch & Blockly Programming

Week 1: Introduction to Programming

Learning Objectives:

Understand what programming is
Learn about Scratch programming environment
Install and explore Scratch interface
Grasp the concept of sequencing

Key Concepts:

Programming: Giving instructions to computers
Scratch: Visual programming language using blocks
Interface: The screen where we work with Scratch
Sequencing: Putting commands in the right order
Sprites: Characters in Scratch programs
Stage: Where Scratch programs run

Core Activities:

Explore Scratch interface and tools
Identify different areas (sprite area, blocks palette, stage)
Learn about different block categories (Motion, Looks, Sound, etc.)
Create first simple animation

Week 2: Understanding Scratch Interface

Learning Objectives:

Navigate Scratch interface confidently
Understand different block categories
Create basic sprite movements
Save and load projects

Key Concepts:

Blocks Palette: Where programming blocks are stored
Scripts Area: Where we build our programs
Motion Blocks: Make sprites move
Looks Blocks: Change sprite appearance
Events: What starts our programs running

Week 3: Setting Up Scratch Projects

Learning Objectives:

Plan and organize Scratch projects
Understand project structure
Use backgrounds and sprites effectively
Practice debugging simple problems

Key Concepts:

Project Planning: Thinking before coding
Backgrounds: Scenes for our programs
Sprite Library: Ready-made characters
Debugging: Finding and fixing problems

Week 4: Introduction to Blockly

Learning Objectives:

Understand Blockly visual programming
Compare Blockly with Scratch
Complete basic Blockly puzzles
Transfer concepts between platforms

Key Concepts:

Blockly: Another visual programming language
Puzzle-based Learning: Learning through solving challenges
Logic Blocks: Making decisions in programs
Loops: Repeating actions

Week 5: Blockly Games for Scratch Programmers

Learning Objectives:

Apply Scratch knowledge to Blockly games
Solve increasingly complex puzzles
Understand programming logic and flow
Build problem-solving confidence

Key Concepts:

Game Logic: Rules that make games work
Progressive Difficulty: Challenges that get harder
Pattern Recognition: Seeing repeated solutions
Persistence: Keep trying when challenges are difficult

Assessment Test - Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years)

Week 1-3 Assessment: Scratch Fundamentals

Format: Practical Computer Assessment (30 minutes)

Part A: Interface Knowledge (10 points)

Label the parts of Scratch interface:

Blocks Palette
Scripts Area
Stage
Sprite Area

Match the block colors to their functions:

Motion blocks: _____ (Blue)
Looks blocks: _____ (Purple)
Sound blocks: _____ (Pink)
Events blocks: _____ (Yellow)

Part B: Basic Programming (15 points) 3. Create a program that makes a sprite:

Move 10 steps forward
Turn 90 degrees right
Say “Hello” for 2 seconds
Change color

Fix this broken sequence (drag blocks in correct order):

[Say "Goodbye"][When green flag clicked][Move 100 steps][Say "Hello"]

Part C: Problem Solving (10 points) 5. Your sprite isn’t moving when you click the green flag. What might be wrong?

Missing “when green flag clicked” block
Sprite is already at the edge
Motion blocks aren’t connected
All of the above

Create a simple animation showing a cat walking across the stage.

Week 4-5 Assessment: Blockly & Problem Solving

Format: Computer-based Blockly Challenges (25 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Basics (8 points)

Complete the “Move Forward” puzzle in Blockly
Complete the “Turn Left/Right” puzzle
Complete the “Repeat Loop” puzzle
Complete the “If/Else” puzzle

Part B: Logic Understanding (12 points) 5. Explain what this Blockly code does:

Repeat 4 times:
  Move forward
  Turn right 90 degrees

Answer: _________________

Write Blockly code to make a character:

Move forward 3 steps
Turn left if path is blocked
Repeat until reaching goal

Part C: Transfer Learning (10 points) 7. How is Blockly similar to Scratch? List 3 similarities:

Create a Scratch program that does the same thing as this Blockly code:

When started:  Repeat 5 times:    Move forward 20 steps    Wait 1 second

Assessment Rubric:

Advanced (90-100%): Completes all tasks efficiently with creative additions
Proficient (80-89%): Completes most tasks correctly with minor errors
Developing (70-79%): Completes basic tasks but struggles with complex problems
Beginning (Below 70%): Needs significant support to complete tasks

Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years)

Term 1: Drone Aviation Introduction

Week 1: Introduction to Drones and Aviation Basics

Learning Objectives:

Understand what drones are and their applications
Learn basic aviation principles
Identify different types of aircraft
Understand the evolution of flight

Key Concepts:

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): Aircraft without a human pilot aboard
Remote Pilot: Person controlling the drone from the ground
Autonomous Flight: Drones flying with minimal human control
Commercial vs. Recreational Use: Different purposes for drones
Four Forces of Flight: Lift, Weight, Thrust, Drag
Aerodynamics: How air moves around objects in flight

Applications of Drones:

Photography and videography
Search and rescue operations
Agriculture monitoring
Package delivery
Scientific research
Military operations

Week 2: Drone Safety Rules and Best Practices

Learning Objectives:

Learn essential drone safety protocols
Understand pre-flight checklist procedures
Identify potential hazards and risks
Develop responsible drone operation habits

Key Concepts:

Pre-flight Inspection: Checking drone condition before flying
Weather Conditions: How weather affects drone flight
Battery Safety: Proper battery handling and storage
Emergency Procedures: What to do when things go wrong
Situational Awareness: Being aware of surroundings while flying

Safety Rules:

Always maintain visual contact with drone
Check weather conditions before flying
Inspect drone and equipment before each flight
Fly in open areas away from people and property
Never fly above 400 feet
Respect others’ privacy
Land immediately if drone malfunctions

Week 3: FAA/UAS Regulations (Basic Overview)

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic aviation regulations
Learn about no-fly zones and restricted airspace
Understand registration requirements
Learn about pilot certification basics

Key Concepts:

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): Government agency regulating aviation
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS): Official term for drones and related equipment
No-Fly Zones: Areas where drone flight is prohibited
Remote Pilot Certificate: License required for commercial drone operations
Registration: Required identification for drones over 0.55 pounds

Basic Regulations:

Drones must be registered if over 0.55 lbs (250 grams)
Maximum altitude: 400 feet above ground level
Must yield right-of-way to manned aircraft
No flying over groups of people
No flying at night without special certification
Respect airport operational areas (usually 5-mile radius)

Week 4: Key Drone Types & Components

Learning Objectives:

Identify different drone configurations
Understand key drone components and their functions
Compare advantages and disadvantages of different designs
Learn basic maintenance requirements

Key Concepts:

Multirotor: Drones with multiple rotating propellers
Fixed-wing: Airplane-like drones with wings
Hybrid VTOL: Vertical takeoff and landing with forward flight capability
Frame: Main structure holding all components
Flight Controller: Computer controlling drone flight
ESC (Electronic Speed Controller): Controls motor speed
Gimbal: Stabilizes camera during flight

Drone Types:

Quadcopter: 4 rotors, most common configuration
Hexacopter: 6 rotors, more redundancy and payload capacity
Octocopter: 8 rotors, highest redundancy and capacity
Fixed-wing: Longer flight times, faster speeds
Racing drones: Small, fast, agile for competitive flying

Week 5: Basic Principles of Flight

Learning Objectives:

Understand the four forces of flight in detail
Learn how drones achieve controlled flight
Understand stability and control concepts
Explore flight dynamics and physics

Key Concepts:

Lift: Upward force generated by rotors or wings
Weight (Gravity): Downward force pulling drone toward earth
Thrust: Forward force propelling drone through air
Drag: Resistance force opposing motion through air
Center of Gravity: Balance point of drone
Pitch, Roll, Yaw: Three axes of rotation
Gyroscopic Effect: How spinning rotors affect stability

Flight Control:

Throttle: Controls altitude (up/down)
Pitch: Controls forward/backward movement
Roll: Controls left/right movement
Yaw: Controls rotation (turning left/right)
Trim: Fine adjustments for balanced flight

Assessment Test - Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: Drone Basics and Safety

Format: Written Test + Practical Safety Demonstration (45 minutes)

Part A: Multiple Choice (20 points)

What does UAV stand for? a) Universal Aviation Vehicle b) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle c) Ultra Aerodynamic Vehicle d) United Aviation Vehicle
Which of the four forces of flight works against gravity? a) Thrust b) Drag c) Lift d) Weight
What should you do FIRST before flying a drone? a) Start the motors b) Check weather conditions c) Take off immediately d) Turn on the camera
The maximum altitude for recreational drone flight is: a) 200 feet b) 300 feet c) 400 feet d) 500 feet
What is the main difference between commercial and recreational drone use? a) Size of drone b) Purpose and regulations c) Color of drone d) Number of rotors

Part B: Short Answer (25 points) 6. List 5 safety rules that must be followed when operating a drone: (10 points)

Explain three commercial applications of drones: (9 points)

Why is it important to maintain visual contact with your drone during flight? (6 points)

Week 3-5 Assessment: Regulations and Flight Principles

Format: Written Test + Flight Theory Application (50 minutes)

Part A: Regulations Knowledge (20 points)

True/False (10 points)

Drones under 0.55 lbs need to be registered: ___
You can fly your drone anywhere as long as it’s daytime: ___
Commercial drone operations require a Remote Pilot Certificate: ___
Drones must always yield to manned aircraft: ___
Flying over groups of people is allowed with permission: ___

What is a no-fly zone and give 3 examples: (10 points) Definition: ________________________________ Examples:

Part B: Drone Components (15 points) 3. Match the component to its function:

Flight Controller: _____ a) Provides power to motors
ESC: _____ b) Stabilizes camera
Gimbal: _____ c) Main structural support
Frame: _____ d) Controls drone flight
Battery: _____ e) Controls motor speed

Compare quadcopter vs. fixed-wing drones (advantages/disadvantages): (10 points)

Part C: Flight Principles (25 points) 5. Draw and label the four forces of flight on a drone diagram: (12 points)

Explain how a drone moves in each direction: (13 points)

Forward: ________________________________
Backward: ________________________________
Left: ________________________________
Right: ________________________________
Up: ________________________________
Rotate left: ________________________________

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Demonstrates comprehensive understanding with detailed explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Shows solid grasp of concepts with minor gaps
Developing (70-79%): Understands basic concepts but lacks detail in complex areas
Novice (Below 70%): Limited understanding, needs additional instruction

Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years)

Term 1: Introduction to Python Basics

Week 1: Writing Structured Python Code

Learning Objectives:

Understand Python syntax and structure
Learn proper code formatting and indentation
Write clean, readable code following best practices
Understand variables, data types, and basic operations

Key Concepts:

Python: High-level programming language
Syntax: Rules for writing Python code
Indentation: Using spaces to organize code structure
Variables: Named storage for data values
Data Types: int, float, string, boolean
Comments: Documentation within code using #
Print Statement: Displaying output to screen

Code Structure Best Practices:

# Header comment explaining the program
# Author: Your Name
# Date: Today's Date

# Import statements
import module_name

# Constants (UPPERCASE naming)
MAX_VALUE = 100

# Main program logic
def main():
    # Variable declarations
    user_name = "Student"
    age = 16

    # Program logic with proper indentation
    print(f"Hello, {user_name}!")
    print(f"You are {age} years old.")

# Run the program
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Week 2: Functions and Loops

Learning Objectives:

Create and use custom functions
Understand function parameters and return values
Implement for loops and while loops
Apply loops to solve repetitive tasks

Key Concepts:

Function: Reusable block of code that performs a specific task
Parameters: Input values passed to functions
Return Value: Output value from a function
For Loop: Repeats code a specific number of times
While Loop: Repeats code while a condition is true
Range Function: Generates sequences of numbers
Iteration: Each repetition of a loop
Loop Control: Managing when loops start and stop

Function Examples:

# Simple function with no parameters
def greet():
    print("Hello, World!")

# Function with parameters
def greet_person(name, age):
    print(f"Hello, {name}! You are {age} years old.")

# Function with return value
def calculate_area(length, width):
    area = length * width
    return area

# Using functions
greet()
greet_person("Alice", 16)
room_area = calculate_area(10, 12)
print(f"Room area: {room_area} square meters")

Loop Examples:

# For loop with range
for i in range(5):
    print(f"Count: {i}")

# For loop with list
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
for fruit in fruits:
    print(f"I like {fruit}")

# While loop
count = 0
while count < 3:
    print(f"While loop count: {count}")
    count += 1

Week 3: Using Python Libraries

Learning Objectives:

Understand what Python libraries are and why they’re useful
Learn to import and use common libraries
Work with GPIOZero and time libraries
Explore library documentation and help systems

Key Concepts:

Library/Module: Pre-written code that adds functionality
Import Statement: Bringing library functions into your program
GPIOZero: Library for controlling Raspberry Pi GPIO pins
Time Library: Functions for working with time and delays
Documentation: Instructions for using library functions
API: Application Programming Interface - how to use library functions

Library Usage Examples:

# Importing entire modules
import time
import math

# Importing specific functions
from gpiozero import LED, Button
from time import sleep

# Using time library
print("Starting program...")
time.sleep(2)  # Wait 2 seconds
print("2 seconds have passed!")

# Using math library
import math
radius = 5
area = math.pi * radius ** 2
print(f"Circle area: {area:.2f}")

# Using GPIOZero (for Raspberry Pi)
led = LED(18)  # LED connected to GPIO pin 18
button = Button(2)  # Button connected to GPIO pin 2

# Turn LED on and off
led.on()
sleep(1)
led.off()

Week 4: Controlling Motors with Python

Learning Objectives:

Understand how to interface with motors using Python
Learn about PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) for motor control
Control motor speed and direction
Implement safety features in motor control code

Key Concepts:

Motor Control: Using code to make motors move
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): Method to control motor speed
Duty Cycle: Percentage of time signal is “on” vs “off”
Direction Control: Making motors spin clockwise/counterclockwise
Motor Driver: Electronics that interface between Python and motors
Safety Features: Code to prevent motor damage

Motor Control Examples:

from gpiozero import Motor, PWMOutputDevice
from time import sleep

# Create motor object (assuming H-bridge motor driver)
motor = Motor(forward=2, backward=3, enable=18)

# Basic motor control
def basic_motor_test():
    print("Motor forward at full speed")
    motor.forward(1.0)  # Full speed forward
    sleep(2)

    print("Motor forward at half speed")
    motor.forward(0.5)  # Half speed forward
    sleep(2)

    print("Motor stopped")
    motor.stop()
    sleep(1)

    print("Motor backward at full speed")
    motor.backward(1.0)  # Full speed backward
    sleep(2)

    motor.stop()
    print("Motor test complete")

# PWM speed control example
def speed_ramp_test():
    print("Ramping motor speed up...")
    for speed in range(0, 101, 10):  # 0 to 100% in 10% steps
        motor_speed = speed / 100.0
        motor.forward(motor_speed)
        print(f"Speed: {speed}%")
        sleep(0.5)

    motor.stop()
    print("Speed ramp complete")

# Run the tests
basic_motor_test()
sleep(2)
speed_ramp_test()

Week 5: Controlling Sensors with Python

Learning Objectives:

Interface with various sensors using Python
Read and process sensor data
Implement sensor-based decision making
Create responsive programs based on sensor input

Key Concepts:

Sensor: Device that detects and measures physical properties
Analog vs Digital: Different types of sensor signals
ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter): Converts analog signals to digital
Sensor Calibration: Adjusting sensor readings for accuracy
Data Processing: Converting raw sensor data to useful information
Polling vs Interrupts: Different ways to read sensor data

Common Sensors:

Temperature sensors: Measure environmental temperature
Light sensors (LDR): Detect light intensity
Ultrasonic sensors: Measure distance using sound waves
Motion sensors (PIR): Detect movement
Pressure sensors: Measure force or pressure

Sensor Control Examples:

from gpiozero import MCP3008, DistanceSensor, MotionSensor, LED
from time import sleep
import statistics

# Temperature sensor (using analog input)
temp_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)

def read_temperature():
    # Convert voltage to temperature (example conversion)
    voltage = temp_sensor.voltage
    temperature_c = (voltage - 0.5) * 100  # Example conversion formula
    temperature_f = (temperature_c * 9/5) + 32
    return temperature_c, temperature_f

# Distance sensor (ultrasonic)
distance_sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)

def monitor_distance():
    print("Distance monitoring (press Ctrl+C to stop)")
    try:
        while True:
            distance = distance_sensor.distance * 100  # Convert to cm
            print(f"Distance: {distance:.1f} cm")

            if distance < 10:
                print("WARNING: Object too close!")

            sleep(0.5)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("Distance monitoring stopped")

# Motion sensor with LED indicator
motion = MotionSensor(4)
alert_led = LED(18)

def motion_detector():
    print("Motion detector active...")

    def motion_detected():
        print("Motion detected!")
        alert_led.on()
        sleep(2)
        alert_led.off()

    def no_motion():
        print("No motion")
        alert_led.off()

    # Set up motion sensor callbacks
    motion.when_motion = motion_detected
    motion.when_no_motion = no_motion

    # Keep program running
    try:
        while True:
            sleep(0.1)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("Motion detector stopped")

# Data logging example
def log_sensor_data():
    readings = []
    print("Collecting sensor data for 30 seconds...")

    start_time = time.time()
    while time.time() - start_time < 30:
        temp_c, temp_f = read_temperature()
        distance = distance_sensor.distance * 100

        readings.append({
            'timestamp': time.time(),
            'temperature_c': temp_c,
            'temperature_f': temp_f,
            'distance_cm': distance
        })

        print(f"Temp: {temp_c:.1f}°C, Distance: {distance:.1f}cm")
        sleep(1)

    # Calculate statistics
    temps = [r['temperature_c'] for r in readings]
    distances = [r['distance_cm'] for r in readings]

    print(f"\nData Summary:")
    print(f"Average temperature: {statistics.mean(temps):.1f}°C")
    print(f"Min/Max temperature: {min(temps):.1f}°C / {max(temps):.1f}°C")
    print(f"Average distance: {statistics.mean(distances):.1f}cm")
    print(f"Min/Max distance: {min(distances):.1f}cm / {max(distances):.1f}cm")

# Example usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Run different examples
    monitor_distance()  # Uncomment to run distance monitoring
    # motion_detector()  # Uncomment to run motion detection
    # log_sensor_data()  # Uncomment to run data logging

Assessment Test - Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: Python Fundamentals

Format: Coding Assignment + Written Questions (60 minutes)

Part A: Code Structure and Syntax (25 points)

Fix the following code and explain what was wrong (10 points):

# Broken code:
def calculate average(num1, num2, num3)
average = num1 + num2 + num3 / 3
print("The average is" + average)
return average

calculate average(10, 20, 30)

Your corrected code:

# Write corrected version here

Explanation of errors: ________________________________

Write a well-structured Python program (15 points): Create a program that:

Has proper header comments
Uses appropriate variable names
Calculates the area of different shapes (circle, rectangle, triangle)
Uses functions with parameters and return values
Follows proper indentation and formatting

Part B: Functions and Loops (30 points)

Write a function called print_multiplication_table (15 points):

Takes one parameter: number
Prints multiplication table for that number (1-10)
Uses a for loop
Example output for print_multiplication_table(3):

3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
... etc

Password Checker Program (15 points): Write a program using while loop that:

Asks user to enter a password
Keeps asking until they enter “python123”
Counts number of attempts
Prints “Access granted” when correct
Prints number of attempts it took

Week 3-5 Assessment: Libraries and Hardware Control

Format: Practical Coding Project (75 minutes)

Part A: Library Usage (20 points)

Complete this sensor reading program (20 points):

from gpiozero import MCP3008
from time import sleep
import ______  # What library do you need for calculating average?

# Create sensor object
light_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)

def read_light_levels():
    readings = []

    # Collect 10 readings
    for i in range(______):  # Fill in the range
        reading = light_sensor.______  # What property gives the reading?
        readings.append(reading)
        print(f"Reading {i+1}: {reading:.3f}")
        sleep(0.5)

    # Calculate and print statistics
    average = ______.mean(readings)  # Which function calculates mean?
    maximum = ______(readings)  # Built-in function for maximum
    minimum = ______(readings)  # Built-in function for minimum

    print(f"Average: {average:.3f}")
    print(f"Maximum: {maximum:.3f}")
    print(f"Minimum: {minimum:.3f}")

# Call the function
read_light_levels()

Part B: Motor Control Project (25 points)

Smart Fan Controller (25 points): Write a program that simulates a smart fan controller:

Use a temperature sensor to read room temperature
Control a motor (fan) based on temperature:
- Below 20°C: Fan off
- 20-25°C: Fan at 30% speed
- 25-30°C: Fan at 60% speed
- Above 30°C: Fan at 100% speed
Print current temperature and fan speed every 2 seconds
Include safety features (motor stop function)

Part C: Sensor Integration Challenge (30 points)

Security System Prototype (30 points): Create a basic security system that:

Uses a motion sensor to detect movement
Uses a distance sensor to detect objects too close
Controls LEDs to indicate system status:
- Green LED: System normal
- Yellow LED: Motion detected
- Red LED: Intrusion alert (object < 20cm)
Logs events with timestamps
Runs continuously until user presses Ctrl+C

Requirements:

Use at least 3 different libraries
Include proper error handling
Use functions to organize code
Add meaningful comments
Follow Python coding best practices

Sample code structure:

from gpiozero import MotionSensor, DistanceSensor, LED
from time import sleep
import time

# Hardware setup
motion = MotionSensor(4)
distance = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)
green_led = LED(18)
yellow_led = LED(19)
red_led = LED(20)

def log_event(message):
    # Write function to log events with timestamp
    pass

def check_security():
    # Write function to check all sensors and control LEDs
    pass

def main():
    # Write main program loop
    pass

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Assessment Rubric:

Exceptional (95-100%): Code runs flawlessly, excellent structure, creative additions, comprehensive error handling
Proficient (85-94%): Code works correctly, good structure, meets all requirements, minor improvements possible
Developing (75-84%): Code mostly works, basic structure present, meets most requirements, some bugs or missing features
Beginning (65-74%): Code has significant issues, poor structure, missing major requirements
Incomplete (Below 65%): Code doesn’t run or major portions missing

Additional Resources and Extensions

For All Grade Levels:

Vocabulary Glossary:

Algorithm: Step-by-step instructions to solve a problem
Bug: Error in code that prevents it from working correctly
Debug: Process of finding and fixing errors in code
Hardware: Physical components of computer systems
Software: Programs and applications that run on hardware
Interface: Way users interact with programs or devices
Sensor: Device that detects changes in environment
Actuator: Device that causes movement or action

Project Portfolio Suggestions:

Weekly Reflection Journal: Students document learning and challenges
Photo Documentation: Pictures of projects and experiments
Video Demonstrations: Students explain their projects
Peer Teaching: Advanced students help beginners
Innovation Challenges: Open-ended problems to solve creatively

Cross-Curricular Connections:

Math: Geometry in robotics, statistics in data analysis
Science: Physics of flight, electronics principles
Art: Creative programming projects, design thinking
Social Studies: Impact of technology on society
Language Arts: Technical writing, documentation skills

Safety Reminders:

Always supervise young children with electronic components
Check battery connections before powering devices
Keep work area clean and organized
Wash hands after handling electronic components
Report any damaged equipment immediately
Follow proper shutdown procedures for all devices

Assessment Portfolio Checklist:

Completed weekly assessments
Project documentation with photos
Reflection essays on learning progress
Peer evaluation forms
Self-assessment rubrics
Evidence of problem-solving process
Creative extensions or improvements to basic projects

Continuation - Weeks 6-8 for All Grade Levels

Preschoolers (4-6 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced STEM Exploration & Technology Awareness

Week 6: Technology Parts Awareness

Learning Objectives:

Use coding to tell stories, solve challenges, or navigate mazes
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically be able to follow code on floor grids
Build confidence and persistence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Technology Components: Basic parts that make devices work
Circuits: Paths that electricity follows
Assembly/Disassembly: Taking apart and putting together
Electronics Safety: Safe handling of batteries and components
Problem-Solving: Trying different solutions when something doesn’t work

Activities:

Technology Exploration: Examine old keyboards, phones, calculators
Simple Circuits: Connect bulbs to batteries with safe materials
Assembly Practice: Take apart and reassemble simple toys
Tech Parts Sorting: Group similar technology components

Materials: Old keyboards, phones, calculators, batteries, bulbs for circuits, safe connectors

Week 7: Sequencing & Floor Grid Coding

Learning Objectives:

Develop understanding of sequencing by arranging steps in correct order
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically follow code on floor grids
Build confidence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Sequencing: Putting steps in the right order
Algorithm Cards: Visual instructions to follow
Floor Grid Coding: Moving through spaces following directions
Left/Right/Forward/Back: Basic directional concepts
Trial and Error: Learning by trying and improving

Activities:

Obstacle Course Coding: Navigate through simple obstacles using arrow cards
Sequencing Games: Put daily routine cards in correct order
Paper Maze Coding: Use arrows to show path through printed mazes
Robot Friend: One child gives directions, another follows like a robot

Materials: Coding arrows/direction cards, floor grid mats, toys for navigation, printed maze worksheets

Week 8: Advanced Unplugged Coding & Storytelling

Learning Objectives:

Use coding to tell stories, solve challenges, or navigate mazes
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically follow code on floor grids
Build confidence and persistence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Conditional Logic: IF/THEN thinking (“If you see red, then stop”)
Debugging: Finding and fixing mistakes in directions
Block Building: Using physical blocks to represent code
Story Algorithms: Step-by-step instructions for telling stories

Activities:

Debug the Path: Present incorrect direction sequences for children to fix
IF/THEN Games: “If you see a triangle, then clap your hands”
Story Coding: Use picture cards to create step-by-step stories
Block Code Building: Stack blocks to represent programming sequences

Materials: Building blocks, floor grid mats, toys, printed materials, picture cards for storytelling

Preschoolers Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Technology Awareness

Format: Hands-on Exploration + Observation (20 minutes)

Technology Parts Recognition (10 points)

Point to and name 3 technology items from the collection
Show how a simple circuit works (bulb + battery)
Safely handle electronic components
Explain one thing each item helps us do

Assembly Skills (10 points)

Take apart a simple toy or device
Put it back together correctly
Identify which parts go where
Ask for help when needed

Assessment Criteria:

Mastery (3): Handles all materials safely, explains purposes, completes tasks independently
Developing (2): Safe handling, completes most tasks with minimal help
Emerging (1): Needs guidance but participates actively
Beginning (0): Requires extensive support

Week 7-8 Assessment: Advanced Unplugged Coding

Format: Physical Coding Challenges (25 minutes)

Sequencing Challenge (12 points)

Arrange 6 direction cards to navigate through obstacle course
Explain why each step comes in that order
Successfully complete the physical navigation
Fix mistakes when path doesn’t work

IF/THEN Logic (8 points)

Follow conditional instructions: “IF you see blue, THEN hop”
Create own IF/THEN rule for a friend to follow
Demonstrate understanding with actions

Story Algorithm (10 points)

Use 5 picture cards to create logical story sequence
Tell story following the card order
Explain what happens if cards are mixed up
Help fix a mixed-up story sequence

Practical Skills Rubric:

Advanced (25-30 points): Creates original sequences, helps others, shows deep understanding
Proficient (20-24 points): Completes all challenges correctly with minor guidance
Developing (15-19 points): Understands concepts but needs support for complex tasks
Beginning (Below 15 points): Requires significant help to participate

Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced Scratch Programming & Game Development

Week 6: Game Structure and Design

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic game structure (start, play, end)
Use Scratch blocks to move characters and detect collisions
Make characters move between different scenes
Create scoring or win conditions

Key Concepts:

Game Design Elements: Characters, backgrounds, objectives, rules
Game Loop: Continuous cycle of input, processing, output
Collision Detection: Knowing when sprites touch each other
Scene Transitions: Moving between different game screens
Win/Lose Conditions: Rules that determine game outcomes
User Interface: Buttons, scores, and information displays

Advanced Scratch Concepts:

Sensing Blocks: “touching color”, “distance to”, “key pressed”
Variables: Storing score, lives, or time
Broadcast Messages: Communication between sprites
Clone Sprites: Creating multiple copies of objects
Custom Blocks: Making your own programming blocks

Game Development Process:

Planning Phase: Sketch game idea, list needed sprites and backgrounds
Prototype: Create basic movement and interaction
Enhancement: Add sounds, effects, and polish
Testing: Play game and fix bugs
Sharing: Present to classmates

Example Game Structure:

When green flag clicked
Set score to 0
Set lives to 3
Say "Game Starting!" for 2 seconds
Show sprite
Forever:
    If key space pressed:
        Move player sprite
    If touching enemy:
        Change lives by -1
        If lives = 0:
            Say "Game Over!"
            Stop all

Week 7: Transition to Text-Based Concepts

Learning Objectives:

Prepare learners for text-based coding
Understand basic programming concepts using blocks
Use logic and loops to control sprite or robot actions
Begin transition to robotics or advanced coding platforms

Key Concepts:

Programming Fundamentals: Sequence, selection, iteration
Logic Blocks: IF/ELSE statements in visual form
Loop Types: Forever, repeat until, repeat X times
Variables and Operations: Math in programming
Event-Driven Programming: Responding to user input
Modular Programming: Breaking code into smaller parts

Bridging Visual to Text:

Block-to-Code Thinking: Understanding what blocks represent
Pseudocode: Writing steps in plain English before coding
Debugging Strategies: Systematic problem-solving approaches
Code Organization: Keeping projects neat and logical

Advanced Programming Patterns:

// Pattern 1: State Machine
When green flag clicked
Set game state to "menu"
Forever:
    If game state = "menu":
        Show menu options
    If game state = "playing":
        Run game logic
    If game state = "game over":
        Show final score

// Pattern 2: Object Behavior
When I start as a clone:
    Go to random position
    Forever:
        Move 2 steps
        If on edge, bounce
        If touching player:
            Change score by 10
            Delete this clone

Week 8: Blockly Integration and Logic Puzzles

Learning Objectives:

Solve logic puzzles using visual programming concepts
Create games using Blockly platform
Demonstrate understanding of programming fundamentals
Apply creative problem-solving skills

Key Concepts:

Blockly Platform: Google’s visual programming language
Logic Puzzles: Problems requiring systematic thinking
Algorithm Efficiency: Finding the best solution method
Pattern Recognition: Identifying repeated solutions
Creative Programming: Using code for artistic expression

Blockly vs. Scratch Comparison:

Feature	Scratch	Blockly
Focus	Storytelling & Games	Logic & Algorithms
Interface	Stage-based	Puzzle-based
Output	Animated Projects	Problem Solutions
Progression	Creative Expression	Mathematical Thinking

Logic Puzzle Types:

Maze Solving: Navigate through obstacles
Pattern Completion: Fill in missing sequences
Conditional Logic: IF/THEN decision making
Loop Optimization: Repeat actions efficiently

Grade 2-5 Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Game Development Project

Format: Scratch Game Creation + Presentation (45 minutes)

Part A: Game Planning (10 points)

Game Design Document - Create a simple plan including:

Game objective (what’s the goal?)
Main character description
Basic rules (how do you win/lose?)
Required sprites and backgrounds

Storyboard - Draw 3 screens showing:

Game start screen
Main gameplay
Win/lose screen

Part B: Game Implementation (25 points) 3. Core Functionality (15 points):

Character moves with arrow keys or WASD
At least one interactive element (enemy, collectible, obstacle)
Basic collision detection (touching = something happens)
Clear win or lose condition

Polish and Enhancement (10 points):

Sound effects or music
Visual feedback (score, lives, timer)
Smooth sprite movement
Creative backgrounds or costumes

Part C: Presentation and Reflection (15 points) 5. Game Demo (10 points):

Explain game rules clearly
Demonstrate gameplay for 2 minutes
Show different game scenarios
Handle questions from classmates

Technical Reflection (5 points):

Explain one challenging problem you solved
Describe one improvement you would make
Share one new Scratch skill you learned

Week 7-8 Assessment: Programming Concepts Mastery

Format: Mixed Assessment - Blockly Challenges + Scratch Review (50 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Logic Challenges (20 points)

Maze Navigation (8 points):

Complete 3 increasingly difficult maze puzzles
Use efficient solutions (minimal blocks)
Demonstrate understanding of loops and conditionals

Pattern Recognition (6 points):

Solve sequence completion puzzles
Identify and extend number/color patterns
Create original pattern for others to solve

Logic Puzzles (6 points):

Complete IF/THEN decision trees
Solve multi-step conditional problems
Optimize solutions for clarity

Part B: Concept Transfer (15 points) 4. Visual to Text Translation (10 points): Given this Scratch code block arrangement:

[When flag clicked] → [Forever] → [If touching mouse] → [Move 10 steps]

Write in pseudocode (plain English): “When the program starts, ________________”

Problem Decomposition (5 points): Break down this challenge into steps: “Create a sprite that follows the mouse but stops when it touches the edge”

Step 1: _______________ Step 2: _______________ Step 3: _______________ Step 4: _______________

Part C: Creative Application (15 points) 6. Original Algorithm (15 points): Choose ONE to complete:

Option A - Scratch: Create a “digital pet” that:

Follows mouse cursor
Changes expression when clicked
Makes sound when hungry (timer-based)
Has at least 3 different costumes

Option B - Blockly: Design a solution for:

Robot that sorts colored objects
Path that avoids all obstacles
Pattern that creates art using loops

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Exceeds requirements with creative solutions and clear explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Meets all requirements with good understanding demonstrated
Developing (70-79%): Meets most requirements but may have gaps in complex concepts
Novice (60-69%): Shows basic understanding but struggles with application
Beginning (Below 60%): Needs significant support to demonstrate concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Drone Laws, Emergency Procedures & Practical Flying

Week 6: Drone Laws and Regulations (Kenya Focus)

Learning Objectives:

Learn basic drone laws in Kenya (KCAA regulations)
Understand where and how children can fly drones legally
Develop awareness of responsible drone operation
Understand the importance of aviation safety

Key Concepts:

Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA): National aviation regulator
Drone Registration: Required identification and documentation
No-Fly Zones: Airports, government buildings, restricted areas
Altitude Restrictions: Maximum height limitations
Visual Line of Sight (VLOS): Maintaining visual contact
Privacy Laws: Respecting others’ rights and property

Kenya Drone Regulations Summary:

Registration Requirements:

All drones over 250g must be registered with KCAA
Operator license required for commercial operations
Age restrictions for different categories of operation

Operational Limits:

Maximum altitude: 400 feet (120 meters) AGL
Minimum distance from airports: 8km for major airports
No flying over crowds or public events
Daylight operations only (without special permits)

Prohibited Areas:

Within 5km of any airport
Over government buildings and installations
National parks without permits
Private property without permission

Safety and Legal Guidelines for Young Pilots:

Always have adult supervision
Start with toy drones under 250g
Practice in open, safe areas
Respect others’ privacy and property
Learn emergency procedures
Keep drone in sight at all times

Week 7: Emergency Procedures and Responsible Flying

Learning Objectives:

Review key safety and legal concepts from previous weeks
Understand emergency basics for beginner flyers
Develop decision-making skills for unexpected situations
Practice responsible pilot behavior

Key Concepts:

Emergency Procedures: Systematic responses to problems
Risk Assessment: Evaluating dangers before flying
Decision Making: Choosing appropriate actions under pressure
Communication: Alerting others during emergencies
Equipment Failure: What to do when drone malfunctions
Weather Awareness: Recognizing dangerous conditions

Emergency Scenarios and Responses:

Lost Communication with Drone:

Stay calm and observe drone behavior
Activate Return-to-Home (RTH) function if available
Move to higher ground for better signal
Prepare for manual landing if signal returns
Never chase after a flyaway drone

Low Battery Warning:

Immediately begin landing sequence
Choose nearest safe landing spot
Avoid flying over people or property
Land even if not at original takeoff point
Safety is more important than convenience

Unexpected Weather Changes:

Monitor weather conditions constantly
Land immediately if wind increases
Avoid flying in rain or snow
Watch for sudden temperature changes
When in doubt, don’t fly

Equipment Malfunction:

Attempt controlled landing immediately
Don’t try to fix problems while airborne
Inform other people in the area
Document the problem for later analysis
Never continue flying with known issues

Mission Planning Process:

Pre-flight Planning: Weather check, equipment inspection, route planning
Risk Assessment: Identify potential hazards and mitigation strategies
Communication Plan: Inform others of flight activities
Emergency Procedures: Know what to do if things go wrong
Post-flight Review: Analyze what went well and areas for improvement

Week 8: Practical Flying Skills and Team Challenges

Learning Objectives:

Demonstrate ability to control a mini drone (takeoff, hover, land)
Apply basic flight skills in problem-solving mission scenarios
Work as a team to complete drone-based challenges
Evaluate personal progress and set goals for improvement

Key Concepts:

Flight Control Mastery: Smooth, precise drone movements
Situational Awareness: Understanding surroundings during flight
Mission Planning: Preparing for specific flight objectives
Teamwork: Collaborative problem-solving with drones
Performance Evaluation: Self-assessment and peer feedback
Safety Leadership: Taking responsibility for safe operations

Basic Flight Skills Progression:

Fundamental Controls:

Smooth takeoff to hover
Maintaining steady hover
Controlled landing
Forward/backward movement
Left/right movement
Rotation control

Intermediate Maneuvers:

Figure-8 patterns
Precision landing on target
Obstacle avoidance
Following predetermined paths
Coordinated movements

Advanced Challenges:

Team relay races
Rescue simulations
Precision delivery tasks
Group choreography
Time-based challenges

Mission Scenarios:

Mission 1: Search and Rescue

Objective: Locate “missing person” (target) in designated area
Skills: Systematic search patterns, communication, observation
Time limit: 5 minutes
Success criteria: Target identified and location communicated

Mission 2: Delivery Challenge

Objective: Transport small payload from Point A to Point B
Skills: Precision flying, cargo management, safe landing
Obstacles: Wind conditions, landing accuracy requirements
Success criteria: Payload delivered undamaged within time limit

Mission 3: Team Coordination

Objective: Multiple drones work together to complete complex task
Skills: Communication, timing, spatial awareness
Challenge: Choreographed flight pattern or group problem-solving
Success criteria: All drones complete task without collisions

Safety Protocols for Practical Flying:

Always maintain 10-foot safety zone around flying area
Designate specific roles: pilot, observer, safety officer
Use hand signals for communication during loud operations
Practice emergency landing procedures before each session
Rotate roles so everyone experiences different responsibilities

Grade 6-9 Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Drone Laws and Regulations

Format: Written Test + Legal Scenario Analysis (40 minutes)

Part A: Kenya Aviation Law Knowledge (25 points)

KCAA Regulations (10 points) Fill in the blanks:

Drones over ______ grams must be registered with KCAA
Maximum altitude for recreational flying is ______ feet
Minimum distance from major airports is ______ kilometers
Commercial drone operations require a ______ license
Drones must remain within ______ line of sight

No-Fly Zone Identification (10 points) Mark TRUE or FALSE for each flying location:

Your school playground during lunch break: ______
Open field 2km from Wilson Airport: ______
Your backyard with adult supervision: ______
Uhuru Park during a public event: ______
Private farm with owner’s permission: ______

Legal Compliance (5 points) List 3 requirements for legally flying a drone in Kenya:

Part B: Scenario-Based Decision Making (20 points)

Legal Scenarios (20 points) For each scenario, explain if the action is legal and why:

Scenario A: Sarah wants to fly her 300g drone over her neighbor’s house to take photos of her own backyard. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario B: James plans to fly his registered drone at 200 feet altitude in an open field 10km from any airport during daylight hours. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario C: A group of students want to use their drone for a school project, filming the school building from 100 feet up. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario D: Ahmed wants to fly his 150g toy drone in his compound for 10 minutes. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Part C: Responsible Pilot Planning (15 points)

Pre-flight Checklist (15 points) Create a 10-item pre-flight checklist that includes legal, safety, and equipment considerations:

[Continue through 10]

Week 7-8 Assessment: Emergency Procedures and Practical Skills

Format: Practical Flight Test + Emergency Response Simulation (60 minutes)

Part A: Emergency Response Knowledge (20 points)

Emergency Procedures (15 points) Describe the correct response for each emergency:

Low Battery Warning: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Lost Radio Contact: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Sudden Weather Change: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Risk Assessment (5 points) Identify 3 risks for flying in each environment:

School playground: ____________, ____________, ____________
Open field: ____________, ____________, ____________

Part B: Practical Flight Skills Assessment (30 points)

Basic Flight Controls (15 points) Demonstrate competency in:

Smooth takeoff and landing (3 points)
Stable hovering for 30 seconds (3 points)
Forward/backward precision movement (3 points)
Left/right precision movement (3 points)
Controlled rotation (3 points)

Mission Challenge (15 points) Complete ONE of the following missions:

Option A - Navigation Course:

Fly through 5 waypoints in sequence
Land within 1-meter target circle
Complete within 3 minutes

Option B - Team Coordination:

Work with partner to complete relay challenge
Communicate effectively during handoff
Maintain safety throughout mission

Part C: Leadership and Safety Evaluation (15 points)

Safety Leadership (8 points) While others are flying, demonstrate:

Proper safety zone maintenance
Clear communication with pilot
Appropriate responses to unsafe situations
Helpful coaching and encouragement

Self-Assessment and Goal Setting (7 points) Written reflection:

What flight skill are you most confident with? Why?
What area needs the most improvement?
Set one specific goal for future drone flying
Describe one way you can help others fly safely

Practical Skills Rubric:

Expert Pilot (90-100%): Demonstrates advanced skills, teaches others, shows exceptional safety awareness
Competent Pilot (80-89%): Performs all basic skills reliably, follows safety protocols consistently
Developing Pilot (70-79%): Shows improvement in most areas, occasional guidance needed
Novice Pilot (60-69%): Basic skills present but inconsistent, needs continued practice
Beginning Pilot (Below 60%): Requires significant instruction and supervision

Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced Python Projects & Integration

Week 6-7: Integrated Systems Project (Combined Weeks)

Learning Objectives:

Combine motors and sensors in complex systems
Debug integrated hardware/software systems
Apply creative problem-solving to real-world challenges
Document projects professionally

Key Concepts:

Systems Integration: Combining multiple components into unified solutions
Hardware-Software Interface: Code that bridges digital and physical worlds
System Architecture: Planning complex projects with multiple subsystems
Error Handling: Managing failures gracefully in complex systems
Performance Optimization: Making systems run efficiently
Documentation Standards: Professional project recording

Advanced Integration Concepts:

1. Multi-Sensor Fusion

import threading
import queue
from gpiozero import DistanceSensor, MotionSensor, MCP3008
from time import sleep
import json

class SensorFusion:
    def __init__(self):
        self.distance_sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)
        self.motion_sensor = MotionSensor(4)
        self.light_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)
        self.temp_sensor = MCP3008(channel=1)

        # Data queues for thread communication
        self.sensor_data = queue.Queue()
        self.running = False

    def read_sensors(self):
        """Continuous sensor reading in separate thread"""
        while self.running:
            try:
                data = {
                    'timestamp': time.time(),
                    'distance': self.distance_sensor.distance * 100,
                    'motion': self.motion_sensor.motion_detected,
                    'light_level': self.light_sensor.voltage,
                    'temperature': self.convert_temp(self.temp_sensor.voltage)
                }
                self.sensor_data.put(data)
                sleep(0.1)  # 10Hz sampling rate
            except Exception as e:
                print(f"Sensor reading error: {e}")

    def convert_temp(self, voltage):
        """Convert sensor voltage to temperature"""
        return (voltage - 0.5) * 100  # Example conversion

    def start_monitoring(self):
        """Start sensor monitoring thread"""
        self.running = True
        self.sensor_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_sensors)
        self.sensor_thread.start()

    def stop_monitoring(self):
        """Stop sensor monitoring"""
        self.running = False
        if hasattr(self, 'sensor_thread'):
            self.sensor_thread.join()

2. Intelligent Control Systems

class SmartEnvironmentController:
    def __init__(self):
        self.sensors = SensorFusion()
        self.fan_motor = Motor(forward=2, backward=3)
        self.heater_relay = OutputDevice(18)
        self.lights = PWMOutputDevice(19)

        # Control parameters
        self.target_temp = 22.0  # Target temperature in Celsius
        self.temp_tolerance = 1.0
        self.light_threshold = 0.3

        # Control state
        self.auto_mode = True
        self.manual_override = False

    def analyze_environment(self, sensor_data):
        """Intelligent decision making based on sensor data"""
        decisions = {
            'fan_speed': 0.0,
            'heater_on': False,
            'light_level': 0.0,
            'alert_status': 'normal'
        }

        # Temperature control logic
        temp_diff = sensor_data['temperature'] - self.target_temp

        if temp_diff > self.temp_tolerance:  # Too hot
            decisions['fan_speed'] = min(1.0, temp_diff / 5.0)  # Scale fan speed
            decisions['heater_on'] = False
        elif temp_diff < -self.temp_tolerance:  # Too cold
            decisions['fan_speed'] = 0.0
            decisions['heater_on'] = True

        # Light control logic
        if sensor_data['light_level'] < self.light_threshold:
            decisions['light_level'] = 1.0 - sensor_data['light_level']  # Complement lighting

        # Security monitoring
        if sensor_data['motion'] and sensor_data['distance'] < 20:  # Close motion
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'intrusion_detected'
        elif sensor_data['distance'] < 5:  # Very close object
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'obstacle_warning'

        return decisions

    def execute_controls(self, decisions):
        """Execute control decisions"""
        if not self.manual_override:
            # Motor control
            if decisions['fan_speed'] > 0:
                self.fan_motor.forward(decisions['fan_speed'])
            else:
                self.fan_motor.stop()

            # Heater control
            if decisions['heater_on']:
                self.heater_relay.on()
            else:
                self.heater_relay.off()

            # Light control
            self.lights.value = decisions['light_level']

    def run_control_loop(self):
        """Main control loop"""
        self.sensors.start_monitoring()

        try:
            while True:
                if not self.sensors.sensor_data.empty():
                    current_data = self.sensors.sensor_data.get()
                    decisions = self.analyze_environment(current_data)
                    self.execute_controls(decisions)

                    # Log system status
                    self.log_system_status(current_data, decisions)

                sleep(0.5)  # Control loop frequency

        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            print("Shutting down control system...")
        finally:
            self.sensors.stop_monitoring()
            self.fan_motor.stop()
            self.heater_relay.off()
            self.lights.off()

    def log_system_status(self, sensor_data, decisions):
        """Log system performance data"""
        log_entry = {
            'timestamp': sensor_data['timestamp'],
            'sensors': sensor_data,
            'controls': decisions,
            'mode': 'auto' if self.auto_mode else 'manual'
        }

        # In a real system, this would write to a file or database
        print(f"System Status: Temp={sensor_data['temperature']:.1f}°C, "
              f"Fan={decisions['fan_speed']:.1f}, "
              f"Alert={decisions['alert_status']}")

3. Project Documentation Standards

"""
Smart Environment Control System
================================

Project: IoT Environmental Controller
Author: Student Name
Date: Current Date
Version: 1.0

Description:
    An intelligent system that monitors environmental conditions and automatically
    adjusts heating, cooling, and lighting based on sensor feedback.

Hardware Requirements:
    - Raspberry Pi 4 or similar
    - Temperature sensor (DS18B20 or similar)
    - Light sensor (LDR with MCP3008 ADC)
    - Motion sensor (PIR)
    - Distance sensor (HC-SR04)
    - DC Motor (for fan simulation)
    - Relay module (for heater control)
    - PWM-controlled LED (for lighting)

Software Dependencies:
    - Python 3.7+
    - gpiozero library
    - threading module (standard library)
    - queue module (standard library)
    - json module (standard library)

Installation:
    pip install gpiozero

Usage:
    python smart_environment.py

Configuration:
    Modify target_temp and light_threshold variables in SmartEnvironmentController
    class to adjust system behavior.

Testing:
    Run included test functions to verify sensor readings and control outputs
    before deploying the full system.

Known Issues:
    - Temperature sensor calibration may need adjustment for local conditions
    - Motion sensor has 2-second reset time that affects rapid detection

Future Enhancements:
    - Web interface for remote monitoring
    - Data logging to CSV files
    - Machine learning for predictive control
    - Mobile app integration
"""

Project Examples for Students:

Project 1: Smart Garden Monitor

Monitors soil moisture, light, and temperature
Controls watering pump and grow lights
Logs plant growth data
Sends alerts when intervention needed

Project 2: Home Security System

Multiple sensor integration (motion, door, window)
Camera trigger on detection
SMS/email notifications
Mobile app control interface

Project 3: Weather Station

Measures temperature, humidity, pressure, wind
Data logging with timestamps
Weather prediction algorithms
Web dashboard for data visualization

Project 4: Automated Greenhouse

Climate control (temperature, humidity)
Automated watering system
Light cycle management
Growth optimization algorithms

Week 8: Project Presentations and Assessment

Learning Objectives:

Present technical projects professionally
Give and receive constructive feedback
Self-evaluate learning progress and achievements
Plan next steps for continued learning

Key Concepts:

Technical Communication: Explaining complex systems clearly
Presentation Skills: Engaging audiences with technical content
Peer Review: Constructive feedback and collaboration
Self-Assessment: Honest evaluation of own work
Professional Development: Planning continued learning paths
Portfolio Building: Documenting achievements for future opportunities

Presentation Structure:

Project Overview (2 minutes)

Problem statement and objectives
Target audience and use cases
Key features and functionality

Technical Demonstration (2 minutes)

Live system operation
Key components and how they work
Code walkthrough of critical sections

Challenges and Solutions (1 minute)

Major obstacles encountered
Creative solutions implemented
Lessons learned from failures

Evaluation Criteria:

Technical Merit (40%):

System functionality and reliability
Code quality and organization
Creative problem-solving approach
Integration of multiple technologies

Communication (30%):

Clear explanation of technical concepts
Engaging presentation delivery
Appropriate use of visual aids
Effective response to questions

Documentation (20%):

Complete project documentation
Code comments and structure
User instructions and setup guides
Reflection on learning process

Collaboration (10%):

Constructive feedback to peers
Professional interaction during Q&A
Willingness to share knowledge
Respectful critique and discussion

Python Programming Trivia Challenge: End the term with fun technical questions:

What does “PEP 8” refer to in Python?
What’s the difference between == and is in Python?
How do you handle exceptions in Python?
What is a Python decorator?
What’s the difference between a list and a tuple?

Grade 10-12 Final Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Integrated Systems Project Assessment

Format: Major Project + Technical Presentation + Peer Review (2 weeks + presentation day)

Project Requirements: Students must create an integrated system that combines:

At least 3 different sensors
At least 2 actuators (motors, lights, relays, etc.)
Data logging and analysis
User interface (command line or simple GUI)
Error handling and safety features

Part A: Technical Implementation (40 points)

System Design (10 points)

Clear problem definition and solution approach
System architecture diagram showing component relationships
Hardware schematic or connection diagram
Software flowchart or algorithm description

Code Quality (15 points)

Well-structured, modular code with functions/classes
Appropriate variable names and code organization
Comprehensive comments explaining complex sections
Error handling for hardware failures
Efficient algorithms and resource usage

Hardware Integration (15 points)

Stable sensor readings with appropriate filtering
Reliable actuator control with safety limits
Proper electrical connections and component usage
System operates reliably for extended periods
Professional cable management and mounting

Part B: Documentation and Communication (25 points)

Project Documentation (15 points) Create a complete project report including:

Executive summary of project goals and achievements
Detailed technical specifications and requirements
Installation and setup instructions
User manual with clear operating procedures
Troubleshooting guide for common problems
Code documentation with API reference

Technical Presentation (10 points)

Clear 5-minute presentation explaining project
Live demonstration of working system
Professional slides with technical diagrams
Confident handling of technical questions
Appropriate use of technical vocabulary

Part C: Innovation and Problem Solving (20 points)

Creative Solutions (10 points)

Original approach to solving chosen problem
Creative use of available hardware and software
Evidence of iterative design and improvement
Solutions show depth of understanding beyond basic requirements

Advanced Features (10 points) Choose and implement at least TWO:

Machine learning or AI decision making
Network communication (IoT connectivity)
Mobile app or web interface
Data visualization and analytics
Predictive algorithms or optimization
Integration with external APIs or services

Part D: Professional Skills (15 points)

Peer Collaboration (8 points)

Constructive feedback provided to classmates
Professional behavior during presentations
Willingness to help others debug problems
Respectful and insightful questions during Q&A

Self-Assessment (7 points) Written reflection addressing:

Most significant technical challenge and how you overcame it
What you would do differently if starting over
How this project connects to potential career interests
Specific skills you want to develop further
Your confidence level with different aspects of the project

Sample Project Evaluation Rubric:

Exceptional (90-100%)

System exceeds all requirements with innovative features
Code is publication-quality with comprehensive documentation
Presentation is engaging and demonstrates deep understanding
Shows leadership in helping others and contributing to class learning
Self-reflection shows sophisticated understanding of learning process

Proficient (80-89%)

System meets all requirements reliably
Code is well-structured with good documentation
Presentation is clear and technically accurate
Actively participates in peer learning and feedback
Self-reflection shows good awareness of strengths and growth areas

Developing (70-79%)

System meets most requirements with minor issues
Code works but may have organizational or documentation gaps
Presentation covers required topics but may lack depth
Participates adequately in class activities
Self-reflection shows basic understanding of learning process

Beginning (60-69%)

System meets basic requirements but has significant limitations
Code works for demonstration but has structural or reliability issues
Presentation covers basics but shows limited understanding
Minimal participation in peer activities
Self-reflection is superficial or lacks insight

Incomplete (Below 60%)

System fails to meet basic requirements or doesn’t function reliably
Code has major issues that prevent proper operation
Presentation is unclear or shows misunderstanding of concepts
Little to no participation in collaborative learning
Self-reflection missing or shows no evidence of learning

Term 1 Final Portfolio Assessment - All Grade Levels

Portfolio Components Checklist

For All Students:

Weekly reflection journals documenting learning progress
Photo documentation of all projects and experiments
Completed weekly assessments with corrections
Evidence of peer collaboration and teaching
Self-assessment of growth in each major topic area

Grade-Specific Additions:

Preschoolers (4-6 years):

Drawings of favorite STEM activities
Parent/teacher observation notes on engagement and skills
Examples of unplugged coding sequences created
Photos of technology exploration activities

Grade 2-5 (7-11 years):

Screenshots of completed Scratch projects
Blockly puzzle solutions and explanations
Game design documents and storyboards
Video explanations of programming concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 years):

Drone safety checklist created and used
Mission planning worksheets with risk assessments
Photos/videos of practical flying sessions
Research report on drone applications in chosen field

Grade 10-12 (14-16 years):

Complete code repositories with documentation
Hardware connection diagrams and schematics
Data analysis reports from sensor projects
Technical presentation slides and demonstration videos

Cross-Grade Learning Objectives Mastery

By the end of Term 1, students should demonstrate:

Preschoolers:

Basic understanding of STEM concepts through play
Ability to follow simple sequences and patterns
Safe interaction with age-appropriate technology
Curiosity and engagement with hands-on exploration

Grade 2-5:

Fundamental programming concepts using visual languages
Ability to create simple games and interactive stories
Understanding of sequence, loops, and basic logic
Confidence in debugging and problem-solving

Grade 6-9:

Comprehensive understanding of drone safety and regulations
Practical flying skills with safety awareness
Knowledge of aviation principles and laws
Teamwork and communication skills in technical contexts

Grade 10-12:

Proficiency in Python programming for hardware control
Ability to integrate multiple sensors and actuators
Professional documentation and presentation skills
Independent problem-solving and creative innovation

Preparation for Term 2

Preschoolers → Scratch Junior Programming:

Continue building sequencing skills
Introduction to tablet-based programming
Creative storytelling with technology

Grade 2-5 → IoT Integration with Sensors:

Bridge from visual programming to physical computing
Introduction to sensors and real-world data
Beginning electronics and circuit concepts

Grade 6-9 → Smart Home Security:

Apply drone safety concepts to IoT systems
Introduction to sensors and automation
Home automation and security principles

Grade 10-12 → Smart Cities:

Scale up from individual projects to community solutions
Advanced IoT networking and data analysis
Social impact of technology solutions

Additional Resources and Extensions

Online Learning Platforms:

Preschoolers: PBS Kids programming games, Kodable app
Grade 2-5: Scratch Jr., Code.org courses, Blockly games
Grade 6-9: DroneBlocks, FAA educational materials, aviation simulation games
Grade 10-12: Python.org tutorials, Raspberry Pi Foundation projects, GitHub learning labs

STEM Career Connections:

Robotics Engineer: Designs and builds robots for various applications
Software Developer: Creates programs and applications for computers and devices
Drone Pilot: Professional UAV operations for photography, surveying, delivery
IoT Developer: Connects everyday objects to the internet for smart automation
Data Scientist: Analyzes sensor data to find patterns and make predictions

Community Extension Activities:

Science Fair Projects: Using skills learned to create original investigations
STEM Club Leadership: Teaching younger students basic concepts
Community Problem Solving: Identifying local problems that technology could help solve
Maker Space Participation: Continuing projects in community workshop environments

Assessment Data Tracking: Teachers should maintain records of:

Individual student progress through learning objectives
Common areas of difficulty requiring additional support
Exceptional student work that could be showcased
Parent/guardian feedback on home engagement with STEM concepts
Equipment and resource needs for optimal program delivery

Notes

I’ve created a comprehensive set of notes and assessment tests for Term 1 across all grade levels (Preschoolers through Grade 10-12). The document includes:

What’s Included:

For Each Grade Level:

Detailed weekly lesson notes covering weeks 1-8 content
Key concepts and learning objectives for each topic
Practical examples and code samples (for programming grades)
Age-appropriate assessment tests with multiple formats

Assessment Formats:

Preschoolers (4-6): Practical/observational assessments with hands-on activities
Grade 2-5 (7-11): Computer-based Scratch/Blockly challenges
Grade 6-9 (11-14): Written tests + practical drone safety demonstrations
Grade 10-12 (14-16): Coding assignments + hardware integration projects

Key Features:

✅ Covers all 8 weeks of Term 1 content
✅ Aligned with curriculum from the IoT & Robotics document
✅ Progressive difficulty appropriate for each age group
✅ Practical assessments that test real understanding
✅ Detailed rubrics for fair evaluation
✅ Extension activities for advanced learners
✅ Safety guidelines and best practices

Topics Covered:

Preschoolers: STEM basics, simple machines, unplugged coding
Grade 2-5: Scratch programming, Blockly games, interface navigation
Grade 6-9: Drone basics, aviation principles, safety regulations
Grade 10-12: Python programming, hardware control, sensor integration

Perfect! I’ve now completed the comprehensive Term 1 notes and assessment materials covering all 8 weeks for all grade levels. Here’s what’s now included:

Assessment Test

Intro - Grade 6 - 9

Term 1 Final Portfolio Assessment - All Grade Levels

Portfolio Components Checklist

For All Students:

Weekly reflection journals documenting learning progress
Photo documentation of all projects and experiments
Completed weekly assessments with corrections
Evidence of peer collaboration and teaching
Self-assessment of growth in each major topic area

Grade-Specific Additions:

Preschoolers (4-6 years):

Drawings of favorite STEM activities
Parent/teacher observation notes on engagement and skills
Examples of unplugged coding sequences created
Photos of technology exploration activities

Grade 2-5 (7-11 years):

Screenshots of completed Scratch projects
Blockly puzzle solutions and explanations
Game design documents and storyboards
Video explanations of programming concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 years):

Drone safety checklist created and used
Mission planning worksheets with risk assessments
Photos/videos of practical flying sessions
Research report on drone applications in chosen field

Grade 10-12 (14-16 years):

Complete code repositories with documentation
Hardware connection diagrams and schematics
Data analysis reports from sensor projects
Technical presentation slides and demonstration videos

Cross-Grade Learning Objectives Mastery

By the end of Term 1, students should demonstrate:

Preschoolers:

Basic understanding of STEM concepts through play
Ability to follow simple sequences and patterns
Safe interaction with age-appropriate technology
Curiosity and engagement with hands-on exploration

Grade 2-5:

Fundamental programming concepts using visual languages
Ability to create simple games and interactive stories
Understanding of sequence, loops, and basic logic
Confidence in debugging and problem-solving

Grade 6-9:

Comprehensive understanding of drone safety and regulations
Practical flying skills with safety awareness
Knowledge of aviation principles and laws
Teamwork and communication skills in technical contexts

Grade 10-12:

Proficiency in Python programming for hardware control
Ability to integrate multiple sensors and actuators
Professional documentation and presentation skills
Independent problem-solving and creative innovation

Preparation for Term 2

Preschoolers → Scratch Junior Programming:

Continue building sequencing skills
Introduction to tablet-based programming
Creative storytelling with technology

Grade 2-5 → IoT Integration with Sensors:

Bridge from visual programming to physical computing
Introduction to sensors and real-world data
Beginning electronics and circuit concepts

Grade 6-9 → Smart Home Security:

Apply drone safety concepts to IoT systems
Introduction to sensors and automation
Home automation and security principles

Grade 10-12 → Smart Cities:

Scale up from individual projects to community solutions
Advanced IoT networking and data analysis
Social impact of technology solutions

Additional Resources and Extensions

Online Learning Platforms:

Preschoolers: PBS Kids programming games, Kodable app
Grade 2-5: Scratch Jr., Code.org courses, Blockly games
Grade 6-9: DroneBlocks, FAA educational materials, aviation simulation games
Grade 10-12: Python.org tutorials, Raspberry Pi Foundation projects, GitHub learning labs

STEM Career Connections:

Robotics Engineer: Designs and builds robots for various applications
Software Developer: Creates programs and applications for computers and devices
Drone Pilot: Professional UAV operations for photography, surveying, delivery
IoT Developer: Connects everyday objects to the internet for smart automation
Data Scientist: Analyzes sensor data to find patterns and make predictions

Community Extension Activities:

Science Fair Projects: Using skills learned to create original investigations
STEM Club Leadership: Teaching younger students basic concepts
Community Problem Solving: Identifying local problems that technology could help solve
Maker Space Participation: Continuing projects in community workshop environments

Assessment Data Tracking: Teachers should maintain records of:

Individual student progress through learning objectives
Common areas of difficulty requiring additional support
Exceptional student work that could be showcased
Parent/guardian feedback on home engagement with STEM concepts
Equipment and resource needs for optimal program delivery

Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years)

Term 1: Drone Aviation Introduction

Week 1: Introduction to Drones and Aviation Basics

Learning Objectives:

Understand what drones are and their applications
Learn basic aviation principles
Identify different types of aircraft
Understand the evolution of flight

Key Concepts:

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): Aircraft without a human pilot aboard
Remote Pilot: Person controlling the drone from the ground
Autonomous Flight: Drones flying with minimal human control
Commercial vs. Recreational Use: Different purposes for drones
Four Forces of Flight: Lift, Weight, Thrust, Drag
Aerodynamics: How air moves around objects in flight

Applications of Drones:

Photography and videography
Search and rescue operations
Agriculture monitoring
Package delivery
Scientific research
Military operations

Assessment Test - Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: Drone Basics and Safety

Format: Written Test + Practical Safety Demonstration (45 minutes)

Part A: Multiple Choice (20 points)

What does UAV stand for? a) Universal Aviation Vehicle b) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle c) Ultra Aerodynamic Vehicle d) United Aviation Vehicle
Which of the four forces of flight works against gravity? a) Thrust b) Drag c) Lift d) Weight
What should you do FIRST before flying a drone? a) Start the motors b) Check weather conditions c) Take off immediately d) Turn on the camera
The maximum altitude for recreational drone flight is: a) 200 feet b) 300 feet c) 400 feet d) 500 feet
What is the main difference between commercial and recreational drone use? a) Size of drone b) Purpose and regulations c) Color of drone d) Number of rotors

Part B: Short Answer (25 points) 6. List 5 safety rules that must be followed when operating a drone: (10 points)

Explain three commercial applications of drones: (9 points)
Why is it important to maintain visual contact with your drone during flight? (6 points)

Week 2: Drone Safety Rules and Best Practices

Learning Objectives:

Learn essential drone safety protocols
Understand pre-flight checklist procedures
Identify potential hazards and risks
Develop responsible drone operation habits

Key Concepts:

Pre-flight Inspection: Checking drone condition before flying
Weather Conditions: How weather affects drone flight
Battery Safety: Proper battery handling and storage
Emergency Procedures: What to do when things go wrong
Situational Awareness: Being aware of surroundings while flying

Safety Rules:

Always maintain visual contact with drone
Check weather conditions before flying
Inspect drone and equipment before each flight
Fly in open areas away from people and property
Never fly above 400 feet
Respect others’ privacy
Land immediately if drone malfunctions

Assessment Test - Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: Drone Basics and Safety

Format: Written Test + Practical Safety Demonstration (45 minutes)

Part A: Multiple Choice (20 points)

What does UAV stand for? a) Universal Aviation Vehicle b) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle c) Ultra Aerodynamic Vehicle d) United Aviation Vehicle
Which of the four forces of flight works against gravity? a) Thrust b) Drag c) Lift d) Weight
What should you do FIRST before flying a drone? a) Start the motors b) Check weather conditions c) Take off immediately d) Turn on the camera
The maximum altitude for recreational drone flight is: a) 200 feet b) 300 feet c) 400 feet d) 500 feet
What is the main difference between commercial and recreational drone use? a) Size of drone b) Purpose and regulations c) Color of drone d) Number of rotors

Part B: Short Answer (25 points) 6. List 5 safety rules that must be followed when operating a drone: (10 points)

Explain three commercial applications of drones: (9 points)
Why is it important to maintain visual contact with your drone during flight? (6 points)

Week 3: FAA/UAS Regulations (Basic Overview)

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic aviation regulations
Learn about no-fly zones and restricted airspace
Understand registration requirements
Learn about pilot certification basics

Key Concepts:

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): Government agency regulating aviation
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS): Official term for drones and related equipment
No-Fly Zones: Areas where drone flight is prohibited
Remote Pilot Certificate: License required for commercial drone operations
Registration: Required identification for drones over 0.55 pounds

Basic Regulations:

Drones must be registered if over 0.55 lbs (250 grams)
Maximum altitude: 400 feet above ground level
Must yield right-of-way to manned aircraft
No flying over groups of people
No flying at night without special certification
Respect airport operational areas (usually 5-mile radius)

Week 3-5 Assessment: Regulations and Flight Principles

Format: Written Test + Flight Theory Application (50 minutes)

Part A: Regulations Knowledge (20 points)

True/False (10 points)

Drones under 0.55 lbs need to be registered: ___
You can fly your drone anywhere as long as it’s daytime: ___
Commercial drone operations require a Remote Pilot Certificate: ___
Drones must always yield to manned aircraft: ___
Flying over groups of people is allowed with permission: ___

What is a no-fly zone and give 3 examples: (10 points) Definition: ____ Examples:

Part B: Drone Components (15 points) 3. Match the component to its function:

Flight Controller: _ a) Provides power to motors
ESC: _ b) Stabilizes camera
Gimbal: _ c) Main structural support
Frame: _ d) Controls drone flight
Battery: _ e) Controls motor speed

Compare quadcopter vs. fixed-wing drones (advantages/disadvantages): (10 points)

Part C: Flight Principles (25 points) 5. Draw and label the four forces of flight on a drone diagram: (12 points)

Explain how a drone moves in each direction: (13 points)

Forward: ____
Backward: ____
Left: ____
Right: ____
Up: ____
Rotate left: ____

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Demonstrates comprehensive understanding with detailed explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Shows solid grasp of concepts with minor gaps
Developing (70-79%): Understands basic concepts but lacks detail in complex areas
Novice (Below 70%): Limited understanding, needs additional instruction

Week 4: Key Drone Types & Components

Learning Objectives:

Identify different drone configurations
Understand key drone components and their functions
Compare advantages and disadvantages of different designs
Learn basic maintenance requirements

Key Concepts:

Multirotor: Drones with multiple rotating propellers
Fixed-wing: Airplane-like drones with wings
Hybrid VTOL: Vertical takeoff and landing with forward flight capability
Frame: Main structure holding all components
Flight Controller: Computer controlling drone flight
ESC (Electronic Speed Controller): Controls motor speed
Gimbal: Stabilizes camera during flight

Drone Types:

Quadcopter: 4 rotors, most common configuration
Hexacopter: 6 rotors, more redundancy and payload capacity
Octocopter: 8 rotors, highest redundancy and capacity
Fixed-wing: Longer flight times, faster speeds
Racing drones: Small, fast, agile for competitive flying

Week 3-5 Assessment: Regulations and Flight Principles

Format: Written Test + Flight Theory Application (50 minutes)

Part A: Regulations Knowledge (20 points)

True/False (10 points)

Drones under 0.55 lbs need to be registered: ___
You can fly your drone anywhere as long as it’s daytime: ___
Commercial drone operations require a Remote Pilot Certificate: ___
Drones must always yield to manned aircraft: ___
Flying over groups of people is allowed with permission: ___

What is a no-fly zone and give 3 examples: (10 points) Definition: ____ Examples:

Part B: Drone Components (15 points) 3. Match the component to its function:

Flight Controller: _ a) Provides power to motors
ESC: _ b) Stabilizes camera
Gimbal: _ c) Main structural support
Frame: _ d) Controls drone flight
Battery: _ e) Controls motor speed

Compare quadcopter vs. fixed-wing drones (advantages/disadvantages): (10 points)

Part C: Flight Principles (25 points) 5. Draw and label the four forces of flight on a drone diagram: (12 points)

Explain how a drone moves in each direction: (13 points)

Forward: ____
Backward: ____
Left: ____
Right: ____
Up: ____
Rotate left: ____

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Demonstrates comprehensive understanding with detailed explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Shows solid grasp of concepts with minor gaps
Developing (70-79%): Understands basic concepts but lacks detail in complex areas
Novice (Below 70%): Limited understanding, needs additional instruction

Week 5: Basic Principles of Flight

Learning Objectives:

Understand the four forces of flight in detail
Learn how drones achieve controlled flight
Understand stability and control concepts
Explore flight dynamics and physics

Key Concepts:

Lift: Upward force generated by rotors or wings
Weight (Gravity): Downward force pulling drone toward earth
Thrust: Forward force propelling drone through air
Drag: Resistance force opposing motion through air
Center of Gravity: Balance point of drone
Pitch, Roll, Yaw: Three axes of rotation
Gyroscopic Effect: How spinning rotors affect stability

Flight Control:

Throttle: Controls altitude (up/down)
Pitch: Controls forward/backward movement
Roll: Controls left/right movement
Yaw: Controls rotation (turning left/right)
Trim: Fine adjustments for balanced flight

Week 3-5 Assessment: Regulations and Flight Principles

Format: Written Test + Flight Theory Application (50 minutes)

Part A: Regulations Knowledge (20 points)

True/False (10 points)

Drones under 0.55 lbs need to be registered: ___
You can fly your drone anywhere as long as it’s daytime: ___
Commercial drone operations require a Remote Pilot Certificate: ___
Drones must always yield to manned aircraft: ___
Flying over groups of people is allowed with permission: ___

What is a no-fly zone and give 3 examples: (10 points) Definition: ____ Examples:

Part B: Drone Components (15 points) 3. Match the component to its function:

Flight Controller: _ a) Provides power to motors
ESC: _ b) Stabilizes camera
Gimbal: _ c) Main structural support
Frame: _ d) Controls drone flight
Battery: _ e) Controls motor speed

Compare quadcopter vs. fixed-wing drones (advantages/disadvantages): (10 points)

Part C: Flight Principles (25 points) 5. Draw and label the four forces of flight on a drone diagram: (12 points)

Explain how a drone moves in each direction: (13 points)

Forward: ____
Backward: ____
Left: ____
Right: ____
Up: ____
Rotate left: ____

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Demonstrates comprehensive understanding with detailed explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Shows solid grasp of concepts with minor gaps
Developing (70-79%): Understands basic concepts but lacks detail in complex areas
Novice (Below 70%): Limited understanding, needs additional instruction

Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Drone Laws, Emergency Procedures & Practical Flying

Week 6: Drone Laws and Regulations (Kenya Focus)

Learning Objectives:

Learn basic drone laws in Kenya (KCAA regulations)
Understand where and how children can fly drones legally
Develop awareness of responsible drone operation
Understand the importance of aviation safety

Key Concepts:

Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA): National aviation regulator
Drone Registration: Required identification and documentation
No-Fly Zones: Airports, government buildings, restricted areas
Altitude Restrictions: Maximum height limitations
Visual Line of Sight (VLOS): Maintaining visual contact
Privacy Laws: Respecting others’ rights and property

Kenya Drone Regulations Summary:

Registration Requirements:

All drones over 250g must be registered with KCAA
Operator license required for commercial operations
Age restrictions for different categories of operation

Operational Limits:

Maximum altitude: 400 feet (120 meters) AGL
Minimum distance from airports: 8km for major airports
No flying over crowds or public events
Daylight operations only (without special permits)

Prohibited Areas:

Within 5km of any airport
Over government buildings and installations
National parks without permits
Private property without permission

Safety and Legal Guidelines for Young Pilots:

Always have adult supervision
Start with toy drones under 250g
Practice in open, safe areas
Respect others’ privacy and property
Learn emergency procedures
Keep drone in sight at all times

Grade 6-9 Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Drone Laws and Regulations

Format: Written Test + Legal Scenario Analysis (40 minutes)

Part A: Kenya Aviation Law Knowledge (25 points)

KCAA Regulations (10 points) Fill in the blanks:

Drones over __ grams must be registered with KCAA
Maximum altitude for recreational flying is __ feet
Minimum distance from major airports is __ kilometers
Commercial drone operations require a __ license
Drones must remain within __ line of sight

No-Fly Zone Identification (10 points) Mark TRUE or FALSE for each flying location:

Your school playground during lunch break: __
Open field 2km from Wilson Airport: __
Your backyard with adult supervision: __
Uhuru Park during a public event: __
Private farm with owner’s permission: __

Legal Compliance (5 points) List 3 requirements for legally flying a drone in Kenya:

Part B: Scenario-Based Decision Making (20 points)

Legal Scenarios (20 points) For each scenario, explain if the action is legal and why:

Scenario A: Sarah wants to fly her 300g drone over her neighbor’s house to take photos of her own backyard. Legal? _ Why? ___

Scenario B: James plans to fly his registered drone at 200 feet altitude in an open field 10km from any airport during daylight hours. Legal? _ Why? ___

Scenario C: A group of students want to use their drone for a school project, filming the school building from 100 feet up. Legal? _ Why? ___

Scenario D: Ahmed wants to fly his 150g toy drone in his compound for 10 minutes. Legal? _ Why? ___

Part C: Responsible Pilot Planning (15 points)

Pre-flight Checklist (15 points) Create a 10-item pre-flight checklist that includes legal, safety, and equipment considerations:
[Continue through 10]

Week 7: Emergency Procedures and Responsible Flying

Learning Objectives:

Review key safety and legal concepts from previous weeks
Understand emergency basics for beginner flyers
Develop decision-making skills for unexpected situations
Practice responsible pilot behavior

Key Concepts:

Emergency Procedures: Systematic responses to problems
Risk Assessment: Evaluating dangers before flying
Decision Making: Choosing appropriate actions under pressure
Communication: Alerting others during emergencies
Equipment Failure: What to do when drone malfunctions
Weather Awareness: Recognizing dangerous conditions

Emergency Scenarios and Responses:

Lost Communication with Drone:

Stay calm and observe drone behavior
Activate Return-to-Home (RTH) function if available
Move to higher ground for better signal
Prepare for manual landing if signal returns
Never chase after a flyaway drone

Low Battery Warning:

Immediately begin landing sequence
Choose nearest safe landing spot
Avoid flying over people or property
Land even if not at original takeoff point
Safety is more important than convenience

Unexpected Weather Changes:

Monitor weather conditions constantly
Land immediately if wind increases
Avoid flying in rain or snow
Watch for sudden temperature changes
When in doubt, don’t fly

Equipment Malfunction:

Attempt controlled landing immediately
Don’t try to fix problems while airborne
Inform other people in the area
Document the problem for later analysis
Never continue flying with known issues

Mission Planning Process:

Pre-flight Planning: Weather check, equipment inspection, route planning
Risk Assessment: Identify potential hazards and mitigation strategies
Communication Plan: Inform others of flight activities
Emergency Procedures: Know what to do if things go wrong
Post-flight Review: Analyze what went well and areas for improvement

Week 7-8 Assessment: Emergency Procedures and Practical Skills

Format: Practical Flight Test + Emergency Response Simulation (60 minutes)

Part A: Emergency Response Knowledge (20 points)

Emergency Procedures (15 points) Describe the correct response for each emergency:

Low Battery Warning: Step 1: ___ Step 2: ___ Step 3: ___

Lost Radio Contact: Step 1: ___ Step 2: ___ Step 3: ___

Sudden Weather Change: Step 1: ___ Step 2: ___ Step 3: ___
Risk Assessment (5 points) Identify 3 risks for flying in each environment:

School playground: ____, ____, ____
Open field: ____, ____, ____

Part B: Practical Flight Skills Assessment (30 points)

Basic Flight Controls (15 points) Demonstrate competency in:

Smooth takeoff and landing (3 points)
Stable hovering for 30 seconds (3 points)
Forward/backward precision movement (3 points)
Left/right precision movement (3 points)
Controlled rotation (3 points)

Mission Challenge (15 points) Complete ONE of the following missions:

Option A - Navigation Course:

Fly through 5 waypoints in sequence
Land within 1-meter target circle
Complete within 3 minutes

Option B - Team Coordination:

Work with partner to complete relay challenge
Communicate effectively during handoff
Maintain safety throughout mission

Part C: Leadership and Safety Evaluation (15 points)

Safety Leadership (8 points) While others are flying, demonstrate:

Proper safety zone maintenance
Clear communication with pilot
Appropriate responses to unsafe situations
Helpful coaching and encouragement

Self-Assessment and Goal Setting (7 points) Written reflection:

What flight skill are you most confident with? Why?
What area needs the most improvement?
Set one specific goal for future drone flying
Describe one way you can help others fly safely

Practical Skills Rubric:

Expert Pilot (90-100%): Demonstrates advanced skills, teaches others, shows exceptional safety awareness
Competent Pilot (80-89%): Performs all basic skills reliably, follows safety protocols consistently
Developing Pilot (70-79%): Shows improvement in most areas, occasional guidance needed
Novice Pilot (60-69%): Basic skills present but inconsistent, needs continued practice
Beginning Pilot (Below 60%): Requires significant instruction and supervision

Week 8: Practical Flying Skills and Team Challenges

Learning Objectives:

Demonstrate ability to control a mini drone (takeoff, hover, land)
Apply basic flight skills in problem-solving mission scenarios
Work as a team to complete drone-based challenges
Evaluate personal progress and set goals for improvement

Key Concepts:

Flight Control Mastery: Smooth, precise drone movements
Situational Awareness: Understanding surroundings during flight
Mission Planning: Preparing for specific flight objectives
Teamwork: Collaborative problem-solving with drones
Performance Evaluation: Self-assessment and peer feedback
Safety Leadership: Taking responsibility for safe operations

Basic Flight Skills Progression:

Fundamental Controls:

Smooth takeoff to hover
Maintaining steady hover
Controlled landing
Forward/backward movement
Left/right movement
Rotation control

Intermediate Maneuvers:

Figure-8 patterns
Precision landing on target
Obstacle avoidance
Following predetermined paths
Coordinated movements

Advanced Challenges:

Team relay races
Rescue simulations
Precision delivery tasks
Group choreography
Time-based challenges

Mission Scenarios:

Mission 1: Search and Rescue

Objective: Locate “missing person” (target) in designated area
Skills: Systematic search patterns, communication, observation
Time limit: 5 minutes
Success criteria: Target identified and location communicated

Mission 2: Delivery Challenge

Objective: Transport small payload from Point A to Point B
Skills: Precision flying, cargo management, safe landing
Obstacles: Wind conditions, landing accuracy requirements
Success criteria: Payload delivered undamaged within time limit

Mission 3: Team Coordination

Objective: Multiple drones work together to complete complex task
Skills: Communication, timing, spatial awareness
Challenge: Choreographed flight pattern or group problem-solving
Success criteria: All drones complete task without collisions

Safety Protocols for Practical Flying:

Always maintain 10-foot safety zone around flying area
Designate specific roles: pilot, observer, safety officer
Use hand signals for communication during loud operations
Practice emergency landing procedures before each session
Rotate roles so everyone experiences different responsibilities

Week 7-8 Assessment: Emergency Procedures and Practical Skills

Format: Practical Flight Test + Emergency Response Simulation (60 minutes)

Part A: Emergency Response Knowledge (20 points)

Emergency Procedures (15 points) Describe the correct response for each emergency:

Low Battery Warning: Step 1: **___** Step 2: **___** Step 3: **___**

Lost Radio Contact: Step 1: **___** Step 2: **___** Step 3: **___**

Sudden Weather Change: Step 1: **___** Step 2: **___** Step 3: **___**
Risk Assessment (5 points) Identify 3 risks for flying in each environment:

School playground: **____**, **____**, **____**
Open field: **____**, **____**, **____**

Part B: Practical Flight Skills Assessment (30 points)

Basic Flight Controls (15 points) Demonstrate competency in:

Smooth takeoff and landing (3 points)
Stable hovering for 30 seconds (3 points)
Forward/backward precision movement (3 points)
Left/right precision movement (3 points)
Controlled rotation (3 points)

Mission Challenge (15 points) Complete ONE of the following missions:

Option A - Navigation Course:

Fly through 5 waypoints in sequence
Land within 1-meter target circle
Complete within 3 minutes

Option B - Team Coordination:

Work with partner to complete relay challenge
Communicate effectively during handoff
Maintain safety throughout mission

Part C: Leadership and Safety Evaluation (15 points)

Safety Leadership (8 points) While others are flying, demonstrate:

Proper safety zone maintenance
Clear communication with pilot
Appropriate responses to unsafe situations
Helpful coaching and encouragement

Self-Assessment and Goal Setting (7 points) Written reflection:

What flight skill are you most confident with? Why?
What area needs the most improvement?
Set one specific goal for future drone flying
Describe one way you can help others fly safely

Practical Skills Rubric:

Expert Pilot (90-100%): Demonstrates advanced skills, teaches others, shows exceptional safety awareness
Competent Pilot (80-89%): Performs all basic skills reliably, follows safety protocols consistently
Developing Pilot (70-79%): Shows improvement in most areas, occasional guidance needed
Novice Pilot (60-69%): Basic skills present but inconsistent, needs continued practice
Beginning Pilot (Below 60%): Requires significant instruction and supervision

IoT & Robotics Term 1 - Complete Notes & Assessment Tests

Preschoolers (4-6 Years)

Term 1: STEM Storytelling & Coding Toys

Week 1: Introduction to STEM

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic concepts of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math)
Spark excitement and curiosity about STEM through hands-on activities
Foster teamwork through group experiments
Develop early thinking through guided play and experimentation

Key Concepts:

Science: Learning about the world around us through observation
Technology: Simple tools and devices that help us
Engineering: Building and creating solutions
Mathematics: Numbers, shapes, and patterns in everyday life

Activities:

Floating vs. Sinking experiments with various objects
Basic robot interaction and exploration
STEM vocabulary building games
Classification activities

Materials: Water, buckets, floating items (paper, feathers), sinking items (stones, coins), toy robot, tablet

Week 2: STEM Play Corners

Learning Objectives:

Explore different STEM areas through play stations
Develop fine motor skills through hands-on manipulation
Practice problem-solving through guided discovery
Build confidence in exploring new concepts

Key Concepts:

Play-based learning: Learning through exploration and fun
Spatial awareness: Understanding shapes, sizes, and positions
Cause and effect: Understanding that actions have results
Collaboration: Working together to solve problems

Week 3: Simple Machines & Environmental Science

Learning Objectives:

Identify simple machines in everyday life
Understand basic environmental concepts
Develop observation skills
Connect STEM to the natural world

Key Concepts:

Simple Machines: Lever, pulley, wheel, ramp
Environment: Plants, animals, weather, seasons
Observation: Using our senses to learn
Nature patterns: Recognizing patterns in nature

Week 4: Unplugged Coding

Learning Objectives:

Introduction to coding concepts without computers
Understand sequence and order
Develop logical thinking
Practice following and giving instructions

Key Concepts:

Sequence: Steps in order
Instructions: Clear directions to follow
Algorithms: Step-by-step solutions
Patterns: Recognizing and creating patterns

Assessment Test - Preschoolers (4-6 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: STEM Basics

Format: Practical/Observational Assessment

Floating or Sinking? (Show child various objects)

Point to objects that will float: feather, cork, plastic toy
Point to objects that will sink: stone, coin, marble
Explain why you think so (in simple words)

STEM Matching (Picture cards)

Match the scientist to the magnifying glass
Match the engineer to the building blocks
Match the mathematician to the numbers
Match the technologist to the computer

Following Instructions

Can follow 2-step instructions: “Pick up the red block and put it in the box”
Can give simple instructions to a friend
Can arrange objects in order (biggest to smallest)

Assessment Rubric:

Exceeding (3): Completes all tasks independently with explanation
Meeting (2): Completes most tasks with minimal guidance
Approaching (1): Attempts tasks with significant support
Beginning (0): Needs extensive help to participate

Week 3-4 Assessment: Simple Machines & Coding

Format: Hands-on Demonstration

Simple Machines Hunt

Find the lever (seesaw, scissors)
Find the wheel (bicycle, toy car)
Find the ramp (slide, wedge)
Explain what each machine helps us do

Nature Observation

Draw or point to living things vs. non-living things
Identify basic shapes in nature (circles in flowers, triangles in mountains)
Name things that grow vs. things that are made

Unplugged Coding Challenge

Arrange sequence cards to show morning routine
Give directions to help friend reach the treasure
Complete a simple pattern with blocks or shapes

Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years)

Term 1: Scratch & Blockly Programming

Week 1: Introduction to Programming

Learning Objectives:

Understand what programming is
Learn about Scratch programming environment
Install and explore Scratch interface
Grasp the concept of sequencing

Key Concepts:

Programming: Giving instructions to computers
Scratch: Visual programming language using blocks
Interface: The screen where we work with Scratch
Sequencing: Putting commands in the right order
Sprites: Characters in Scratch programs
Stage: Where Scratch programs run

Core Activities:

Explore Scratch interface and tools
Identify different areas (sprite area, blocks palette, stage)
Learn about different block categories (Motion, Looks, Sound, etc.)
Create first simple animation

Week 2: Understanding Scratch Interface

Learning Objectives:

Navigate Scratch interface confidently
Understand different block categories
Create basic sprite movements
Save and load projects

Key Concepts:

Blocks Palette: Where programming blocks are stored
Scripts Area: Where we build our programs
Motion Blocks: Make sprites move
Looks Blocks: Change sprite appearance
Events: What starts our programs running

Week 3: Setting Up Scratch Projects

Learning Objectives:

Plan and organize Scratch projects
Understand project structure
Use backgrounds and sprites effectively
Practice debugging simple problems

Key Concepts:

Project Planning: Thinking before coding
Backgrounds: Scenes for our programs
Sprite Library: Ready-made characters
Debugging: Finding and fixing problems

Week 4: Introduction to Blockly

Learning Objectives:

Understand Blockly visual programming
Compare Blockly with Scratch
Complete basic Blockly puzzles
Transfer concepts between platforms

Key Concepts:

Blockly: Another visual programming language
Puzzle-based Learning: Learning through solving challenges
Logic Blocks: Making decisions in programs
Loops: Repeating actions

Week 5: Blockly Games for Scratch Programmers

Learning Objectives:

Apply Scratch knowledge to Blockly games
Solve increasingly complex puzzles
Understand programming logic and flow
Build problem-solving confidence

Key Concepts:

Game Logic: Rules that make games work
Progressive Difficulty: Challenges that get harder
Pattern Recognition: Seeing repeated solutions
Persistence: Keep trying when challenges are difficult

Assessment Test - Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years)

Week 1-3 Assessment: Scratch Fundamentals

Format: Practical Computer Assessment (30 minutes)

Part A: Interface Knowledge (10 points)

Label the parts of Scratch interface:

Blocks Palette
Scripts Area
Stage
Sprite Area

Match the block colors to their functions:

Motion blocks: _____ (Blue)
Looks blocks: _____ (Purple)
Sound blocks: _____ (Pink)
Events blocks: _____ (Yellow)

Part B: Basic Programming (15 points) 3. Create a program that makes a sprite:

Move 10 steps forward
Turn 90 degrees right
Say “Hello” for 2 seconds
Change color

Fix this broken sequence (drag blocks in correct order):

[Say "Goodbye"][When green flag clicked][Move 100 steps][Say "Hello"]

Part C: Problem Solving (10 points) 5. Your sprite isn’t moving when you click the green flag. What might be wrong?

Missing “when green flag clicked” block
Sprite is already at the edge
Motion blocks aren’t connected
All of the above

Create a simple animation showing a cat walking across the stage.

Week 4-5 Assessment: Blockly & Problem Solving

Format: Computer-based Blockly Challenges (25 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Basics (8 points)

Complete the “Move Forward” puzzle in Blockly
Complete the “Turn Left/Right” puzzle
Complete the “Repeat Loop” puzzle
Complete the “If/Else” puzzle

Part B: Logic Understanding (12 points) 5. Explain what this Blockly code does:

Repeat 4 times:
  Move forward
  Turn right 90 degrees

Answer: _________________

Write Blockly code to make a character:

Move forward 3 steps
Turn left if path is blocked
Repeat until reaching goal

Part C: Transfer Learning (10 points) 7. How is Blockly similar to Scratch? List 3 similarities:

Create a Scratch program that does the same thing as this Blockly code:

When started:  Repeat 5 times:    Move forward 20 steps    Wait 1 second

Assessment Rubric:

Advanced (90-100%): Completes all tasks efficiently with creative additions
Proficient (80-89%): Completes most tasks correctly with minor errors
Developing (70-79%): Completes basic tasks but struggles with complex problems
Beginning (Below 70%): Needs significant support to complete tasks

Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years)

Term 1: Drone Aviation Introduction

Week 1: Introduction to Drones and Aviation Basics

Learning Objectives:

Understand what drones are and their applications
Learn basic aviation principles
Identify different types of aircraft
Understand the evolution of flight

Key Concepts:

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): Aircraft without a human pilot aboard
Remote Pilot: Person controlling the drone from the ground
Autonomous Flight: Drones flying with minimal human control
Commercial vs. Recreational Use: Different purposes for drones
Four Forces of Flight: Lift, Weight, Thrust, Drag
Aerodynamics: How air moves around objects in flight

Applications of Drones:

Photography and videography
Search and rescue operations
Agriculture monitoring
Package delivery
Scientific research
Military operations

Week 2: Drone Safety Rules and Best Practices

Learning Objectives:

Learn essential drone safety protocols
Understand pre-flight checklist procedures
Identify potential hazards and risks
Develop responsible drone operation habits

Key Concepts:

Pre-flight Inspection: Checking drone condition before flying
Weather Conditions: How weather affects drone flight
Battery Safety: Proper battery handling and storage
Emergency Procedures: What to do when things go wrong
Situational Awareness: Being aware of surroundings while flying

Safety Rules:

Always maintain visual contact with drone
Check weather conditions before flying
Inspect drone and equipment before each flight
Fly in open areas away from people and property
Never fly above 400 feet
Respect others’ privacy
Land immediately if drone malfunctions

Week 3: FAA/UAS Regulations (Basic Overview)

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic aviation regulations
Learn about no-fly zones and restricted airspace
Understand registration requirements
Learn about pilot certification basics

Key Concepts:

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): Government agency regulating aviation
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS): Official term for drones and related equipment
No-Fly Zones: Areas where drone flight is prohibited
Remote Pilot Certificate: License required for commercial drone operations
Registration: Required identification for drones over 0.55 pounds

Basic Regulations:

Drones must be registered if over 0.55 lbs (250 grams)
Maximum altitude: 400 feet above ground level
Must yield right-of-way to manned aircraft
No flying over groups of people
No flying at night without special certification
Respect airport operational areas (usually 5-mile radius)

Week 4: Key Drone Types & Components

Learning Objectives:

Identify different drone configurations
Understand key drone components and their functions
Compare advantages and disadvantages of different designs
Learn basic maintenance requirements

Key Concepts:

Multirotor: Drones with multiple rotating propellers
Fixed-wing: Airplane-like drones with wings
Hybrid VTOL: Vertical takeoff and landing with forward flight capability
Frame: Main structure holding all components
Flight Controller: Computer controlling drone flight
ESC (Electronic Speed Controller): Controls motor speed
Gimbal: Stabilizes camera during flight

Drone Types:

Quadcopter: 4 rotors, most common configuration
Hexacopter: 6 rotors, more redundancy and payload capacity
Octocopter: 8 rotors, highest redundancy and capacity
Fixed-wing: Longer flight times, faster speeds
Racing drones: Small, fast, agile for competitive flying

Week 5: Basic Principles of Flight

Learning Objectives:

Understand the four forces of flight in detail
Learn how drones achieve controlled flight
Understand stability and control concepts
Explore flight dynamics and physics

Key Concepts:

Lift: Upward force generated by rotors or wings
Weight (Gravity): Downward force pulling drone toward earth
Thrust: Forward force propelling drone through air
Drag: Resistance force opposing motion through air
Center of Gravity: Balance point of drone
Pitch, Roll, Yaw: Three axes of rotation
Gyroscopic Effect: How spinning rotors affect stability

Flight Control:

Throttle: Controls altitude (up/down)
Pitch: Controls forward/backward movement
Roll: Controls left/right movement
Yaw: Controls rotation (turning left/right)
Trim: Fine adjustments for balanced flight

Assessment Test - Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: Drone Basics and Safety

Format: Written Test + Practical Safety Demonstration (45 minutes)

Part A: Multiple Choice (20 points)

What does UAV stand for? a) Universal Aviation Vehicle b) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle c) Ultra Aerodynamic Vehicle d) United Aviation Vehicle
Which of the four forces of flight works against gravity? a) Thrust b) Drag c) Lift d) Weight
What should you do FIRST before flying a drone? a) Start the motors b) Check weather conditions c) Take off immediately d) Turn on the camera
The maximum altitude for recreational drone flight is: a) 200 feet b) 300 feet c) 400 feet d) 500 feet
What is the main difference between commercial and recreational drone use? a) Size of drone b) Purpose and regulations c) Color of drone d) Number of rotors

Part B: Short Answer (25 points) 6. List 5 safety rules that must be followed when operating a drone: (10 points)

Explain three commercial applications of drones: (9 points)

Why is it important to maintain visual contact with your drone during flight? (6 points)

Week 3-5 Assessment: Regulations and Flight Principles

Format: Written Test + Flight Theory Application (50 minutes)

Part A: Regulations Knowledge (20 points)

True/False (10 points)

Drones under 0.55 lbs need to be registered: ___
You can fly your drone anywhere as long as it’s daytime: ___
Commercial drone operations require a Remote Pilot Certificate: ___
Drones must always yield to manned aircraft: ___
Flying over groups of people is allowed with permission: ___

What is a no-fly zone and give 3 examples: (10 points) Definition: ________________________________ Examples:

Part B: Drone Components (15 points) 3. Match the component to its function:

Flight Controller: _____ a) Provides power to motors
ESC: _____ b) Stabilizes camera
Gimbal: _____ c) Main structural support
Frame: _____ d) Controls drone flight
Battery: _____ e) Controls motor speed

Compare quadcopter vs. fixed-wing drones (advantages/disadvantages): (10 points)

Part C: Flight Principles (25 points) 5. Draw and label the four forces of flight on a drone diagram: (12 points)

Explain how a drone moves in each direction: (13 points)

Forward: ________________________________
Backward: ________________________________
Left: ________________________________
Right: ________________________________
Up: ________________________________
Rotate left: ________________________________

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Demonstrates comprehensive understanding with detailed explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Shows solid grasp of concepts with minor gaps
Developing (70-79%): Understands basic concepts but lacks detail in complex areas
Novice (Below 70%): Limited understanding, needs additional instruction

Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years)

Term 1: Introduction to Python Basics

Week 1: Writing Structured Python Code

Learning Objectives:

Understand Python syntax and structure
Learn proper code formatting and indentation
Write clean, readable code following best practices
Understand variables, data types, and basic operations

Key Concepts:

Python: High-level programming language
Syntax: Rules for writing Python code
Indentation: Using spaces to organize code structure
Variables: Named storage for data values
Data Types: int, float, string, boolean
Comments: Documentation within code using #
Print Statement: Displaying output to screen

Code Structure Best Practices:

# Header comment explaining the program
# Author: Your Name
# Date: Today's Date

# Import statements
import module_name

# Constants (UPPERCASE naming)
MAX_VALUE = 100

# Main program logic
def main():
    # Variable declarations
    user_name = "Student"
    age = 16

    # Program logic with proper indentation
    print(f"Hello, {user_name}!")
    print(f"You are {age} years old.")

# Run the program
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Week 2: Functions and Loops

Learning Objectives:

Create and use custom functions
Understand function parameters and return values
Implement for loops and while loops
Apply loops to solve repetitive tasks

Key Concepts:

Function: Reusable block of code that performs a specific task
Parameters: Input values passed to functions
Return Value: Output value from a function
For Loop: Repeats code a specific number of times
While Loop: Repeats code while a condition is true
Range Function: Generates sequences of numbers
Iteration: Each repetition of a loop
Loop Control: Managing when loops start and stop

Function Examples:

# Simple function with no parameters
def greet():
    print("Hello, World!")

# Function with parameters
def greet_person(name, age):
    print(f"Hello, {name}! You are {age} years old.")

# Function with return value
def calculate_area(length, width):
    area = length * width
    return area

# Using functions
greet()
greet_person("Alice", 16)
room_area = calculate_area(10, 12)
print(f"Room area: {room_area} square meters")

Loop Examples:

# For loop with range
for i in range(5):
    print(f"Count: {i}")

# For loop with list
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
for fruit in fruits:
    print(f"I like {fruit}")

# While loop
count = 0
while count < 3:
    print(f"While loop count: {count}")
    count += 1

Week 3: Using Python Libraries

Learning Objectives:

Understand what Python libraries are and why they’re useful
Learn to import and use common libraries
Work with GPIOZero and time libraries
Explore library documentation and help systems

Key Concepts:

Library/Module: Pre-written code that adds functionality
Import Statement: Bringing library functions into your program
GPIOZero: Library for controlling Raspberry Pi GPIO pins
Time Library: Functions for working with time and delays
Documentation: Instructions for using library functions
API: Application Programming Interface - how to use library functions

Library Usage Examples:

# Importing entire modules
import time
import math

# Importing specific functions
from gpiozero import LED, Button
from time import sleep

# Using time library
print("Starting program...")
time.sleep(2)  # Wait 2 seconds
print("2 seconds have passed!")

# Using math library
import math
radius = 5
area = math.pi * radius ** 2
print(f"Circle area: {area:.2f}")

# Using GPIOZero (for Raspberry Pi)
led = LED(18)  # LED connected to GPIO pin 18
button = Button(2)  # Button connected to GPIO pin 2

# Turn LED on and off
led.on()
sleep(1)
led.off()

Week 4: Controlling Motors with Python

Learning Objectives:

Understand how to interface with motors using Python
Learn about PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) for motor control
Control motor speed and direction
Implement safety features in motor control code

Key Concepts:

Motor Control: Using code to make motors move
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): Method to control motor speed
Duty Cycle: Percentage of time signal is “on” vs “off”
Direction Control: Making motors spin clockwise/counterclockwise
Motor Driver: Electronics that interface between Python and motors
Safety Features: Code to prevent motor damage

Motor Control Examples:

from gpiozero import Motor, PWMOutputDevice
from time import sleep

# Create motor object (assuming H-bridge motor driver)
motor = Motor(forward=2, backward=3, enable=18)

# Basic motor control
def basic_motor_test():
    print("Motor forward at full speed")
    motor.forward(1.0)  # Full speed forward
    sleep(2)

    print("Motor forward at half speed")
    motor.forward(0.5)  # Half speed forward
    sleep(2)

    print("Motor stopped")
    motor.stop()
    sleep(1)

    print("Motor backward at full speed")
    motor.backward(1.0)  # Full speed backward
    sleep(2)

    motor.stop()
    print("Motor test complete")

# PWM speed control example
def speed_ramp_test():
    print("Ramping motor speed up...")
    for speed in range(0, 101, 10):  # 0 to 100% in 10% steps
        motor_speed = speed / 100.0
        motor.forward(motor_speed)
        print(f"Speed: {speed}%")
        sleep(0.5)

    motor.stop()
    print("Speed ramp complete")

# Run the tests
basic_motor_test()
sleep(2)
speed_ramp_test()

Week 5: Controlling Sensors with Python

Learning Objectives:

Interface with various sensors using Python
Read and process sensor data
Implement sensor-based decision making
Create responsive programs based on sensor input

Key Concepts:

Sensor: Device that detects and measures physical properties
Analog vs Digital: Different types of sensor signals
ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter): Converts analog signals to digital
Sensor Calibration: Adjusting sensor readings for accuracy
Data Processing: Converting raw sensor data to useful information
Polling vs Interrupts: Different ways to read sensor data

Common Sensors:

Temperature sensors: Measure environmental temperature
Light sensors (LDR): Detect light intensity
Ultrasonic sensors: Measure distance using sound waves
Motion sensors (PIR): Detect movement
Pressure sensors: Measure force or pressure

Sensor Control Examples:

from gpiozero import MCP3008, DistanceSensor, MotionSensor, LED
from time import sleep
import statistics

# Temperature sensor (using analog input)
temp_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)

def read_temperature():
    # Convert voltage to temperature (example conversion)
    voltage = temp_sensor.voltage
    temperature_c = (voltage - 0.5) * 100  # Example conversion formula
    temperature_f = (temperature_c * 9/5) + 32
    return temperature_c, temperature_f

# Distance sensor (ultrasonic)
distance_sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)

def monitor_distance():
    print("Distance monitoring (press Ctrl+C to stop)")
    try:
        while True:
            distance = distance_sensor.distance * 100  # Convert to cm
            print(f"Distance: {distance:.1f} cm")

            if distance < 10:
                print("WARNING: Object too close!")

            sleep(0.5)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("Distance monitoring stopped")

# Motion sensor with LED indicator
motion = MotionSensor(4)
alert_led = LED(18)

def motion_detector():
    print("Motion detector active...")

    def motion_detected():
        print("Motion detected!")
        alert_led.on()
        sleep(2)
        alert_led.off()

    def no_motion():
        print("No motion")
        alert_led.off()

    # Set up motion sensor callbacks
    motion.when_motion = motion_detected
    motion.when_no_motion = no_motion

    # Keep program running
    try:
        while True:
            sleep(0.1)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("Motion detector stopped")

# Data logging example
def log_sensor_data():
    readings = []
    print("Collecting sensor data for 30 seconds...")

    start_time = time.time()
    while time.time() - start_time < 30:
        temp_c, temp_f = read_temperature()
        distance = distance_sensor.distance * 100

        readings.append({
            'timestamp': time.time(),
            'temperature_c': temp_c,
            'temperature_f': temp_f,
            'distance_cm': distance
        })

        print(f"Temp: {temp_c:.1f}°C, Distance: {distance:.1f}cm")
        sleep(1)

    # Calculate statistics
    temps = [r['temperature_c'] for r in readings]
    distances = [r['distance_cm'] for r in readings]

    print(f"\nData Summary:")
    print(f"Average temperature: {statistics.mean(temps):.1f}°C")
    print(f"Min/Max temperature: {min(temps):.1f}°C / {max(temps):.1f}°C")
    print(f"Average distance: {statistics.mean(distances):.1f}cm")
    print(f"Min/Max distance: {min(distances):.1f}cm / {max(distances):.1f}cm")

# Example usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Run different examples
    monitor_distance()  # Uncomment to run distance monitoring
    # motion_detector()  # Uncomment to run motion detection
    # log_sensor_data()  # Uncomment to run data logging

Assessment Test - Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: Python Fundamentals

Format: Coding Assignment + Written Questions (60 minutes)

Part A: Code Structure and Syntax (25 points)

Fix the following code and explain what was wrong (10 points):

# Broken code:
def calculate average(num1, num2, num3)
average = num1 + num2 + num3 / 3
print("The average is" + average)
return average

calculate average(10, 20, 30)

Your corrected code:

# Write corrected version here

Explanation of errors: ________________________________

Write a well-structured Python program (15 points): Create a program that:

Has proper header comments
Uses appropriate variable names
Calculates the area of different shapes (circle, rectangle, triangle)
Uses functions with parameters and return values
Follows proper indentation and formatting

Part B: Functions and Loops (30 points)

Write a function called print_multiplication_table (15 points):

Takes one parameter: number
Prints multiplication table for that number (1-10)
Uses a for loop
Example output for print_multiplication_table(3):

3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
... etc

Password Checker Program (15 points): Write a program using while loop that:

Asks user to enter a password
Keeps asking until they enter “python123”
Counts number of attempts
Prints “Access granted” when correct
Prints number of attempts it took

Week 3-5 Assessment: Libraries and Hardware Control

Format: Practical Coding Project (75 minutes)

Part A: Library Usage (20 points)

Complete this sensor reading program (20 points):

from gpiozero import MCP3008
from time import sleep
import ______  # What library do you need for calculating average?

# Create sensor object
light_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)

def read_light_levels():
    readings = []

    # Collect 10 readings
    for i in range(______):  # Fill in the range
        reading = light_sensor.______  # What property gives the reading?
        readings.append(reading)
        print(f"Reading {i+1}: {reading:.3f}")
        sleep(0.5)

    # Calculate and print statistics
    average = ______.mean(readings)  # Which function calculates mean?
    maximum = ______(readings)  # Built-in function for maximum
    minimum = ______(readings)  # Built-in function for minimum

    print(f"Average: {average:.3f}")
    print(f"Maximum: {maximum:.3f}")
    print(f"Minimum: {minimum:.3f}")

# Call the function
read_light_levels()

Part B: Motor Control Project (25 points)

Smart Fan Controller (25 points): Write a program that simulates a smart fan controller:

Use a temperature sensor to read room temperature
Control a motor (fan) based on temperature:
- Below 20°C: Fan off
- 20-25°C: Fan at 30% speed
- 25-30°C: Fan at 60% speed
- Above 30°C: Fan at 100% speed
Print current temperature and fan speed every 2 seconds
Include safety features (motor stop function)

Part C: Sensor Integration Challenge (30 points)

Security System Prototype (30 points): Create a basic security system that:

Uses a motion sensor to detect movement
Uses a distance sensor to detect objects too close
Controls LEDs to indicate system status:
- Green LED: System normal
- Yellow LED: Motion detected
- Red LED: Intrusion alert (object < 20cm)
Logs events with timestamps
Runs continuously until user presses Ctrl+C

Requirements:

Use at least 3 different libraries
Include proper error handling
Use functions to organize code
Add meaningful comments
Follow Python coding best practices

Sample code structure:

from gpiozero import MotionSensor, DistanceSensor, LED
from time import sleep
import time

# Hardware setup
motion = MotionSensor(4)
distance = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)
green_led = LED(18)
yellow_led = LED(19)
red_led = LED(20)

def log_event(message):
    # Write function to log events with timestamp
    pass

def check_security():
    # Write function to check all sensors and control LEDs
    pass

def main():
    # Write main program loop
    pass

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Assessment Rubric:

Exceptional (95-100%): Code runs flawlessly, excellent structure, creative additions, comprehensive error handling
Proficient (85-94%): Code works correctly, good structure, meets all requirements, minor improvements possible
Developing (75-84%): Code mostly works, basic structure present, meets most requirements, some bugs or missing features
Beginning (65-74%): Code has significant issues, poor structure, missing major requirements
Incomplete (Below 65%): Code doesn’t run or major portions missing

Additional Resources and Extensions

For All Grade Levels:

Vocabulary Glossary:

Algorithm: Step-by-step instructions to solve a problem
Bug: Error in code that prevents it from working correctly
Debug: Process of finding and fixing errors in code
Hardware: Physical components of computer systems
Software: Programs and applications that run on hardware
Interface: Way users interact with programs or devices
Sensor: Device that detects changes in environment
Actuator: Device that causes movement or action

Project Portfolio Suggestions:

Weekly Reflection Journal: Students document learning and challenges
Photo Documentation: Pictures of projects and experiments
Video Demonstrations: Students explain their projects
Peer Teaching: Advanced students help beginners
Innovation Challenges: Open-ended problems to solve creatively

Cross-Curricular Connections:

Math: Geometry in robotics, statistics in data analysis
Science: Physics of flight, electronics principles
Art: Creative programming projects, design thinking
Social Studies: Impact of technology on society
Language Arts: Technical writing, documentation skills

Safety Reminders:

Always supervise young children with electronic components
Check battery connections before powering devices
Keep work area clean and organized
Wash hands after handling electronic components
Report any damaged equipment immediately
Follow proper shutdown procedures for all devices

Assessment Portfolio Checklist:

Completed weekly assessments
Project documentation with photos
Reflection essays on learning progress
Peer evaluation forms
Self-assessment rubrics
Evidence of problem-solving process
Creative extensions or improvements to basic projects

Continuation - Weeks 6-8 for All Grade Levels

Preschoolers (4-6 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced STEM Exploration & Technology Awareness

Week 6: Technology Parts Awareness

Learning Objectives:

Use coding to tell stories, solve challenges, or navigate mazes
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically be able to follow code on floor grids
Build confidence and persistence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Technology Components: Basic parts that make devices work
Circuits: Paths that electricity follows
Assembly/Disassembly: Taking apart and putting together
Electronics Safety: Safe handling of batteries and components
Problem-Solving: Trying different solutions when something doesn’t work

Activities:

Technology Exploration: Examine old keyboards, phones, calculators
Simple Circuits: Connect bulbs to batteries with safe materials
Assembly Practice: Take apart and reassemble simple toys
Tech Parts Sorting: Group similar technology components

Materials: Old keyboards, phones, calculators, batteries, bulbs for circuits, safe connectors

Week 7: Sequencing & Floor Grid Coding

Learning Objectives:

Develop understanding of sequencing by arranging steps in correct order
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically follow code on floor grids
Build confidence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Sequencing: Putting steps in the right order
Algorithm Cards: Visual instructions to follow
Floor Grid Coding: Moving through spaces following directions
Left/Right/Forward/Back: Basic directional concepts
Trial and Error: Learning by trying and improving

Activities:

Obstacle Course Coding: Navigate through simple obstacles using arrow cards
Sequencing Games: Put daily routine cards in correct order
Paper Maze Coding: Use arrows to show path through printed mazes
Robot Friend: One child gives directions, another follows like a robot

Materials: Coding arrows/direction cards, floor grid mats, toys for navigation, printed maze worksheets

Week 8: Advanced Unplugged Coding & Storytelling

Learning Objectives:

Use coding to tell stories, solve challenges, or navigate mazes
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically follow code on floor grids
Build confidence and persistence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Conditional Logic: IF/THEN thinking (“If you see red, then stop”)
Debugging: Finding and fixing mistakes in directions
Block Building: Using physical blocks to represent code
Story Algorithms: Step-by-step instructions for telling stories

Activities:

Debug the Path: Present incorrect direction sequences for children to fix
IF/THEN Games: “If you see a triangle, then clap your hands”
Story Coding: Use picture cards to create step-by-step stories
Block Code Building: Stack blocks to represent programming sequences

Materials: Building blocks, floor grid mats, toys, printed materials, picture cards for storytelling

Preschoolers Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Technology Awareness

Format: Hands-on Exploration + Observation (20 minutes)

Technology Parts Recognition (10 points)

Point to and name 3 technology items from the collection
Show how a simple circuit works (bulb + battery)
Safely handle electronic components
Explain one thing each item helps us do

Assembly Skills (10 points)

Take apart a simple toy or device
Put it back together correctly
Identify which parts go where
Ask for help when needed

Assessment Criteria:

Mastery (3): Handles all materials safely, explains purposes, completes tasks independently
Developing (2): Safe handling, completes most tasks with minimal help
Emerging (1): Needs guidance but participates actively
Beginning (0): Requires extensive support

Week 7-8 Assessment: Advanced Unplugged Coding

Format: Physical Coding Challenges (25 minutes)

Sequencing Challenge (12 points)

Arrange 6 direction cards to navigate through obstacle course
Explain why each step comes in that order
Successfully complete the physical navigation
Fix mistakes when path doesn’t work

IF/THEN Logic (8 points)

Follow conditional instructions: “IF you see blue, THEN hop”
Create own IF/THEN rule for a friend to follow
Demonstrate understanding with actions

Story Algorithm (10 points)

Use 5 picture cards to create logical story sequence
Tell story following the card order
Explain what happens if cards are mixed up
Help fix a mixed-up story sequence

Practical Skills Rubric:

Advanced (25-30 points): Creates original sequences, helps others, shows deep understanding
Proficient (20-24 points): Completes all challenges correctly with minor guidance
Developing (15-19 points): Understands concepts but needs support for complex tasks
Beginning (Below 15 points): Requires significant help to participate

Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced Scratch Programming & Game Development

Week 6: Game Structure and Design

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic game structure (start, play, end)
Use Scratch blocks to move characters and detect collisions
Make characters move between different scenes
Create scoring or win conditions

Key Concepts:

Game Design Elements: Characters, backgrounds, objectives, rules
Game Loop: Continuous cycle of input, processing, output
Collision Detection: Knowing when sprites touch each other
Scene Transitions: Moving between different game screens
Win/Lose Conditions: Rules that determine game outcomes
User Interface: Buttons, scores, and information displays

Advanced Scratch Concepts:

Sensing Blocks: “touching color”, “distance to”, “key pressed”
Variables: Storing score, lives, or time
Broadcast Messages: Communication between sprites
Clone Sprites: Creating multiple copies of objects
Custom Blocks: Making your own programming blocks

Game Development Process:

Planning Phase: Sketch game idea, list needed sprites and backgrounds
Prototype: Create basic movement and interaction
Enhancement: Add sounds, effects, and polish
Testing: Play game and fix bugs
Sharing: Present to classmates

Example Game Structure:

When green flag clicked
Set score to 0
Set lives to 3
Say "Game Starting!" for 2 seconds
Show sprite
Forever:
    If key space pressed:
        Move player sprite
    If touching enemy:
        Change lives by -1
        If lives = 0:
            Say "Game Over!"
            Stop all

Week 7: Transition to Text-Based Concepts

Learning Objectives:

Prepare learners for text-based coding
Understand basic programming concepts using blocks
Use logic and loops to control sprite or robot actions
Begin transition to robotics or advanced coding platforms

Key Concepts:

Programming Fundamentals: Sequence, selection, iteration
Logic Blocks: IF/ELSE statements in visual form
Loop Types: Forever, repeat until, repeat X times
Variables and Operations: Math in programming
Event-Driven Programming: Responding to user input
Modular Programming: Breaking code into smaller parts

Bridging Visual to Text:

Block-to-Code Thinking: Understanding what blocks represent
Pseudocode: Writing steps in plain English before coding
Debugging Strategies: Systematic problem-solving approaches
Code Organization: Keeping projects neat and logical

Advanced Programming Patterns:

// Pattern 1: State Machine
When green flag clicked
Set game state to "menu"
Forever:
    If game state = "menu":
        Show menu options
    If game state = "playing":
        Run game logic
    If game state = "game over":
        Show final score

// Pattern 2: Object Behavior
When I start as a clone:
    Go to random position
    Forever:
        Move 2 steps
        If on edge, bounce
        If touching player:
            Change score by 10
            Delete this clone

Week 8: Blockly Integration and Logic Puzzles

Learning Objectives:

Solve logic puzzles using visual programming concepts
Create games using Blockly platform
Demonstrate understanding of programming fundamentals
Apply creative problem-solving skills

Key Concepts:

Blockly Platform: Google’s visual programming language
Logic Puzzles: Problems requiring systematic thinking
Algorithm Efficiency: Finding the best solution method
Pattern Recognition: Identifying repeated solutions
Creative Programming: Using code for artistic expression

Blockly vs. Scratch Comparison:

Feature	Scratch	Blockly
Focus	Storytelling & Games	Logic & Algorithms
Interface	Stage-based	Puzzle-based
Output	Animated Projects	Problem Solutions
Progression	Creative Expression	Mathematical Thinking

Logic Puzzle Types:

Maze Solving: Navigate through obstacles
Pattern Completion: Fill in missing sequences
Conditional Logic: IF/THEN decision making
Loop Optimization: Repeat actions efficiently

Grade 2-5 Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Game Development Project

Format: Scratch Game Creation + Presentation (45 minutes)

Part A: Game Planning (10 points)

Game Design Document - Create a simple plan including:

Game objective (what’s the goal?)
Main character description
Basic rules (how do you win/lose?)
Required sprites and backgrounds

Storyboard - Draw 3 screens showing:

Game start screen
Main gameplay
Win/lose screen

Part B: Game Implementation (25 points) 3. Core Functionality (15 points):

Character moves with arrow keys or WASD
At least one interactive element (enemy, collectible, obstacle)
Basic collision detection (touching = something happens)
Clear win or lose condition

Polish and Enhancement (10 points):

Sound effects or music
Visual feedback (score, lives, timer)
Smooth sprite movement
Creative backgrounds or costumes

Part C: Presentation and Reflection (15 points) 5. Game Demo (10 points):

Explain game rules clearly
Demonstrate gameplay for 2 minutes
Show different game scenarios
Handle questions from classmates

Technical Reflection (5 points):

Explain one challenging problem you solved
Describe one improvement you would make
Share one new Scratch skill you learned

Week 7-8 Assessment: Programming Concepts Mastery

Format: Mixed Assessment - Blockly Challenges + Scratch Review (50 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Logic Challenges (20 points)

Maze Navigation (8 points):

Complete 3 increasingly difficult maze puzzles
Use efficient solutions (minimal blocks)
Demonstrate understanding of loops and conditionals

Pattern Recognition (6 points):

Solve sequence completion puzzles
Identify and extend number/color patterns
Create original pattern for others to solve

Logic Puzzles (6 points):

Complete IF/THEN decision trees
Solve multi-step conditional problems
Optimize solutions for clarity

Part B: Concept Transfer (15 points) 4. Visual to Text Translation (10 points): Given this Scratch code block arrangement:

[When flag clicked] → [Forever] → [If touching mouse] → [Move 10 steps]

Write in pseudocode (plain English): “When the program starts, ________________”

Problem Decomposition (5 points): Break down this challenge into steps: “Create a sprite that follows the mouse but stops when it touches the edge”

Step 1: _______________ Step 2: _______________ Step 3: _______________ Step 4: _______________

Part C: Creative Application (15 points) 6. Original Algorithm (15 points): Choose ONE to complete:

Option A - Scratch: Create a “digital pet” that:

Follows mouse cursor
Changes expression when clicked
Makes sound when hungry (timer-based)
Has at least 3 different costumes

Option B - Blockly: Design a solution for:

Robot that sorts colored objects
Path that avoids all obstacles
Pattern that creates art using loops

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Exceeds requirements with creative solutions and clear explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Meets all requirements with good understanding demonstrated
Developing (70-79%): Meets most requirements but may have gaps in complex concepts
Novice (60-69%): Shows basic understanding but struggles with application
Beginning (Below 60%): Needs significant support to demonstrate concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Drone Laws, Emergency Procedures & Practical Flying

Week 6: Drone Laws and Regulations (Kenya Focus)

Learning Objectives:

Learn basic drone laws in Kenya (KCAA regulations)
Understand where and how children can fly drones legally
Develop awareness of responsible drone operation
Understand the importance of aviation safety

Key Concepts:

Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA): National aviation regulator
Drone Registration: Required identification and documentation
No-Fly Zones: Airports, government buildings, restricted areas
Altitude Restrictions: Maximum height limitations
Visual Line of Sight (VLOS): Maintaining visual contact
Privacy Laws: Respecting others’ rights and property

Kenya Drone Regulations Summary:

Registration Requirements:

All drones over 250g must be registered with KCAA
Operator license required for commercial operations
Age restrictions for different categories of operation

Operational Limits:

Maximum altitude: 400 feet (120 meters) AGL
Minimum distance from airports: 8km for major airports
No flying over crowds or public events
Daylight operations only (without special permits)

Prohibited Areas:

Within 5km of any airport
Over government buildings and installations
National parks without permits
Private property without permission

Safety and Legal Guidelines for Young Pilots:

Always have adult supervision
Start with toy drones under 250g
Practice in open, safe areas
Respect others’ privacy and property
Learn emergency procedures
Keep drone in sight at all times

Week 7: Emergency Procedures and Responsible Flying

Learning Objectives:

Review key safety and legal concepts from previous weeks
Understand emergency basics for beginner flyers
Develop decision-making skills for unexpected situations
Practice responsible pilot behavior

Key Concepts:

Emergency Procedures: Systematic responses to problems
Risk Assessment: Evaluating dangers before flying
Decision Making: Choosing appropriate actions under pressure
Communication: Alerting others during emergencies
Equipment Failure: What to do when drone malfunctions
Weather Awareness: Recognizing dangerous conditions

Emergency Scenarios and Responses:

Lost Communication with Drone:

Stay calm and observe drone behavior
Activate Return-to-Home (RTH) function if available
Move to higher ground for better signal
Prepare for manual landing if signal returns
Never chase after a flyaway drone

Low Battery Warning:

Immediately begin landing sequence
Choose nearest safe landing spot
Avoid flying over people or property
Land even if not at original takeoff point
Safety is more important than convenience

Unexpected Weather Changes:

Monitor weather conditions constantly
Land immediately if wind increases
Avoid flying in rain or snow
Watch for sudden temperature changes
When in doubt, don’t fly

Equipment Malfunction:

Attempt controlled landing immediately
Don’t try to fix problems while airborne
Inform other people in the area
Document the problem for later analysis
Never continue flying with known issues

Mission Planning Process:

Pre-flight Planning: Weather check, equipment inspection, route planning
Risk Assessment: Identify potential hazards and mitigation strategies
Communication Plan: Inform others of flight activities
Emergency Procedures: Know what to do if things go wrong
Post-flight Review: Analyze what went well and areas for improvement

Week 8: Practical Flying Skills and Team Challenges

Learning Objectives:

Demonstrate ability to control a mini drone (takeoff, hover, land)
Apply basic flight skills in problem-solving mission scenarios
Work as a team to complete drone-based challenges
Evaluate personal progress and set goals for improvement

Key Concepts:

Flight Control Mastery: Smooth, precise drone movements
Situational Awareness: Understanding surroundings during flight
Mission Planning: Preparing for specific flight objectives
Teamwork: Collaborative problem-solving with drones
Performance Evaluation: Self-assessment and peer feedback
Safety Leadership: Taking responsibility for safe operations

Basic Flight Skills Progression:

Fundamental Controls:

Smooth takeoff to hover
Maintaining steady hover
Controlled landing
Forward/backward movement
Left/right movement
Rotation control

Intermediate Maneuvers:

Figure-8 patterns
Precision landing on target
Obstacle avoidance
Following predetermined paths
Coordinated movements

Advanced Challenges:

Team relay races
Rescue simulations
Precision delivery tasks
Group choreography
Time-based challenges

Mission Scenarios:

Mission 1: Search and Rescue

Objective: Locate “missing person” (target) in designated area
Skills: Systematic search patterns, communication, observation
Time limit: 5 minutes
Success criteria: Target identified and location communicated

Mission 2: Delivery Challenge

Objective: Transport small payload from Point A to Point B
Skills: Precision flying, cargo management, safe landing
Obstacles: Wind conditions, landing accuracy requirements
Success criteria: Payload delivered undamaged within time limit

Mission 3: Team Coordination

Objective: Multiple drones work together to complete complex task
Skills: Communication, timing, spatial awareness
Challenge: Choreographed flight pattern or group problem-solving
Success criteria: All drones complete task without collisions

Safety Protocols for Practical Flying:

Always maintain 10-foot safety zone around flying area
Designate specific roles: pilot, observer, safety officer
Use hand signals for communication during loud operations
Practice emergency landing procedures before each session
Rotate roles so everyone experiences different responsibilities

Grade 6-9 Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Drone Laws and Regulations

Format: Written Test + Legal Scenario Analysis (40 minutes)

Part A: Kenya Aviation Law Knowledge (25 points)

KCAA Regulations (10 points) Fill in the blanks:

Drones over ______ grams must be registered with KCAA
Maximum altitude for recreational flying is ______ feet
Minimum distance from major airports is ______ kilometers
Commercial drone operations require a ______ license
Drones must remain within ______ line of sight

No-Fly Zone Identification (10 points) Mark TRUE or FALSE for each flying location:

Your school playground during lunch break: ______
Open field 2km from Wilson Airport: ______
Your backyard with adult supervision: ______
Uhuru Park during a public event: ______
Private farm with owner’s permission: ______

Legal Compliance (5 points) List 3 requirements for legally flying a drone in Kenya:

Part B: Scenario-Based Decision Making (20 points)

Legal Scenarios (20 points) For each scenario, explain if the action is legal and why:

Scenario A: Sarah wants to fly her 300g drone over her neighbor’s house to take photos of her own backyard. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario B: James plans to fly his registered drone at 200 feet altitude in an open field 10km from any airport during daylight hours. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario C: A group of students want to use their drone for a school project, filming the school building from 100 feet up. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario D: Ahmed wants to fly his 150g toy drone in his compound for 10 minutes. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Part C: Responsible Pilot Planning (15 points)

Pre-flight Checklist (15 points) Create a 10-item pre-flight checklist that includes legal, safety, and equipment considerations:

[Continue through 10]

Week 7-8 Assessment: Emergency Procedures and Practical Skills

Format: Practical Flight Test + Emergency Response Simulation (60 minutes)

Part A: Emergency Response Knowledge (20 points)

Emergency Procedures (15 points) Describe the correct response for each emergency:

Low Battery Warning: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Lost Radio Contact: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Sudden Weather Change: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Risk Assessment (5 points) Identify 3 risks for flying in each environment:

School playground: ____________, ____________, ____________
Open field: ____________, ____________, ____________

Part B: Practical Flight Skills Assessment (30 points)

Basic Flight Controls (15 points) Demonstrate competency in:

Smooth takeoff and landing (3 points)
Stable hovering for 30 seconds (3 points)
Forward/backward precision movement (3 points)
Left/right precision movement (3 points)
Controlled rotation (3 points)

Mission Challenge (15 points) Complete ONE of the following missions:

Option A - Navigation Course:

Fly through 5 waypoints in sequence
Land within 1-meter target circle
Complete within 3 minutes

Option B - Team Coordination:

Work with partner to complete relay challenge
Communicate effectively during handoff
Maintain safety throughout mission

Part C: Leadership and Safety Evaluation (15 points)

Safety Leadership (8 points) While others are flying, demonstrate:

Proper safety zone maintenance
Clear communication with pilot
Appropriate responses to unsafe situations
Helpful coaching and encouragement

Self-Assessment and Goal Setting (7 points) Written reflection:

What flight skill are you most confident with? Why?
What area needs the most improvement?
Set one specific goal for future drone flying
Describe one way you can help others fly safely

Practical Skills Rubric:

Expert Pilot (90-100%): Demonstrates advanced skills, teaches others, shows exceptional safety awareness
Competent Pilot (80-89%): Performs all basic skills reliably, follows safety protocols consistently
Developing Pilot (70-79%): Shows improvement in most areas, occasional guidance needed
Novice Pilot (60-69%): Basic skills present but inconsistent, needs continued practice
Beginning Pilot (Below 60%): Requires significant instruction and supervision

Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced Python Projects & Integration

Week 6-7: Integrated Systems Project (Combined Weeks)

Learning Objectives:

Combine motors and sensors in complex systems
Debug integrated hardware/software systems
Apply creative problem-solving to real-world challenges
Document projects professionally

Key Concepts:

Systems Integration: Combining multiple components into unified solutions
Hardware-Software Interface: Code that bridges digital and physical worlds
System Architecture: Planning complex projects with multiple subsystems
Error Handling: Managing failures gracefully in complex systems
Performance Optimization: Making systems run efficiently
Documentation Standards: Professional project recording

Advanced Integration Concepts:

1. Multi-Sensor Fusion

import threading
import queue
from gpiozero import DistanceSensor, MotionSensor, MCP3008
from time import sleep
import json

class SensorFusion:
    def __init__(self):
        self.distance_sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)
        self.motion_sensor = MotionSensor(4)
        self.light_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)
        self.temp_sensor = MCP3008(channel=1)

        # Data queues for thread communication
        self.sensor_data = queue.Queue()
        self.running = False

    def read_sensors(self):
        """Continuous sensor reading in separate thread"""
        while self.running:
            try:
                data = {
                    'timestamp': time.time(),
                    'distance': self.distance_sensor.distance * 100,
                    'motion': self.motion_sensor.motion_detected,
                    'light_level': self.light_sensor.voltage,
                    'temperature': self.convert_temp(self.temp_sensor.voltage)
                }
                self.sensor_data.put(data)
                sleep(0.1)  # 10Hz sampling rate
            except Exception as e:
                print(f"Sensor reading error: {e}")

    def convert_temp(self, voltage):
        """Convert sensor voltage to temperature"""
        return (voltage - 0.5) * 100  # Example conversion

    def start_monitoring(self):
        """Start sensor monitoring thread"""
        self.running = True
        self.sensor_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_sensors)
        self.sensor_thread.start()

    def stop_monitoring(self):
        """Stop sensor monitoring"""
        self.running = False
        if hasattr(self, 'sensor_thread'):
            self.sensor_thread.join()

2. Intelligent Control Systems

class SmartEnvironmentController:
    def __init__(self):
        self.sensors = SensorFusion()
        self.fan_motor = Motor(forward=2, backward=3)
        self.heater_relay = OutputDevice(18)
        self.lights = PWMOutputDevice(19)

        # Control parameters
        self.target_temp = 22.0  # Target temperature in Celsius
        self.temp_tolerance = 1.0
        self.light_threshold = 0.3

        # Control state
        self.auto_mode = True
        self.manual_override = False

    def analyze_environment(self, sensor_data):
        """Intelligent decision making based on sensor data"""
        decisions = {
            'fan_speed': 0.0,
            'heater_on': False,
            'light_level': 0.0,
            'alert_status': 'normal'
        }

        # Temperature control logic
        temp_diff = sensor_data['temperature'] - self.target_temp

        if temp_diff > self.temp_tolerance:  # Too hot
            decisions['fan_speed'] = min(1.0, temp_diff / 5.0)  # Scale fan speed
            decisions['heater_on'] = False
        elif temp_diff < -self.temp_tolerance:  # Too cold
            decisions['fan_speed'] = 0.0
            decisions['heater_on'] = True

        # Light control logic
        if sensor_data['light_level'] < self.light_threshold:
            decisions['light_level'] = 1.0 - sensor_data['light_level']  # Complement lighting

        # Security monitoring
        if sensor_data['motion'] and sensor_data['distance'] < 20:  # Close motion
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'intrusion_detected'
        elif sensor_data['distance'] < 5:  # Very close object
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'obstacle_warning'

        return decisions

    def execute_controls(self, decisions):
        """Execute control decisions"""
        if not self.manual_override:
            # Motor control
            if decisions['fan_speed'] > 0:
                self.fan_motor.forward(decisions['fan_speed'])
            else:
                self.fan_motor.stop()

            # Heater control
            if decisions['heater_on']:
                self.heater_relay.on()
            else:
                self.heater_relay.off()

            # Light control
            self.lights.value = decisions['light_level']

    def run_control_loop(self):
        """Main control loop"""
        self.sensors.start_monitoring()

        try:
            while True:
                if not self.sensors.sensor_data.empty():
                    current_data = self.sensors.sensor_data.get()
                    decisions = self.analyze_environment(current_data)
                    self.execute_controls(decisions)

                    # Log system status
                    self.log_system_status(current_data, decisions)

                sleep(0.5)  # Control loop frequency

        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            print("Shutting down control system...")
        finally:
            self.sensors.stop_monitoring()
            self.fan_motor.stop()
            self.heater_relay.off()
            self.lights.off()

    def log_system_status(self, sensor_data, decisions):
        """Log system performance data"""
        log_entry = {
            'timestamp': sensor_data['timestamp'],
            'sensors': sensor_data,
            'controls': decisions,
            'mode': 'auto' if self.auto_mode else 'manual'
        }

        # In a real system, this would write to a file or database
        print(f"System Status: Temp={sensor_data['temperature']:.1f}°C, "
              f"Fan={decisions['fan_speed']:.1f}, "
              f"Alert={decisions['alert_status']}")

3. Project Documentation Standards

"""
Smart Environment Control System
================================

Project: IoT Environmental Controller
Author: Student Name
Date: Current Date
Version: 1.0

Description:
    An intelligent system that monitors environmental conditions and automatically
    adjusts heating, cooling, and lighting based on sensor feedback.

Hardware Requirements:
    - Raspberry Pi 4 or similar
    - Temperature sensor (DS18B20 or similar)
    - Light sensor (LDR with MCP3008 ADC)
    - Motion sensor (PIR)
    - Distance sensor (HC-SR04)
    - DC Motor (for fan simulation)
    - Relay module (for heater control)
    - PWM-controlled LED (for lighting)

Software Dependencies:
    - Python 3.7+
    - gpiozero library
    - threading module (standard library)
    - queue module (standard library)
    - json module (standard library)

Installation:
    pip install gpiozero

Usage:
    python smart_environment.py

Configuration:
    Modify target_temp and light_threshold variables in SmartEnvironmentController
    class to adjust system behavior.

Testing:
    Run included test functions to verify sensor readings and control outputs
    before deploying the full system.

Known Issues:
    - Temperature sensor calibration may need adjustment for local conditions
    - Motion sensor has 2-second reset time that affects rapid detection

Future Enhancements:
    - Web interface for remote monitoring
    - Data logging to CSV files
    - Machine learning for predictive control
    - Mobile app integration
"""

Project Examples for Students:

Project 1: Smart Garden Monitor

Monitors soil moisture, light, and temperature
Controls watering pump and grow lights
Logs plant growth data
Sends alerts when intervention needed

Project 2: Home Security System

Multiple sensor integration (motion, door, window)
Camera trigger on detection
SMS/email notifications
Mobile app control interface

Project 3: Weather Station

Measures temperature, humidity, pressure, wind
Data logging with timestamps
Weather prediction algorithms
Web dashboard for data visualization

Project 4: Automated Greenhouse

Climate control (temperature, humidity)
Automated watering system
Light cycle management
Growth optimization algorithms

Week 8: Project Presentations and Assessment

Learning Objectives:

Present technical projects professionally
Give and receive constructive feedback
Self-evaluate learning progress and achievements
Plan next steps for continued learning

Key Concepts:

Technical Communication: Explaining complex systems clearly
Presentation Skills: Engaging audiences with technical content
Peer Review: Constructive feedback and collaboration
Self-Assessment: Honest evaluation of own work
Professional Development: Planning continued learning paths
Portfolio Building: Documenting achievements for future opportunities

Presentation Structure:

Project Overview (2 minutes)

Problem statement and objectives
Target audience and use cases
Key features and functionality

Technical Demonstration (2 minutes)

Live system operation
Key components and how they work
Code walkthrough of critical sections

Challenges and Solutions (1 minute)

Major obstacles encountered
Creative solutions implemented
Lessons learned from failures

Evaluation Criteria:

Technical Merit (40%):

System functionality and reliability
Code quality and organization
Creative problem-solving approach
Integration of multiple technologies

Communication (30%):

Clear explanation of technical concepts
Engaging presentation delivery
Appropriate use of visual aids
Effective response to questions

Documentation (20%):

Complete project documentation
Code comments and structure
User instructions and setup guides
Reflection on learning process

Collaboration (10%):

Constructive feedback to peers
Professional interaction during Q&A
Willingness to share knowledge
Respectful critique and discussion

Python Programming Trivia Challenge: End the term with fun technical questions:

What does “PEP 8” refer to in Python?
What’s the difference between == and is in Python?
How do you handle exceptions in Python?
What is a Python decorator?
What’s the difference between a list and a tuple?

Grade 10-12 Final Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Integrated Systems Project Assessment

Format: Major Project + Technical Presentation + Peer Review (2 weeks + presentation day)

Project Requirements: Students must create an integrated system that combines:

At least 3 different sensors
At least 2 actuators (motors, lights, relays, etc.)
Data logging and analysis
User interface (command line or simple GUI)
Error handling and safety features

Part A: Technical Implementation (40 points)

System Design (10 points)

Clear problem definition and solution approach
System architecture diagram showing component relationships
Hardware schematic or connection diagram
Software flowchart or algorithm description

Code Quality (15 points)

Well-structured, modular code with functions/classes
Appropriate variable names and code organization
Comprehensive comments explaining complex sections
Error handling for hardware failures
Efficient algorithms and resource usage

Hardware Integration (15 points)

Stable sensor readings with appropriate filtering
Reliable actuator control with safety limits
Proper electrical connections and component usage
System operates reliably for extended periods
Professional cable management and mounting

Part B: Documentation and Communication (25 points)

Project Documentation (15 points) Create a complete project report including:

Executive summary of project goals and achievements
Detailed technical specifications and requirements
Installation and setup instructions
User manual with clear operating procedures
Troubleshooting guide for common problems
Code documentation with API reference

Technical Presentation (10 points)

Clear 5-minute presentation explaining project
Live demonstration of working system
Professional slides with technical diagrams
Confident handling of technical questions
Appropriate use of technical vocabulary

Part C: Innovation and Problem Solving (20 points)

Creative Solutions (10 points)

Original approach to solving chosen problem
Creative use of available hardware and software
Evidence of iterative design and improvement
Solutions show depth of understanding beyond basic requirements

Advanced Features (10 points) Choose and implement at least TWO:

Machine learning or AI decision making
Network communication (IoT connectivity)
Mobile app or web interface
Data visualization and analytics
Predictive algorithms or optimization
Integration with external APIs or services

Part D: Professional Skills (15 points)

Peer Collaboration (8 points)

Constructive feedback provided to classmates
Professional behavior during presentations
Willingness to help others debug problems
Respectful and insightful questions during Q&A

Self-Assessment (7 points) Written reflection addressing:

Most significant technical challenge and how you overcame it
What you would do differently if starting over
How this project connects to potential career interests
Specific skills you want to develop further
Your confidence level with different aspects of the project

Sample Project Evaluation Rubric:

Exceptional (90-100%)

System exceeds all requirements with innovative features
Code is publication-quality with comprehensive documentation
Presentation is engaging and demonstrates deep understanding
Shows leadership in helping others and contributing to class learning
Self-reflection shows sophisticated understanding of learning process

Proficient (80-89%)

System meets all requirements reliably
Code is well-structured with good documentation
Presentation is clear and technically accurate
Actively participates in peer learning and feedback
Self-reflection shows good awareness of strengths and growth areas

Developing (70-79%)

System meets most requirements with minor issues
Code works but may have organizational or documentation gaps
Presentation covers required topics but may lack depth
Participates adequately in class activities
Self-reflection shows basic understanding of learning process

Beginning (60-69%)

System meets basic requirements but has significant limitations
Code works for demonstration but has structural or reliability issues
Presentation covers basics but shows limited understanding
Minimal participation in peer activities
Self-reflection is superficial or lacks insight

Incomplete (Below 60%)

System fails to meet basic requirements or doesn’t function reliably
Code has major issues that prevent proper operation
Presentation is unclear or shows misunderstanding of concepts
Little to no participation in collaborative learning
Self-reflection missing or shows no evidence of learning

Term 1 Final Portfolio Assessment - All Grade Levels

Portfolio Components Checklist

For All Students:

Weekly reflection journals documenting learning progress
Photo documentation of all projects and experiments
Completed weekly assessments with corrections
Evidence of peer collaboration and teaching
Self-assessment of growth in each major topic area

Grade-Specific Additions:

Preschoolers (4-6 years):

Drawings of favorite STEM activities
Parent/teacher observation notes on engagement and skills
Examples of unplugged coding sequences created
Photos of technology exploration activities

Grade 2-5 (7-11 years):

Screenshots of completed Scratch projects
Blockly puzzle solutions and explanations
Game design documents and storyboards
Video explanations of programming concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 years):

Drone safety checklist created and used
Mission planning worksheets with risk assessments
Photos/videos of practical flying sessions
Research report on drone applications in chosen field

Grade 10-12 (14-16 years):

Complete code repositories with documentation
Hardware connection diagrams and schematics
Data analysis reports from sensor projects
Technical presentation slides and demonstration videos

Cross-Grade Learning Objectives Mastery

By the end of Term 1, students should demonstrate:

Preschoolers:

Basic understanding of STEM concepts through play
Ability to follow simple sequences and patterns
Safe interaction with age-appropriate technology
Curiosity and engagement with hands-on exploration

Grade 2-5:

Fundamental programming concepts using visual languages
Ability to create simple games and interactive stories
Understanding of sequence, loops, and basic logic
Confidence in debugging and problem-solving

Grade 6-9:

Comprehensive understanding of drone safety and regulations
Practical flying skills with safety awareness
Knowledge of aviation principles and laws
Teamwork and communication skills in technical contexts

Grade 10-12:

Proficiency in Python programming for hardware control
Ability to integrate multiple sensors and actuators
Professional documentation and presentation skills
Independent problem-solving and creative innovation

Preparation for Term 2

Preschoolers → Scratch Junior Programming:

Continue building sequencing skills
Introduction to tablet-based programming
Creative storytelling with technology

Grade 2-5 → IoT Integration with Sensors:

Bridge from visual programming to physical computing
Introduction to sensors and real-world data
Beginning electronics and circuit concepts

Grade 6-9 → Smart Home Security:

Apply drone safety concepts to IoT systems
Introduction to sensors and automation
Home automation and security principles

Grade 10-12 → Smart Cities:

Scale up from individual projects to community solutions
Advanced IoT networking and data analysis
Social impact of technology solutions

Additional Resources and Extensions

Online Learning Platforms:

Preschoolers: PBS Kids programming games, Kodable app
Grade 2-5: Scratch Jr., Code.org courses, Blockly games
Grade 6-9: DroneBlocks, FAA educational materials, aviation simulation games
Grade 10-12: Python.org tutorials, Raspberry Pi Foundation projects, GitHub learning labs

STEM Career Connections:

Robotics Engineer: Designs and builds robots for various applications
Software Developer: Creates programs and applications for computers and devices
Drone Pilot: Professional UAV operations for photography, surveying, delivery
IoT Developer: Connects everyday objects to the internet for smart automation
Data Scientist: Analyzes sensor data to find patterns and make predictions

Community Extension Activities:

Science Fair Projects: Using skills learned to create original investigations
STEM Club Leadership: Teaching younger students basic concepts
Community Problem Solving: Identifying local problems that technology could help solve
Maker Space Participation: Continuing projects in community workshop environments

Assessment Data Tracking: Teachers should maintain records of:

Individual student progress through learning objectives
Common areas of difficulty requiring additional support
Exceptional student work that could be showcased
Parent/guardian feedback on home engagement with STEM concepts
Equipment and resource needs for optimal program delivery

Notes

I’ve created a comprehensive set of notes and assessment tests for Term 1 across all grade levels (Preschoolers through Grade 10-12). The document includes:

What’s Included:

For Each Grade Level:

Detailed weekly lesson notes covering weeks 1-8 content
Key concepts and learning objectives for each topic
Practical examples and code samples (for programming grades)
Age-appropriate assessment tests with multiple formats

Assessment Formats:

Preschoolers (4-6): Practical/observational assessments with hands-on activities
Grade 2-5 (7-11): Computer-based Scratch/Blockly challenges
Grade 6-9 (11-14): Written tests + practical drone safety demonstrations
Grade 10-12 (14-16): Coding assignments + hardware integration projects

Key Features:

✅ Covers all 8 weeks of Term 1 content
✅ Aligned with curriculum from the IoT & Robotics document
✅ Progressive difficulty appropriate for each age group
✅ Practical assessments that test real understanding
✅ Detailed rubrics for fair evaluation
✅ Extension activities for advanced learners
✅ Safety guidelines and best practices

Topics Covered:

Preschoolers: STEM basics, simple machines, unplugged coding
Grade 2-5: Scratch programming, Blockly games, interface navigation
Grade 6-9: Drone basics, aviation principles, safety regulations
Grade 10-12: Python programming, hardware control, sensor integration

Perfect! I’ve now completed the comprehensive Term 1 notes and assessment materials covering all 8 weeks for all grade levels. Here’s what’s now included:

Assessment Test

IoT & Robotics Term 1 - Complete Notes & Assessment Tests

Preschoolers (4-6 Years)

Term 1: STEM Storytelling & Coding Toys

Week 1: Introduction to STEM

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic concepts of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math)
Spark excitement and curiosity about STEM through hands-on activities
Foster teamwork through group experiments
Develop early thinking through guided play and experimentation

Key Concepts:

Science: Learning about the world around us through observation
Technology: Simple tools and devices that help us
Engineering: Building and creating solutions
Mathematics: Numbers, shapes, and patterns in everyday life

Activities:

Floating vs. Sinking experiments with various objects
Basic robot interaction and exploration
STEM vocabulary building games
Classification activities

Materials: Water, buckets, floating items (paper, feathers), sinking items (stones, coins), toy robot, tablet

Week 2: STEM Play Corners

Learning Objectives:

Explore different STEM areas through play stations
Develop fine motor skills through hands-on manipulation
Practice problem-solving through guided discovery
Build confidence in exploring new concepts

Key Concepts:

Play-based learning: Learning through exploration and fun
Spatial awareness: Understanding shapes, sizes, and positions
Cause and effect: Understanding that actions have results
Collaboration: Working together to solve problems

Week 3: Simple Machines & Environmental Science

Learning Objectives:

Identify simple machines in everyday life
Understand basic environmental concepts
Develop observation skills
Connect STEM to the natural world

Key Concepts:

Simple Machines: Lever, pulley, wheel, ramp
Environment: Plants, animals, weather, seasons
Observation: Using our senses to learn
Nature patterns: Recognizing patterns in nature

Week 4: Unplugged Coding

Learning Objectives:

Introduction to coding concepts without computers
Understand sequence and order
Develop logical thinking
Practice following and giving instructions

Key Concepts:

Sequence: Steps in order
Instructions: Clear directions to follow
Algorithms: Step-by-step solutions
Patterns: Recognizing and creating patterns

Assessment Test - Preschoolers (4-6 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: STEM Basics

Format: Practical/Observational Assessment

Floating or Sinking? (Show child various objects)

Point to objects that will float: feather, cork, plastic toy
Point to objects that will sink: stone, coin, marble
Explain why you think so (in simple words)

STEM Matching (Picture cards)

Match the scientist to the magnifying glass
Match the engineer to the building blocks
Match the mathematician to the numbers
Match the technologist to the computer

Following Instructions

Can follow 2-step instructions: “Pick up the red block and put it in the box”
Can give simple instructions to a friend
Can arrange objects in order (biggest to smallest)

Assessment Rubric:

Exceeding (3): Completes all tasks independently with explanation
Meeting (2): Completes most tasks with minimal guidance
Approaching (1): Attempts tasks with significant support
Beginning (0): Needs extensive help to participate

Week 3-4 Assessment: Simple Machines & Coding

Format: Hands-on Demonstration

Simple Machines Hunt

Find the lever (seesaw, scissors)
Find the wheel (bicycle, toy car)
Find the ramp (slide, wedge)
Explain what each machine helps us do

Nature Observation

Draw or point to living things vs. non-living things
Identify basic shapes in nature (circles in flowers, triangles in mountains)
Name things that grow vs. things that are made

Unplugged Coding Challenge

Arrange sequence cards to show morning routine
Give directions to help friend reach the treasure
Complete a simple pattern with blocks or shapes

Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years)

Term 1: Scratch & Blockly Programming

Week 1: Introduction to Programming

Learning Objectives:

Understand what programming is
Learn about Scratch programming environment
Install and explore Scratch interface
Grasp the concept of sequencing

Key Concepts:

Programming: Giving instructions to computers
Scratch: Visual programming language using blocks
Interface: The screen where we work with Scratch
Sequencing: Putting commands in the right order
Sprites: Characters in Scratch programs
Stage: Where Scratch programs run

Core Activities:

Explore Scratch interface and tools
Identify different areas (sprite area, blocks palette, stage)
Learn about different block categories (Motion, Looks, Sound, etc.)
Create first simple animation

Week 2: Understanding Scratch Interface

Learning Objectives:

Navigate Scratch interface confidently
Understand different block categories
Create basic sprite movements
Save and load projects

Key Concepts:

Blocks Palette: Where programming blocks are stored
Scripts Area: Where we build our programs
Motion Blocks: Make sprites move
Looks Blocks: Change sprite appearance
Events: What starts our programs running

Week 3: Setting Up Scratch Projects

Learning Objectives:

Plan and organize Scratch projects
Understand project structure
Use backgrounds and sprites effectively
Practice debugging simple problems

Key Concepts:

Project Planning: Thinking before coding
Backgrounds: Scenes for our programs
Sprite Library: Ready-made characters
Debugging: Finding and fixing problems

Week 4: Introduction to Blockly

Learning Objectives:

Understand Blockly visual programming
Compare Blockly with Scratch
Complete basic Blockly puzzles
Transfer concepts between platforms

Key Concepts:

Blockly: Another visual programming language
Puzzle-based Learning: Learning through solving challenges
Logic Blocks: Making decisions in programs
Loops: Repeating actions

Week 5: Blockly Games for Scratch Programmers

Learning Objectives:

Apply Scratch knowledge to Blockly games
Solve increasingly complex puzzles
Understand programming logic and flow
Build problem-solving confidence

Key Concepts:

Game Logic: Rules that make games work
Progressive Difficulty: Challenges that get harder
Pattern Recognition: Seeing repeated solutions
Persistence: Keep trying when challenges are difficult

Assessment Test - Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years)

Week 1-3 Assessment: Scratch Fundamentals

Format: Practical Computer Assessment (30 minutes)

Part A: Interface Knowledge (10 points)

Label the parts of Scratch interface:

Blocks Palette
Scripts Area
Stage
Sprite Area

Match the block colors to their functions:

Motion blocks: _____ (Blue)
Looks blocks: _____ (Purple)
Sound blocks: _____ (Pink)
Events blocks: _____ (Yellow)

Part B: Basic Programming (15 points) 3. Create a program that makes a sprite:

Move 10 steps forward
Turn 90 degrees right
Say “Hello” for 2 seconds
Change color

Fix this broken sequence (drag blocks in correct order):

[Say "Goodbye"][When green flag clicked][Move 100 steps][Say "Hello"]

Part C: Problem Solving (10 points) 5. Your sprite isn’t moving when you click the green flag. What might be wrong?

Missing “when green flag clicked” block
Sprite is already at the edge
Motion blocks aren’t connected
All of the above

Create a simple animation showing a cat walking across the stage.

Week 4-5 Assessment: Blockly & Problem Solving

Format: Computer-based Blockly Challenges (25 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Basics (8 points)

Complete the “Move Forward” puzzle in Blockly
Complete the “Turn Left/Right” puzzle
Complete the “Repeat Loop” puzzle
Complete the “If/Else” puzzle

Part B: Logic Understanding (12 points) 5. Explain what this Blockly code does:

Repeat 4 times:
  Move forward
  Turn right 90 degrees

Answer: _________________

Write Blockly code to make a character:

Move forward 3 steps
Turn left if path is blocked
Repeat until reaching goal

Part C: Transfer Learning (10 points) 7. How is Blockly similar to Scratch? List 3 similarities:

Create a Scratch program that does the same thing as this Blockly code:

When started:  Repeat 5 times:    Move forward 20 steps    Wait 1 second

Assessment Rubric:

Advanced (90-100%): Completes all tasks efficiently with creative additions
Proficient (80-89%): Completes most tasks correctly with minor errors
Developing (70-79%): Completes basic tasks but struggles with complex problems
Beginning (Below 70%): Needs significant support to complete tasks

Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years)

Term 1: Drone Aviation Introduction

Week 1: Introduction to Drones and Aviation Basics

Learning Objectives:

Understand what drones are and their applications
Learn basic aviation principles
Identify different types of aircraft
Understand the evolution of flight

Key Concepts:

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): Aircraft without a human pilot aboard
Remote Pilot: Person controlling the drone from the ground
Autonomous Flight: Drones flying with minimal human control
Commercial vs. Recreational Use: Different purposes for drones
Four Forces of Flight: Lift, Weight, Thrust, Drag
Aerodynamics: How air moves around objects in flight

Applications of Drones:

Photography and videography
Search and rescue operations
Agriculture monitoring
Package delivery
Scientific research
Military operations

Week 2: Drone Safety Rules and Best Practices

Learning Objectives:

Learn essential drone safety protocols
Understand pre-flight checklist procedures
Identify potential hazards and risks
Develop responsible drone operation habits

Key Concepts:

Pre-flight Inspection: Checking drone condition before flying
Weather Conditions: How weather affects drone flight
Battery Safety: Proper battery handling and storage
Emergency Procedures: What to do when things go wrong
Situational Awareness: Being aware of surroundings while flying

Safety Rules:

Always maintain visual contact with drone
Check weather conditions before flying
Inspect drone and equipment before each flight
Fly in open areas away from people and property
Never fly above 400 feet
Respect others’ privacy
Land immediately if drone malfunctions

Week 3: FAA/UAS Regulations (Basic Overview)

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic aviation regulations
Learn about no-fly zones and restricted airspace
Understand registration requirements
Learn about pilot certification basics

Key Concepts:

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): Government agency regulating aviation
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS): Official term for drones and related equipment
No-Fly Zones: Areas where drone flight is prohibited
Remote Pilot Certificate: License required for commercial drone operations
Registration: Required identification for drones over 0.55 pounds

Basic Regulations:

Drones must be registered if over 0.55 lbs (250 grams)
Maximum altitude: 400 feet above ground level
Must yield right-of-way to manned aircraft
No flying over groups of people
No flying at night without special certification
Respect airport operational areas (usually 5-mile radius)

Week 4: Key Drone Types & Components

Learning Objectives:

Identify different drone configurations
Understand key drone components and their functions
Compare advantages and disadvantages of different designs
Learn basic maintenance requirements

Key Concepts:

Multirotor: Drones with multiple rotating propellers
Fixed-wing: Airplane-like drones with wings
Hybrid VTOL: Vertical takeoff and landing with forward flight capability
Frame: Main structure holding all components
Flight Controller: Computer controlling drone flight
ESC (Electronic Speed Controller): Controls motor speed
Gimbal: Stabilizes camera during flight

Drone Types:

Quadcopter: 4 rotors, most common configuration
Hexacopter: 6 rotors, more redundancy and payload capacity
Octocopter: 8 rotors, highest redundancy and capacity
Fixed-wing: Longer flight times, faster speeds
Racing drones: Small, fast, agile for competitive flying

Week 5: Basic Principles of Flight

Learning Objectives:

Understand the four forces of flight in detail
Learn how drones achieve controlled flight
Understand stability and control concepts
Explore flight dynamics and physics

Key Concepts:

Lift: Upward force generated by rotors or wings
Weight (Gravity): Downward force pulling drone toward earth
Thrust: Forward force propelling drone through air
Drag: Resistance force opposing motion through air
Center of Gravity: Balance point of drone
Pitch, Roll, Yaw: Three axes of rotation
Gyroscopic Effect: How spinning rotors affect stability

Flight Control:

Throttle: Controls altitude (up/down)
Pitch: Controls forward/backward movement
Roll: Controls left/right movement
Yaw: Controls rotation (turning left/right)
Trim: Fine adjustments for balanced flight

Assessment Test - Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: Drone Basics and Safety

Format: Written Test + Practical Safety Demonstration (45 minutes)

Part A: Multiple Choice (20 points)

What does UAV stand for? a) Universal Aviation Vehicle b) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle c) Ultra Aerodynamic Vehicle d) United Aviation Vehicle
Which of the four forces of flight works against gravity? a) Thrust b) Drag c) Lift d) Weight
What should you do FIRST before flying a drone? a) Start the motors b) Check weather conditions c) Take off immediately d) Turn on the camera
The maximum altitude for recreational drone flight is: a) 200 feet b) 300 feet c) 400 feet d) 500 feet
What is the main difference between commercial and recreational drone use? a) Size of drone b) Purpose and regulations c) Color of drone d) Number of rotors

Part B: Short Answer (25 points) 6. List 5 safety rules that must be followed when operating a drone: (10 points)

Explain three commercial applications of drones: (9 points)

Why is it important to maintain visual contact with your drone during flight? (6 points)

Week 3-5 Assessment: Regulations and Flight Principles

Format: Written Test + Flight Theory Application (50 minutes)

Part A: Regulations Knowledge (20 points)

True/False (10 points)

Drones under 0.55 lbs need to be registered: ___
You can fly your drone anywhere as long as it’s daytime: ___
Commercial drone operations require a Remote Pilot Certificate: ___
Drones must always yield to manned aircraft: ___
Flying over groups of people is allowed with permission: ___

What is a no-fly zone and give 3 examples: (10 points) Definition: ________________________________ Examples:

Part B: Drone Components (15 points) 3. Match the component to its function:

Flight Controller: _____ a) Provides power to motors
ESC: _____ b) Stabilizes camera
Gimbal: _____ c) Main structural support
Frame: _____ d) Controls drone flight
Battery: _____ e) Controls motor speed

Compare quadcopter vs. fixed-wing drones (advantages/disadvantages): (10 points)

Part C: Flight Principles (25 points) 5. Draw and label the four forces of flight on a drone diagram: (12 points)

Explain how a drone moves in each direction: (13 points)

Forward: ________________________________
Backward: ________________________________
Left: ________________________________
Right: ________________________________
Up: ________________________________
Rotate left: ________________________________

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Demonstrates comprehensive understanding with detailed explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Shows solid grasp of concepts with minor gaps
Developing (70-79%): Understands basic concepts but lacks detail in complex areas
Novice (Below 70%): Limited understanding, needs additional instruction

Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years)

Term 1: Introduction to Python Basics

Week 1: Writing Structured Python Code

Learning Objectives:

Understand Python syntax and structure
Learn proper code formatting and indentation
Write clean, readable code following best practices
Understand variables, data types, and basic operations

Key Concepts:

Python: High-level programming language
Syntax: Rules for writing Python code
Indentation: Using spaces to organize code structure
Variables: Named storage for data values
Data Types: int, float, string, boolean
Comments: Documentation within code using #
Print Statement: Displaying output to screen

Code Structure Best Practices:

# Header comment explaining the program
# Author: Your Name
# Date: Today's Date

# Import statements
import module_name

# Constants (UPPERCASE naming)
MAX_VALUE = 100

# Main program logic
def main():
    # Variable declarations
    user_name = "Student"
    age = 16

    # Program logic with proper indentation
    print(f"Hello, {user_name}!")
    print(f"You are {age} years old.")

# Run the program
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Week 2: Functions and Loops

Learning Objectives:

Create and use custom functions
Understand function parameters and return values
Implement for loops and while loops
Apply loops to solve repetitive tasks

Key Concepts:

Function: Reusable block of code that performs a specific task
Parameters: Input values passed to functions
Return Value: Output value from a function
For Loop: Repeats code a specific number of times
While Loop: Repeats code while a condition is true
Range Function: Generates sequences of numbers
Iteration: Each repetition of a loop
Loop Control: Managing when loops start and stop

Function Examples:

# Simple function with no parameters
def greet():
    print("Hello, World!")

# Function with parameters
def greet_person(name, age):
    print(f"Hello, {name}! You are {age} years old.")

# Function with return value
def calculate_area(length, width):
    area = length * width
    return area

# Using functions
greet()
greet_person("Alice", 16)
room_area = calculate_area(10, 12)
print(f"Room area: {room_area} square meters")

Loop Examples:

# For loop with range
for i in range(5):
    print(f"Count: {i}")

# For loop with list
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
for fruit in fruits:
    print(f"I like {fruit}")

# While loop
count = 0
while count < 3:
    print(f"While loop count: {count}")
    count += 1

Week 3: Using Python Libraries

Learning Objectives:

Understand what Python libraries are and why they’re useful
Learn to import and use common libraries
Work with GPIOZero and time libraries
Explore library documentation and help systems

Key Concepts:

Library/Module: Pre-written code that adds functionality
Import Statement: Bringing library functions into your program
GPIOZero: Library for controlling Raspberry Pi GPIO pins
Time Library: Functions for working with time and delays
Documentation: Instructions for using library functions
API: Application Programming Interface - how to use library functions

Library Usage Examples:

# Importing entire modules
import time
import math

# Importing specific functions
from gpiozero import LED, Button
from time import sleep

# Using time library
print("Starting program...")
time.sleep(2)  # Wait 2 seconds
print("2 seconds have passed!")

# Using math library
import math
radius = 5
area = math.pi * radius ** 2
print(f"Circle area: {area:.2f}")

# Using GPIOZero (for Raspberry Pi)
led = LED(18)  # LED connected to GPIO pin 18
button = Button(2)  # Button connected to GPIO pin 2

# Turn LED on and off
led.on()
sleep(1)
led.off()

Week 4: Controlling Motors with Python

Learning Objectives:

Understand how to interface with motors using Python
Learn about PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) for motor control
Control motor speed and direction
Implement safety features in motor control code

Key Concepts:

Motor Control: Using code to make motors move
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): Method to control motor speed
Duty Cycle: Percentage of time signal is “on” vs “off”
Direction Control: Making motors spin clockwise/counterclockwise
Motor Driver: Electronics that interface between Python and motors
Safety Features: Code to prevent motor damage

Motor Control Examples:

from gpiozero import Motor, PWMOutputDevice
from time import sleep

# Create motor object (assuming H-bridge motor driver)
motor = Motor(forward=2, backward=3, enable=18)

# Basic motor control
def basic_motor_test():
    print("Motor forward at full speed")
    motor.forward(1.0)  # Full speed forward
    sleep(2)

    print("Motor forward at half speed")
    motor.forward(0.5)  # Half speed forward
    sleep(2)

    print("Motor stopped")
    motor.stop()
    sleep(1)

    print("Motor backward at full speed")
    motor.backward(1.0)  # Full speed backward
    sleep(2)

    motor.stop()
    print("Motor test complete")

# PWM speed control example
def speed_ramp_test():
    print("Ramping motor speed up...")
    for speed in range(0, 101, 10):  # 0 to 100% in 10% steps
        motor_speed = speed / 100.0
        motor.forward(motor_speed)
        print(f"Speed: {speed}%")
        sleep(0.5)

    motor.stop()
    print("Speed ramp complete")

# Run the tests
basic_motor_test()
sleep(2)
speed_ramp_test()

Week 5: Controlling Sensors with Python

Learning Objectives:

Interface with various sensors using Python
Read and process sensor data
Implement sensor-based decision making
Create responsive programs based on sensor input

Key Concepts:

Sensor: Device that detects and measures physical properties
Analog vs Digital: Different types of sensor signals
ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter): Converts analog signals to digital
Sensor Calibration: Adjusting sensor readings for accuracy
Data Processing: Converting raw sensor data to useful information
Polling vs Interrupts: Different ways to read sensor data

Common Sensors:

Temperature sensors: Measure environmental temperature
Light sensors (LDR): Detect light intensity
Ultrasonic sensors: Measure distance using sound waves
Motion sensors (PIR): Detect movement
Pressure sensors: Measure force or pressure

Sensor Control Examples:

from gpiozero import MCP3008, DistanceSensor, MotionSensor, LED
from time import sleep
import statistics

# Temperature sensor (using analog input)
temp_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)

def read_temperature():
    # Convert voltage to temperature (example conversion)
    voltage = temp_sensor.voltage
    temperature_c = (voltage - 0.5) * 100  # Example conversion formula
    temperature_f = (temperature_c * 9/5) + 32
    return temperature_c, temperature_f

# Distance sensor (ultrasonic)
distance_sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)

def monitor_distance():
    print("Distance monitoring (press Ctrl+C to stop)")
    try:
        while True:
            distance = distance_sensor.distance * 100  # Convert to cm
            print(f"Distance: {distance:.1f} cm")

            if distance < 10:
                print("WARNING: Object too close!")

            sleep(0.5)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("Distance monitoring stopped")

# Motion sensor with LED indicator
motion = MotionSensor(4)
alert_led = LED(18)

def motion_detector():
    print("Motion detector active...")

    def motion_detected():
        print("Motion detected!")
        alert_led.on()
        sleep(2)
        alert_led.off()

    def no_motion():
        print("No motion")
        alert_led.off()

    # Set up motion sensor callbacks
    motion.when_motion = motion_detected
    motion.when_no_motion = no_motion

    # Keep program running
    try:
        while True:
            sleep(0.1)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("Motion detector stopped")

# Data logging example
def log_sensor_data():
    readings = []
    print("Collecting sensor data for 30 seconds...")

    start_time = time.time()
    while time.time() - start_time < 30:
        temp_c, temp_f = read_temperature()
        distance = distance_sensor.distance * 100

        readings.append({
            'timestamp': time.time(),
            'temperature_c': temp_c,
            'temperature_f': temp_f,
            'distance_cm': distance
        })

        print(f"Temp: {temp_c:.1f}°C, Distance: {distance:.1f}cm")
        sleep(1)

    # Calculate statistics
    temps = [r['temperature_c'] for r in readings]
    distances = [r['distance_cm'] for r in readings]

    print(f"\nData Summary:")
    print(f"Average temperature: {statistics.mean(temps):.1f}°C")
    print(f"Min/Max temperature: {min(temps):.1f}°C / {max(temps):.1f}°C")
    print(f"Average distance: {statistics.mean(distances):.1f}cm")
    print(f"Min/Max distance: {min(distances):.1f}cm / {max(distances):.1f}cm")

# Example usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Run different examples
    monitor_distance()  # Uncomment to run distance monitoring
    # motion_detector()  # Uncomment to run motion detection
    # log_sensor_data()  # Uncomment to run data logging

Assessment Test - Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: Python Fundamentals

Format: Coding Assignment + Written Questions (60 minutes)

Part A: Code Structure and Syntax (25 points)

Fix the following code and explain what was wrong (10 points):

# Broken code:
def calculate average(num1, num2, num3)
average = num1 + num2 + num3 / 3
print("The average is" + average)
return average

calculate average(10, 20, 30)

Your corrected code:

# Write corrected version here

Explanation of errors: ________________________________

Write a well-structured Python program (15 points): Create a program that:

Has proper header comments
Uses appropriate variable names
Calculates the area of different shapes (circle, rectangle, triangle)
Uses functions with parameters and return values
Follows proper indentation and formatting

Part B: Functions and Loops (30 points)

Write a function called print_multiplication_table (15 points):

Takes one parameter: number
Prints multiplication table for that number (1-10)
Uses a for loop
Example output for print_multiplication_table(3):

3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
... etc

Password Checker Program (15 points): Write a program using while loop that:

Asks user to enter a password
Keeps asking until they enter “python123”
Counts number of attempts
Prints “Access granted” when correct
Prints number of attempts it took

Week 3-5 Assessment: Libraries and Hardware Control

Format: Practical Coding Project (75 minutes)

Part A: Library Usage (20 points)

Complete this sensor reading program (20 points):

from gpiozero import MCP3008
from time import sleep
import ______  # What library do you need for calculating average?

# Create sensor object
light_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)

def read_light_levels():
    readings = []

    # Collect 10 readings
    for i in range(______):  # Fill in the range
        reading = light_sensor.______  # What property gives the reading?
        readings.append(reading)
        print(f"Reading {i+1}: {reading:.3f}")
        sleep(0.5)

    # Calculate and print statistics
    average = ______.mean(readings)  # Which function calculates mean?
    maximum = ______(readings)  # Built-in function for maximum
    minimum = ______(readings)  # Built-in function for minimum

    print(f"Average: {average:.3f}")
    print(f"Maximum: {maximum:.3f}")
    print(f"Minimum: {minimum:.3f}")

# Call the function
read_light_levels()

Part B: Motor Control Project (25 points)

Smart Fan Controller (25 points): Write a program that simulates a smart fan controller:

Use a temperature sensor to read room temperature
Control a motor (fan) based on temperature:
- Below 20°C: Fan off
- 20-25°C: Fan at 30% speed
- 25-30°C: Fan at 60% speed
- Above 30°C: Fan at 100% speed
Print current temperature and fan speed every 2 seconds
Include safety features (motor stop function)

Part C: Sensor Integration Challenge (30 points)

Security System Prototype (30 points): Create a basic security system that:

Uses a motion sensor to detect movement
Uses a distance sensor to detect objects too close
Controls LEDs to indicate system status:
- Green LED: System normal
- Yellow LED: Motion detected
- Red LED: Intrusion alert (object < 20cm)
Logs events with timestamps
Runs continuously until user presses Ctrl+C

Requirements:

Use at least 3 different libraries
Include proper error handling
Use functions to organize code
Add meaningful comments
Follow Python coding best practices

Sample code structure:

from gpiozero import MotionSensor, DistanceSensor, LED
from time import sleep
import time

# Hardware setup
motion = MotionSensor(4)
distance = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)
green_led = LED(18)
yellow_led = LED(19)
red_led = LED(20)

def log_event(message):
    # Write function to log events with timestamp
    pass

def check_security():
    # Write function to check all sensors and control LEDs
    pass

def main():
    # Write main program loop
    pass

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Assessment Rubric:

Exceptional (95-100%): Code runs flawlessly, excellent structure, creative additions, comprehensive error handling
Proficient (85-94%): Code works correctly, good structure, meets all requirements, minor improvements possible
Developing (75-84%): Code mostly works, basic structure present, meets most requirements, some bugs or missing features
Beginning (65-74%): Code has significant issues, poor structure, missing major requirements
Incomplete (Below 65%): Code doesn’t run or major portions missing

Additional Resources and Extensions

For All Grade Levels:

Vocabulary Glossary:

Algorithm: Step-by-step instructions to solve a problem
Bug: Error in code that prevents it from working correctly
Debug: Process of finding and fixing errors in code
Hardware: Physical components of computer systems
Software: Programs and applications that run on hardware
Interface: Way users interact with programs or devices
Sensor: Device that detects changes in environment
Actuator: Device that causes movement or action

Project Portfolio Suggestions:

Weekly Reflection Journal: Students document learning and challenges
Photo Documentation: Pictures of projects and experiments
Video Demonstrations: Students explain their projects
Peer Teaching: Advanced students help beginners
Innovation Challenges: Open-ended problems to solve creatively

Cross-Curricular Connections:

Math: Geometry in robotics, statistics in data analysis
Science: Physics of flight, electronics principles
Art: Creative programming projects, design thinking
Social Studies: Impact of technology on society
Language Arts: Technical writing, documentation skills

Safety Reminders:

Always supervise young children with electronic components
Check battery connections before powering devices
Keep work area clean and organized
Wash hands after handling electronic components
Report any damaged equipment immediately
Follow proper shutdown procedures for all devices

Assessment Portfolio Checklist:

Completed weekly assessments
Project documentation with photos
Reflection essays on learning progress
Peer evaluation forms
Self-assessment rubrics
Evidence of problem-solving process
Creative extensions or improvements to basic projects

Continuation - Weeks 6-8 for All Grade Levels

Preschoolers (4-6 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced STEM Exploration & Technology Awareness

Week 6: Technology Parts Awareness

Learning Objectives:

Use coding to tell stories, solve challenges, or navigate mazes
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically be able to follow code on floor grids
Build confidence and persistence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Technology Components: Basic parts that make devices work
Circuits: Paths that electricity follows
Assembly/Disassembly: Taking apart and putting together
Electronics Safety: Safe handling of batteries and components
Problem-Solving: Trying different solutions when something doesn’t work

Activities:

Technology Exploration: Examine old keyboards, phones, calculators
Simple Circuits: Connect bulbs to batteries with safe materials
Assembly Practice: Take apart and reassemble simple toys
Tech Parts Sorting: Group similar technology components

Materials: Old keyboards, phones, calculators, batteries, bulbs for circuits, safe connectors

Week 7: Sequencing & Floor Grid Coding

Learning Objectives:

Develop understanding of sequencing by arranging steps in correct order
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically follow code on floor grids
Build confidence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Sequencing: Putting steps in the right order
Algorithm Cards: Visual instructions to follow
Floor Grid Coding: Moving through spaces following directions
Left/Right/Forward/Back: Basic directional concepts
Trial and Error: Learning by trying and improving

Activities:

Obstacle Course Coding: Navigate through simple obstacles using arrow cards
Sequencing Games: Put daily routine cards in correct order
Paper Maze Coding: Use arrows to show path through printed mazes
Robot Friend: One child gives directions, another follows like a robot

Materials: Coding arrows/direction cards, floor grid mats, toys for navigation, printed maze worksheets

Week 8: Advanced Unplugged Coding & Storytelling

Learning Objectives:

Use coding to tell stories, solve challenges, or navigate mazes
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically follow code on floor grids
Build confidence and persistence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Conditional Logic: IF/THEN thinking (“If you see red, then stop”)
Debugging: Finding and fixing mistakes in directions
Block Building: Using physical blocks to represent code
Story Algorithms: Step-by-step instructions for telling stories

Activities:

Debug the Path: Present incorrect direction sequences for children to fix
IF/THEN Games: “If you see a triangle, then clap your hands”
Story Coding: Use picture cards to create step-by-step stories
Block Code Building: Stack blocks to represent programming sequences

Materials: Building blocks, floor grid mats, toys, printed materials, picture cards for storytelling

Preschoolers Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Technology Awareness

Format: Hands-on Exploration + Observation (20 minutes)

Technology Parts Recognition (10 points)

Point to and name 3 technology items from the collection
Show how a simple circuit works (bulb + battery)
Safely handle electronic components
Explain one thing each item helps us do

Assembly Skills (10 points)

Take apart a simple toy or device
Put it back together correctly
Identify which parts go where
Ask for help when needed

Assessment Criteria:

Mastery (3): Handles all materials safely, explains purposes, completes tasks independently
Developing (2): Safe handling, completes most tasks with minimal help
Emerging (1): Needs guidance but participates actively
Beginning (0): Requires extensive support

Week 7-8 Assessment: Advanced Unplugged Coding

Format: Physical Coding Challenges (25 minutes)

Sequencing Challenge (12 points)

Arrange 6 direction cards to navigate through obstacle course
Explain why each step comes in that order
Successfully complete the physical navigation
Fix mistakes when path doesn’t work

IF/THEN Logic (8 points)

Follow conditional instructions: “IF you see blue, THEN hop”
Create own IF/THEN rule for a friend to follow
Demonstrate understanding with actions

Story Algorithm (10 points)

Use 5 picture cards to create logical story sequence
Tell story following the card order
Explain what happens if cards are mixed up
Help fix a mixed-up story sequence

Practical Skills Rubric:

Advanced (25-30 points): Creates original sequences, helps others, shows deep understanding
Proficient (20-24 points): Completes all challenges correctly with minor guidance
Developing (15-19 points): Understands concepts but needs support for complex tasks
Beginning (Below 15 points): Requires significant help to participate

Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced Scratch Programming & Game Development

Week 6: Game Structure and Design

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic game structure (start, play, end)
Use Scratch blocks to move characters and detect collisions
Make characters move between different scenes
Create scoring or win conditions

Key Concepts:

Game Design Elements: Characters, backgrounds, objectives, rules
Game Loop: Continuous cycle of input, processing, output
Collision Detection: Knowing when sprites touch each other
Scene Transitions: Moving between different game screens
Win/Lose Conditions: Rules that determine game outcomes
User Interface: Buttons, scores, and information displays

Advanced Scratch Concepts:

Sensing Blocks: “touching color”, “distance to”, “key pressed”
Variables: Storing score, lives, or time
Broadcast Messages: Communication between sprites
Clone Sprites: Creating multiple copies of objects
Custom Blocks: Making your own programming blocks

Game Development Process:

Planning Phase: Sketch game idea, list needed sprites and backgrounds
Prototype: Create basic movement and interaction
Enhancement: Add sounds, effects, and polish
Testing: Play game and fix bugs
Sharing: Present to classmates

Example Game Structure:

When green flag clicked
Set score to 0
Set lives to 3
Say "Game Starting!" for 2 seconds
Show sprite
Forever:
    If key space pressed:
        Move player sprite
    If touching enemy:
        Change lives by -1
        If lives = 0:
            Say "Game Over!"
            Stop all

Week 7: Transition to Text-Based Concepts

Learning Objectives:

Prepare learners for text-based coding
Understand basic programming concepts using blocks
Use logic and loops to control sprite or robot actions
Begin transition to robotics or advanced coding platforms

Key Concepts:

Programming Fundamentals: Sequence, selection, iteration
Logic Blocks: IF/ELSE statements in visual form
Loop Types: Forever, repeat until, repeat X times
Variables and Operations: Math in programming
Event-Driven Programming: Responding to user input
Modular Programming: Breaking code into smaller parts

Bridging Visual to Text:

Block-to-Code Thinking: Understanding what blocks represent
Pseudocode: Writing steps in plain English before coding
Debugging Strategies: Systematic problem-solving approaches
Code Organization: Keeping projects neat and logical

Advanced Programming Patterns:

// Pattern 1: State Machine
When green flag clicked
Set game state to "menu"
Forever:
    If game state = "menu":
        Show menu options
    If game state = "playing":
        Run game logic
    If game state = "game over":
        Show final score

// Pattern 2: Object Behavior
When I start as a clone:
    Go to random position
    Forever:
        Move 2 steps
        If on edge, bounce
        If touching player:
            Change score by 10
            Delete this clone

Week 8: Blockly Integration and Logic Puzzles

Learning Objectives:

Solve logic puzzles using visual programming concepts
Create games using Blockly platform
Demonstrate understanding of programming fundamentals
Apply creative problem-solving skills

Key Concepts:

Blockly Platform: Google’s visual programming language
Logic Puzzles: Problems requiring systematic thinking
Algorithm Efficiency: Finding the best solution method
Pattern Recognition: Identifying repeated solutions
Creative Programming: Using code for artistic expression

Blockly vs. Scratch Comparison:

Feature	Scratch	Blockly
Focus	Storytelling & Games	Logic & Algorithms
Interface	Stage-based	Puzzle-based
Output	Animated Projects	Problem Solutions
Progression	Creative Expression	Mathematical Thinking

Logic Puzzle Types:

Maze Solving: Navigate through obstacles
Pattern Completion: Fill in missing sequences
Conditional Logic: IF/THEN decision making
Loop Optimization: Repeat actions efficiently

Grade 2-5 Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Game Development Project

Format: Scratch Game Creation + Presentation (45 minutes)

Part A: Game Planning (10 points)

Game Design Document - Create a simple plan including:

Game objective (what’s the goal?)
Main character description
Basic rules (how do you win/lose?)
Required sprites and backgrounds

Storyboard - Draw 3 screens showing:

Game start screen
Main gameplay
Win/lose screen

Part B: Game Implementation (25 points) 3. Core Functionality (15 points):

Character moves with arrow keys or WASD
At least one interactive element (enemy, collectible, obstacle)
Basic collision detection (touching = something happens)
Clear win or lose condition

Polish and Enhancement (10 points):

Sound effects or music
Visual feedback (score, lives, timer)
Smooth sprite movement
Creative backgrounds or costumes

Part C: Presentation and Reflection (15 points) 5. Game Demo (10 points):

Explain game rules clearly
Demonstrate gameplay for 2 minutes
Show different game scenarios
Handle questions from classmates

Technical Reflection (5 points):

Explain one challenging problem you solved
Describe one improvement you would make
Share one new Scratch skill you learned

Week 7-8 Assessment: Programming Concepts Mastery

Format: Mixed Assessment - Blockly Challenges + Scratch Review (50 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Logic Challenges (20 points)

Maze Navigation (8 points):

Complete 3 increasingly difficult maze puzzles
Use efficient solutions (minimal blocks)
Demonstrate understanding of loops and conditionals

Pattern Recognition (6 points):

Solve sequence completion puzzles
Identify and extend number/color patterns
Create original pattern for others to solve

Logic Puzzles (6 points):

Complete IF/THEN decision trees
Solve multi-step conditional problems
Optimize solutions for clarity

Part B: Concept Transfer (15 points) 4. Visual to Text Translation (10 points): Given this Scratch code block arrangement:

[When flag clicked] → [Forever] → [If touching mouse] → [Move 10 steps]

Write in pseudocode (plain English): “When the program starts, ________________”

Problem Decomposition (5 points): Break down this challenge into steps: “Create a sprite that follows the mouse but stops when it touches the edge”

Step 1: _______________ Step 2: _______________ Step 3: _______________ Step 4: _______________

Part C: Creative Application (15 points) 6. Original Algorithm (15 points): Choose ONE to complete:

Option A - Scratch: Create a “digital pet” that:

Follows mouse cursor
Changes expression when clicked
Makes sound when hungry (timer-based)
Has at least 3 different costumes

Option B - Blockly: Design a solution for:

Robot that sorts colored objects
Path that avoids all obstacles
Pattern that creates art using loops

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Exceeds requirements with creative solutions and clear explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Meets all requirements with good understanding demonstrated
Developing (70-79%): Meets most requirements but may have gaps in complex concepts
Novice (60-69%): Shows basic understanding but struggles with application
Beginning (Below 60%): Needs significant support to demonstrate concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Drone Laws, Emergency Procedures & Practical Flying

Week 6: Drone Laws and Regulations (Kenya Focus)

Learning Objectives:

Learn basic drone laws in Kenya (KCAA regulations)
Understand where and how children can fly drones legally
Develop awareness of responsible drone operation
Understand the importance of aviation safety

Key Concepts:

Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA): National aviation regulator
Drone Registration: Required identification and documentation
No-Fly Zones: Airports, government buildings, restricted areas
Altitude Restrictions: Maximum height limitations
Visual Line of Sight (VLOS): Maintaining visual contact
Privacy Laws: Respecting others’ rights and property

Kenya Drone Regulations Summary:

Registration Requirements:

All drones over 250g must be registered with KCAA
Operator license required for commercial operations
Age restrictions for different categories of operation

Operational Limits:

Maximum altitude: 400 feet (120 meters) AGL
Minimum distance from airports: 8km for major airports
No flying over crowds or public events
Daylight operations only (without special permits)

Prohibited Areas:

Within 5km of any airport
Over government buildings and installations
National parks without permits
Private property without permission

Safety and Legal Guidelines for Young Pilots:

Always have adult supervision
Start with toy drones under 250g
Practice in open, safe areas
Respect others’ privacy and property
Learn emergency procedures
Keep drone in sight at all times

Week 7: Emergency Procedures and Responsible Flying

Learning Objectives:

Review key safety and legal concepts from previous weeks
Understand emergency basics for beginner flyers
Develop decision-making skills for unexpected situations
Practice responsible pilot behavior

Key Concepts:

Emergency Procedures: Systematic responses to problems
Risk Assessment: Evaluating dangers before flying
Decision Making: Choosing appropriate actions under pressure
Communication: Alerting others during emergencies
Equipment Failure: What to do when drone malfunctions
Weather Awareness: Recognizing dangerous conditions

Emergency Scenarios and Responses:

Lost Communication with Drone:

Stay calm and observe drone behavior
Activate Return-to-Home (RTH) function if available
Move to higher ground for better signal
Prepare for manual landing if signal returns
Never chase after a flyaway drone

Low Battery Warning:

Immediately begin landing sequence
Choose nearest safe landing spot
Avoid flying over people or property
Land even if not at original takeoff point
Safety is more important than convenience

Unexpected Weather Changes:

Monitor weather conditions constantly
Land immediately if wind increases
Avoid flying in rain or snow
Watch for sudden temperature changes
When in doubt, don’t fly

Equipment Malfunction:

Attempt controlled landing immediately
Don’t try to fix problems while airborne
Inform other people in the area
Document the problem for later analysis
Never continue flying with known issues

Mission Planning Process:

Pre-flight Planning: Weather check, equipment inspection, route planning
Risk Assessment: Identify potential hazards and mitigation strategies
Communication Plan: Inform others of flight activities
Emergency Procedures: Know what to do if things go wrong
Post-flight Review: Analyze what went well and areas for improvement

Week 8: Practical Flying Skills and Team Challenges

Learning Objectives:

Demonstrate ability to control a mini drone (takeoff, hover, land)
Apply basic flight skills in problem-solving mission scenarios
Work as a team to complete drone-based challenges
Evaluate personal progress and set goals for improvement

Key Concepts:

Flight Control Mastery: Smooth, precise drone movements
Situational Awareness: Understanding surroundings during flight
Mission Planning: Preparing for specific flight objectives
Teamwork: Collaborative problem-solving with drones
Performance Evaluation: Self-assessment and peer feedback
Safety Leadership: Taking responsibility for safe operations

Basic Flight Skills Progression:

Fundamental Controls:

Smooth takeoff to hover
Maintaining steady hover
Controlled landing
Forward/backward movement
Left/right movement
Rotation control

Intermediate Maneuvers:

Figure-8 patterns
Precision landing on target
Obstacle avoidance
Following predetermined paths
Coordinated movements

Advanced Challenges:

Team relay races
Rescue simulations
Precision delivery tasks
Group choreography
Time-based challenges

Mission Scenarios:

Mission 1: Search and Rescue

Objective: Locate “missing person” (target) in designated area
Skills: Systematic search patterns, communication, observation
Time limit: 5 minutes
Success criteria: Target identified and location communicated

Mission 2: Delivery Challenge

Objective: Transport small payload from Point A to Point B
Skills: Precision flying, cargo management, safe landing
Obstacles: Wind conditions, landing accuracy requirements
Success criteria: Payload delivered undamaged within time limit

Mission 3: Team Coordination

Objective: Multiple drones work together to complete complex task
Skills: Communication, timing, spatial awareness
Challenge: Choreographed flight pattern or group problem-solving
Success criteria: All drones complete task without collisions

Safety Protocols for Practical Flying:

Always maintain 10-foot safety zone around flying area
Designate specific roles: pilot, observer, safety officer
Use hand signals for communication during loud operations
Practice emergency landing procedures before each session
Rotate roles so everyone experiences different responsibilities

Grade 6-9 Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Drone Laws and Regulations

Format: Written Test + Legal Scenario Analysis (40 minutes)

Part A: Kenya Aviation Law Knowledge (25 points)

KCAA Regulations (10 points) Fill in the blanks:

Drones over ______ grams must be registered with KCAA
Maximum altitude for recreational flying is ______ feet
Minimum distance from major airports is ______ kilometers
Commercial drone operations require a ______ license
Drones must remain within ______ line of sight

No-Fly Zone Identification (10 points) Mark TRUE or FALSE for each flying location:

Your school playground during lunch break: ______
Open field 2km from Wilson Airport: ______
Your backyard with adult supervision: ______
Uhuru Park during a public event: ______
Private farm with owner’s permission: ______

Legal Compliance (5 points) List 3 requirements for legally flying a drone in Kenya:

Part B: Scenario-Based Decision Making (20 points)

Legal Scenarios (20 points) For each scenario, explain if the action is legal and why:

Scenario A: Sarah wants to fly her 300g drone over her neighbor’s house to take photos of her own backyard. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario B: James plans to fly his registered drone at 200 feet altitude in an open field 10km from any airport during daylight hours. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario C: A group of students want to use their drone for a school project, filming the school building from 100 feet up. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario D: Ahmed wants to fly his 150g toy drone in his compound for 10 minutes. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Part C: Responsible Pilot Planning (15 points)

Pre-flight Checklist (15 points) Create a 10-item pre-flight checklist that includes legal, safety, and equipment considerations:

[Continue through 10]

Week 7-8 Assessment: Emergency Procedures and Practical Skills

Format: Practical Flight Test + Emergency Response Simulation (60 minutes)

Part A: Emergency Response Knowledge (20 points)

Emergency Procedures (15 points) Describe the correct response for each emergency:

Low Battery Warning: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Lost Radio Contact: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Sudden Weather Change: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Risk Assessment (5 points) Identify 3 risks for flying in each environment:

School playground: ____________, ____________, ____________
Open field: ____________, ____________, ____________

Part B: Practical Flight Skills Assessment (30 points)

Basic Flight Controls (15 points) Demonstrate competency in:

Smooth takeoff and landing (3 points)
Stable hovering for 30 seconds (3 points)
Forward/backward precision movement (3 points)
Left/right precision movement (3 points)
Controlled rotation (3 points)

Mission Challenge (15 points) Complete ONE of the following missions:

Option A - Navigation Course:

Fly through 5 waypoints in sequence
Land within 1-meter target circle
Complete within 3 minutes

Option B - Team Coordination:

Work with partner to complete relay challenge
Communicate effectively during handoff
Maintain safety throughout mission

Part C: Leadership and Safety Evaluation (15 points)

Safety Leadership (8 points) While others are flying, demonstrate:

Proper safety zone maintenance
Clear communication with pilot
Appropriate responses to unsafe situations
Helpful coaching and encouragement

Self-Assessment and Goal Setting (7 points) Written reflection:

What flight skill are you most confident with? Why?
What area needs the most improvement?
Set one specific goal for future drone flying
Describe one way you can help others fly safely

Practical Skills Rubric:

Expert Pilot (90-100%): Demonstrates advanced skills, teaches others, shows exceptional safety awareness
Competent Pilot (80-89%): Performs all basic skills reliably, follows safety protocols consistently
Developing Pilot (70-79%): Shows improvement in most areas, occasional guidance needed
Novice Pilot (60-69%): Basic skills present but inconsistent, needs continued practice
Beginning Pilot (Below 60%): Requires significant instruction and supervision

Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced Python Projects & Integration

Week 6-7: Integrated Systems Project (Combined Weeks)

Learning Objectives:

Combine motors and sensors in complex systems
Debug integrated hardware/software systems
Apply creative problem-solving to real-world challenges
Document projects professionally

Key Concepts:

Systems Integration: Combining multiple components into unified solutions
Hardware-Software Interface: Code that bridges digital and physical worlds
System Architecture: Planning complex projects with multiple subsystems
Error Handling: Managing failures gracefully in complex systems
Performance Optimization: Making systems run efficiently
Documentation Standards: Professional project recording

Advanced Integration Concepts:

1. Multi-Sensor Fusion

import threading
import queue
from gpiozero import DistanceSensor, MotionSensor, MCP3008
from time import sleep
import json

class SensorFusion:
    def __init__(self):
        self.distance_sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)
        self.motion_sensor = MotionSensor(4)
        self.light_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)
        self.temp_sensor = MCP3008(channel=1)

        # Data queues for thread communication
        self.sensor_data = queue.Queue()
        self.running = False

    def read_sensors(self):
        """Continuous sensor reading in separate thread"""
        while self.running:
            try:
                data = {
                    'timestamp': time.time(),
                    'distance': self.distance_sensor.distance * 100,
                    'motion': self.motion_sensor.motion_detected,
                    'light_level': self.light_sensor.voltage,
                    'temperature': self.convert_temp(self.temp_sensor.voltage)
                }
                self.sensor_data.put(data)
                sleep(0.1)  # 10Hz sampling rate
            except Exception as e:
                print(f"Sensor reading error: {e}")

    def convert_temp(self, voltage):
        """Convert sensor voltage to temperature"""
        return (voltage - 0.5) * 100  # Example conversion

    def start_monitoring(self):
        """Start sensor monitoring thread"""
        self.running = True
        self.sensor_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_sensors)
        self.sensor_thread.start()

    def stop_monitoring(self):
        """Stop sensor monitoring"""
        self.running = False
        if hasattr(self, 'sensor_thread'):
            self.sensor_thread.join()

2. Intelligent Control Systems

class SmartEnvironmentController:
    def __init__(self):
        self.sensors = SensorFusion()
        self.fan_motor = Motor(forward=2, backward=3)
        self.heater_relay = OutputDevice(18)
        self.lights = PWMOutputDevice(19)

        # Control parameters
        self.target_temp = 22.0  # Target temperature in Celsius
        self.temp_tolerance = 1.0
        self.light_threshold = 0.3

        # Control state
        self.auto_mode = True
        self.manual_override = False

    def analyze_environment(self, sensor_data):
        """Intelligent decision making based on sensor data"""
        decisions = {
            'fan_speed': 0.0,
            'heater_on': False,
            'light_level': 0.0,
            'alert_status': 'normal'
        }

        # Temperature control logic
        temp_diff = sensor_data['temperature'] - self.target_temp

        if temp_diff > self.temp_tolerance:  # Too hot
            decisions['fan_speed'] = min(1.0, temp_diff / 5.0)  # Scale fan speed
            decisions['heater_on'] = False
        elif temp_diff < -self.temp_tolerance:  # Too cold
            decisions['fan_speed'] = 0.0
            decisions['heater_on'] = True

        # Light control logic
        if sensor_data['light_level'] < self.light_threshold:
            decisions['light_level'] = 1.0 - sensor_data['light_level']  # Complement lighting

        # Security monitoring
        if sensor_data['motion'] and sensor_data['distance'] < 20:  # Close motion
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'intrusion_detected'
        elif sensor_data['distance'] < 5:  # Very close object
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'obstacle_warning'

        return decisions

    def execute_controls(self, decisions):
        """Execute control decisions"""
        if not self.manual_override:
            # Motor control
            if decisions['fan_speed'] > 0:
                self.fan_motor.forward(decisions['fan_speed'])
            else:
                self.fan_motor.stop()

            # Heater control
            if decisions['heater_on']:
                self.heater_relay.on()
            else:
                self.heater_relay.off()

            # Light control
            self.lights.value = decisions['light_level']

    def run_control_loop(self):
        """Main control loop"""
        self.sensors.start_monitoring()

        try:
            while True:
                if not self.sensors.sensor_data.empty():
                    current_data = self.sensors.sensor_data.get()
                    decisions = self.analyze_environment(current_data)
                    self.execute_controls(decisions)

                    # Log system status
                    self.log_system_status(current_data, decisions)

                sleep(0.5)  # Control loop frequency

        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            print("Shutting down control system...")
        finally:
            self.sensors.stop_monitoring()
            self.fan_motor.stop()
            self.heater_relay.off()
            self.lights.off()

    def log_system_status(self, sensor_data, decisions):
        """Log system performance data"""
        log_entry = {
            'timestamp': sensor_data['timestamp'],
            'sensors': sensor_data,
            'controls': decisions,
            'mode': 'auto' if self.auto_mode else 'manual'
        }

        # In a real system, this would write to a file or database
        print(f"System Status: Temp={sensor_data['temperature']:.1f}°C, "
              f"Fan={decisions['fan_speed']:.1f}, "
              f"Alert={decisions['alert_status']}")

3. Project Documentation Standards

"""
Smart Environment Control System
================================

Project: IoT Environmental Controller
Author: Student Name
Date: Current Date
Version: 1.0

Description:
    An intelligent system that monitors environmental conditions and automatically
    adjusts heating, cooling, and lighting based on sensor feedback.

Hardware Requirements:
    - Raspberry Pi 4 or similar
    - Temperature sensor (DS18B20 or similar)
    - Light sensor (LDR with MCP3008 ADC)
    - Motion sensor (PIR)
    - Distance sensor (HC-SR04)
    - DC Motor (for fan simulation)
    - Relay module (for heater control)
    - PWM-controlled LED (for lighting)

Software Dependencies:
    - Python 3.7+
    - gpiozero library
    - threading module (standard library)
    - queue module (standard library)
    - json module (standard library)

Installation:
    pip install gpiozero

Usage:
    python smart_environment.py

Configuration:
    Modify target_temp and light_threshold variables in SmartEnvironmentController
    class to adjust system behavior.

Testing:
    Run included test functions to verify sensor readings and control outputs
    before deploying the full system.

Known Issues:
    - Temperature sensor calibration may need adjustment for local conditions
    - Motion sensor has 2-second reset time that affects rapid detection

Future Enhancements:
    - Web interface for remote monitoring
    - Data logging to CSV files
    - Machine learning for predictive control
    - Mobile app integration
"""

Project Examples for Students:

Project 1: Smart Garden Monitor

Monitors soil moisture, light, and temperature
Controls watering pump and grow lights
Logs plant growth data
Sends alerts when intervention needed

Project 2: Home Security System

Multiple sensor integration (motion, door, window)
Camera trigger on detection
SMS/email notifications
Mobile app control interface

Project 3: Weather Station

Measures temperature, humidity, pressure, wind
Data logging with timestamps
Weather prediction algorithms
Web dashboard for data visualization

Project 4: Automated Greenhouse

Climate control (temperature, humidity)
Automated watering system
Light cycle management
Growth optimization algorithms

Week 8: Project Presentations and Assessment

Learning Objectives:

Present technical projects professionally
Give and receive constructive feedback
Self-evaluate learning progress and achievements
Plan next steps for continued learning

Key Concepts:

Technical Communication: Explaining complex systems clearly
Presentation Skills: Engaging audiences with technical content
Peer Review: Constructive feedback and collaboration
Self-Assessment: Honest evaluation of own work
Professional Development: Planning continued learning paths
Portfolio Building: Documenting achievements for future opportunities

Presentation Structure:

Project Overview (2 minutes)

Problem statement and objectives
Target audience and use cases
Key features and functionality

Technical Demonstration (2 minutes)

Live system operation
Key components and how they work
Code walkthrough of critical sections

Challenges and Solutions (1 minute)

Major obstacles encountered
Creative solutions implemented
Lessons learned from failures

Evaluation Criteria:

Technical Merit (40%):

System functionality and reliability
Code quality and organization
Creative problem-solving approach
Integration of multiple technologies

Communication (30%):

Clear explanation of technical concepts
Engaging presentation delivery
Appropriate use of visual aids
Effective response to questions

Documentation (20%):

Complete project documentation
Code comments and structure
User instructions and setup guides
Reflection on learning process

Collaboration (10%):

Constructive feedback to peers
Professional interaction during Q&A
Willingness to share knowledge
Respectful critique and discussion

Python Programming Trivia Challenge: End the term with fun technical questions:

What does “PEP 8” refer to in Python?
What’s the difference between == and is in Python?
How do you handle exceptions in Python?
What is a Python decorator?
What’s the difference between a list and a tuple?

Grade 10-12 Final Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Integrated Systems Project Assessment

Format: Major Project + Technical Presentation + Peer Review (2 weeks + presentation day)

Project Requirements: Students must create an integrated system that combines:

At least 3 different sensors
At least 2 actuators (motors, lights, relays, etc.)
Data logging and analysis
User interface (command line or simple GUI)
Error handling and safety features

Part A: Technical Implementation (40 points)

System Design (10 points)

Clear problem definition and solution approach
System architecture diagram showing component relationships
Hardware schematic or connection diagram
Software flowchart or algorithm description

Code Quality (15 points)

Well-structured, modular code with functions/classes
Appropriate variable names and code organization
Comprehensive comments explaining complex sections
Error handling for hardware failures
Efficient algorithms and resource usage

Hardware Integration (15 points)

Stable sensor readings with appropriate filtering
Reliable actuator control with safety limits
Proper electrical connections and component usage
System operates reliably for extended periods
Professional cable management and mounting

Part B: Documentation and Communication (25 points)

Project Documentation (15 points) Create a complete project report including:

Executive summary of project goals and achievements
Detailed technical specifications and requirements
Installation and setup instructions
User manual with clear operating procedures
Troubleshooting guide for common problems
Code documentation with API reference

Technical Presentation (10 points)

Clear 5-minute presentation explaining project
Live demonstration of working system
Professional slides with technical diagrams
Confident handling of technical questions
Appropriate use of technical vocabulary

Part C: Innovation and Problem Solving (20 points)

Creative Solutions (10 points)

Original approach to solving chosen problem
Creative use of available hardware and software
Evidence of iterative design and improvement
Solutions show depth of understanding beyond basic requirements

Advanced Features (10 points) Choose and implement at least TWO:

Machine learning or AI decision making
Network communication (IoT connectivity)
Mobile app or web interface
Data visualization and analytics
Predictive algorithms or optimization
Integration with external APIs or services

Part D: Professional Skills (15 points)

Peer Collaboration (8 points)

Constructive feedback provided to classmates
Professional behavior during presentations
Willingness to help others debug problems
Respectful and insightful questions during Q&A

Self-Assessment (7 points) Written reflection addressing:

Most significant technical challenge and how you overcame it
What you would do differently if starting over
How this project connects to potential career interests
Specific skills you want to develop further
Your confidence level with different aspects of the project

Sample Project Evaluation Rubric:

Exceptional (90-100%)

System exceeds all requirements with innovative features
Code is publication-quality with comprehensive documentation
Presentation is engaging and demonstrates deep understanding
Shows leadership in helping others and contributing to class learning
Self-reflection shows sophisticated understanding of learning process

Proficient (80-89%)

System meets all requirements reliably
Code is well-structured with good documentation
Presentation is clear and technically accurate
Actively participates in peer learning and feedback
Self-reflection shows good awareness of strengths and growth areas

Developing (70-79%)

System meets most requirements with minor issues
Code works but may have organizational or documentation gaps
Presentation covers required topics but may lack depth
Participates adequately in class activities
Self-reflection shows basic understanding of learning process

Beginning (60-69%)

System meets basic requirements but has significant limitations
Code works for demonstration but has structural or reliability issues
Presentation covers basics but shows limited understanding
Minimal participation in peer activities
Self-reflection is superficial or lacks insight

Incomplete (Below 60%)

System fails to meet basic requirements or doesn’t function reliably
Code has major issues that prevent proper operation
Presentation is unclear or shows misunderstanding of concepts
Little to no participation in collaborative learning
Self-reflection missing or shows no evidence of learning

Term 1 Final Portfolio Assessment - All Grade Levels

Portfolio Components Checklist

For All Students:

Weekly reflection journals documenting learning progress
Photo documentation of all projects and experiments
Completed weekly assessments with corrections
Evidence of peer collaboration and teaching
Self-assessment of growth in each major topic area

Grade-Specific Additions:

Preschoolers (4-6 years):

Drawings of favorite STEM activities
Parent/teacher observation notes on engagement and skills
Examples of unplugged coding sequences created
Photos of technology exploration activities

Grade 2-5 (7-11 years):

Screenshots of completed Scratch projects
Blockly puzzle solutions and explanations
Game design documents and storyboards
Video explanations of programming concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 years):

Drone safety checklist created and used
Mission planning worksheets with risk assessments
Photos/videos of practical flying sessions
Research report on drone applications in chosen field

Grade 10-12 (14-16 years):

Complete code repositories with documentation
Hardware connection diagrams and schematics
Data analysis reports from sensor projects
Technical presentation slides and demonstration videos

Cross-Grade Learning Objectives Mastery

By the end of Term 1, students should demonstrate:

Preschoolers:

Basic understanding of STEM concepts through play
Ability to follow simple sequences and patterns
Safe interaction with age-appropriate technology
Curiosity and engagement with hands-on exploration

Grade 2-5:

Fundamental programming concepts using visual languages
Ability to create simple games and interactive stories
Understanding of sequence, loops, and basic logic
Confidence in debugging and problem-solving

Grade 6-9:

Comprehensive understanding of drone safety and regulations
Practical flying skills with safety awareness
Knowledge of aviation principles and laws
Teamwork and communication skills in technical contexts

Grade 10-12:

Proficiency in Python programming for hardware control
Ability to integrate multiple sensors and actuators
Professional documentation and presentation skills
Independent problem-solving and creative innovation

Preparation for Term 2

Preschoolers → Scratch Junior Programming:

Continue building sequencing skills
Introduction to tablet-based programming
Creative storytelling with technology

Grade 2-5 → IoT Integration with Sensors:

Bridge from visual programming to physical computing
Introduction to sensors and real-world data
Beginning electronics and circuit concepts

Grade 6-9 → Smart Home Security:

Apply drone safety concepts to IoT systems
Introduction to sensors and automation
Home automation and security principles

Grade 10-12 → Smart Cities:

Scale up from individual projects to community solutions
Advanced IoT networking and data analysis
Social impact of technology solutions

Additional Resources and Extensions

Online Learning Platforms:

Preschoolers: PBS Kids programming games, Kodable app
Grade 2-5: Scratch Jr., Code.org courses, Blockly games
Grade 6-9: DroneBlocks, FAA educational materials, aviation simulation games
Grade 10-12: Python.org tutorials, Raspberry Pi Foundation projects, GitHub learning labs

STEM Career Connections:

Robotics Engineer: Designs and builds robots for various applications
Software Developer: Creates programs and applications for computers and devices
Drone Pilot: Professional UAV operations for photography, surveying, delivery
IoT Developer: Connects everyday objects to the internet for smart automation
Data Scientist: Analyzes sensor data to find patterns and make predictions

Community Extension Activities:

Science Fair Projects: Using skills learned to create original investigations
STEM Club Leadership: Teaching younger students basic concepts
Community Problem Solving: Identifying local problems that technology could help solve
Maker Space Participation: Continuing projects in community workshop environments

Assessment Data Tracking: Teachers should maintain records of:

Individual student progress through learning objectives
Common areas of difficulty requiring additional support
Exceptional student work that could be showcased
Parent/guardian feedback on home engagement with STEM concepts
Equipment and resource needs for optimal program delivery

Notes

I’ve created a comprehensive set of notes and assessment tests for Term 1 across all grade levels (Preschoolers through Grade 10-12). The document includes:

What’s Included:

For Each Grade Level:

Detailed weekly lesson notes covering weeks 1-8 content
Key concepts and learning objectives for each topic
Practical examples and code samples (for programming grades)
Age-appropriate assessment tests with multiple formats

Assessment Formats:

Preschoolers (4-6): Practical/observational assessments with hands-on activities
Grade 2-5 (7-11): Computer-based Scratch/Blockly challenges
Grade 6-9 (11-14): Written tests + practical drone safety demonstrations
Grade 10-12 (14-16): Coding assignments + hardware integration projects

Key Features:

✅ Covers all 8 weeks of Term 1 content
✅ Aligned with curriculum from the IoT & Robotics document
✅ Progressive difficulty appropriate for each age group
✅ Practical assessments that test real understanding
✅ Detailed rubrics for fair evaluation
✅ Extension activities for advanced learners
✅ Safety guidelines and best practices

Topics Covered:

Preschoolers: STEM basics, simple machines, unplugged coding
Grade 2-5: Scratch programming, Blockly games, interface navigation
Grade 6-9: Drone basics, aviation principles, safety regulations
Grade 10-12: Python programming, hardware control, sensor integration

Perfect! I’ve now completed the comprehensive Term 1 notes and assessment materials covering all 8 weeks for all grade levels. Here’s what’s now included:

Assessment Test

Intro - Grade 10 - 12

Term 1 Final Portfolio Assessment - All Grade Levels

Portfolio Components Checklist

For All Students:

Weekly reflection journals documenting learning progress
Photo documentation of all projects and experiments
Completed weekly assessments with corrections
Evidence of peer collaboration and teaching
Self-assessment of growth in each major topic area

Grade-Specific Additions:

Preschoolers (4-6 years):

Drawings of favorite STEM activities
Parent/teacher observation notes on engagement and skills
Examples of unplugged coding sequences created
Photos of technology exploration activities

Grade 2-5 (7-11 years):

Screenshots of completed Scratch projects
Blockly puzzle solutions and explanations
Game design documents and storyboards
Video explanations of programming concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 years):

Drone safety checklist created and used
Mission planning worksheets with risk assessments
Photos/videos of practical flying sessions
Research report on drone applications in chosen field

Grade 10-12 (14-16 years):

Complete code repositories with documentation
Hardware connection diagrams and schematics
Data analysis reports from sensor projects
Technical presentation slides and demonstration videos

Cross-Grade Learning Objectives Mastery

By the end of Term 1, students should demonstrate:

Preschoolers:

Basic understanding of STEM concepts through play
Ability to follow simple sequences and patterns
Safe interaction with age-appropriate technology
Curiosity and engagement with hands-on exploration

Grade 2-5:

Fundamental programming concepts using visual languages
Ability to create simple games and interactive stories
Understanding of sequence, loops, and basic logic
Confidence in debugging and problem-solving

Grade 6-9:

Comprehensive understanding of drone safety and regulations
Practical flying skills with safety awareness
Knowledge of aviation principles and laws
Teamwork and communication skills in technical contexts

Grade 10-12:

Proficiency in Python programming for hardware control
Ability to integrate multiple sensors and actuators
Professional documentation and presentation skills
Independent problem-solving and creative innovation

Preparation for Term 2

Preschoolers → Scratch Junior Programming:

Continue building sequencing skills
Introduction to tablet-based programming
Creative storytelling with technology

Grade 2-5 → IoT Integration with Sensors:

Bridge from visual programming to physical computing
Introduction to sensors and real-world data
Beginning electronics and circuit concepts

Grade 6-9 → Smart Home Security:

Apply drone safety concepts to IoT systems
Introduction to sensors and automation
Home automation and security principles

Grade 10-12 → Smart Cities:

Scale up from individual projects to community solutions
Advanced IoT networking and data analysis
Social impact of technology solutions

Additional Resources and Extensions

Online Learning Platforms:

Preschoolers: PBS Kids programming games, Kodable app
Grade 2-5: Scratch Jr., Code.org courses, Blockly games
Grade 6-9: DroneBlocks, FAA educational materials, aviation simulation games
Grade 10-12: Python.org tutorials, Raspberry Pi Foundation projects, GitHub learning labs

STEM Career Connections:

Robotics Engineer: Designs and builds robots for various applications
Software Developer: Creates programs and applications for computers and devices
Drone Pilot: Professional UAV operations for photography, surveying, delivery
IoT Developer: Connects everyday objects to the internet for smart automation
Data Scientist: Analyzes sensor data to find patterns and make predictions

Community Extension Activities:

Science Fair Projects: Using skills learned to create original investigations
STEM Club Leadership: Teaching younger students basic concepts
Community Problem Solving: Identifying local problems that technology could help solve
Maker Space Participation: Continuing projects in community workshop environments

Assessment Data Tracking: Teachers should maintain records of:

Individual student progress through learning objectives
Common areas of difficulty requiring additional support
Exceptional student work that could be showcased
Parent/guardian feedback on home engagement with STEM concepts
Equipment and resource needs for optimal program delivery

Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years)

Term 1: Introduction to Python Basics

Week 1: Writing Structured Python Code

Learning Objectives:

Understand Python syntax and structure
Learn proper code formatting and indentation
Write clean, readable code following best practices
Understand variables, data types, and basic operations

Key Concepts:

Python: High-level programming language
Syntax: Rules for writing Python code
Indentation: Using spaces to organize code structure
Variables: Named storage for data values
Data Types: int, float, string, boolean
Comments: Documentation within code using #
Print Statement: Displaying output to screen

Code Structure Best Practices:

# Header comment explaining the program
# Author: Your Name
# Date: Today's Date

# Import statements
import module_name

# Constants (UPPERCASE naming)
MAX_VALUE = 100

# Main program logic
def main():
    # Variable declarations
    user_name = "Student"
    age = 16

    # Program logic with proper indentation
    print(f"Hello, {user_name}!")
    print(f"You are {age} years old.")

# Run the program
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Week 2: Functions and Loops

Learning Objectives:

Create and use custom functions
Understand function parameters and return values
Implement for loops and while loops
Apply loops to solve repetitive tasks

Key Concepts:

Function: Reusable block of code that performs a specific task
Parameters: Input values passed to functions
Return Value: Output value from a function
For Loop: Repeats code a specific number of times
While Loop: Repeats code while a condition is true
Range Function: Generates sequences of numbers
Iteration: Each repetition of a loop
Loop Control: Managing when loops start and stop

Function Examples:

# Simple function with no parameters
def greet():
    print("Hello, World!")

# Function with parameters
def greet_person(name, age):
    print(f"Hello, {name}! You are {age} years old.")

# Function with return value
def calculate_area(length, width):
    area = length * width
    return area

# Using functions
greet()
greet_person("Alice", 16)
room_area = calculate_area(10, 12)
print(f"Room area: {room_area} square meters")

Loop Examples:

# For loop with range
for i in range(5):
    print(f"Count: {i}")

# For loop with list
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
for fruit in fruits:
    print(f"I like {fruit}")

# While loop
count = 0
while count < 3:
    print(f"While loop count: {count}")
    count += 1

Week 3: Using Python Libraries

Learning Objectives:

Understand what Python libraries are and why they’re useful
Learn to import and use common libraries
Work with GPIOZero and time libraries
Explore library documentation and help systems

Key Concepts:

Library/Module: Pre-written code that adds functionality
Import Statement: Bringing library functions into your program
GPIOZero: Library for controlling Raspberry Pi GPIO pins
Time Library: Functions for working with time and delays
Documentation: Instructions for using library functions
API: Application Programming Interface - how to use library functions

Library Usage Examples:

# Importing entire modules
import time
import math

# Importing specific functions
from gpiozero import LED, Button
from time import sleep

# Using time library
print("Starting program...")
time.sleep(2)  # Wait 2 seconds
print("2 seconds have passed!")

# Using math library
import math
radius = 5
area = math.pi * radius ** 2
print(f"Circle area: {area:.2f}")

# Using GPIOZero (for Raspberry Pi)
led = LED(18)  # LED connected to GPIO pin 18
button = Button(2)  # Button connected to GPIO pin 2

# Turn LED on and off
led.on()
sleep(1)
led.off()

Week 4: Controlling Motors with Python

Learning Objectives:

Understand how to interface with motors using Python
Learn about PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) for motor control
Control motor speed and direction
Implement safety features in motor control code

Key Concepts:

Motor Control: Using code to make motors move
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): Method to control motor speed
Duty Cycle: Percentage of time signal is “on” vs “off”
Direction Control: Making motors spin clockwise/counterclockwise
Motor Driver: Electronics that interface between Python and motors
Safety Features: Code to prevent motor damage

Motor Control Examples:

from gpiozero import Motor, PWMOutputDevice
from time import sleep

# Create motor object (assuming H-bridge motor driver)
motor = Motor(forward=2, backward=3, enable=18)

# Basic motor control
def basic_motor_test():
    print("Motor forward at full speed")
    motor.forward(1.0)  # Full speed forward
    sleep(2)

    print("Motor forward at half speed")
    motor.forward(0.5)  # Half speed forward
    sleep(2)

    print("Motor stopped")
    motor.stop()
    sleep(1)

    print("Motor backward at full speed")
    motor.backward(1.0)  # Full speed backward
    sleep(2)

    motor.stop()
    print("Motor test complete")

# PWM speed control example
def speed_ramp_test():
    print("Ramping motor speed up...")
    for speed in range(0, 101, 10):  # 0 to 100% in 10% steps
        motor_speed = speed / 100.0
        motor.forward(motor_speed)
        print(f"Speed: {speed}%")
        sleep(0.5)

    motor.stop()
    print("Speed ramp complete")

# Run the tests
basic_motor_test()
sleep(2)
speed_ramp_test()

Week 5: Controlling Sensors with Python

Learning Objectives:

Interface with various sensors using Python
Read and process sensor data
Implement sensor-based decision making
Create responsive programs based on sensor input

Key Concepts:

Sensor: Device that detects and measures physical properties
Analog vs Digital: Different types of sensor signals
ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter): Converts analog signals to digital
Sensor Calibration: Adjusting sensor readings for accuracy
Data Processing: Converting raw sensor data to useful information
Polling vs Interrupts: Different ways to read sensor data

Common Sensors:

Temperature sensors: Measure environmental temperature
Light sensors (LDR): Detect light intensity
Ultrasonic sensors: Measure distance using sound waves
Motion sensors (PIR): Detect movement
Pressure sensors: Measure force or pressure

Sensor Control Examples:

from gpiozero import MCP3008, DistanceSensor, MotionSensor, LED
from time import sleep
import statistics

# Temperature sensor (using analog input)
temp_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)

def read_temperature():
    # Convert voltage to temperature (example conversion)
    voltage = temp_sensor.voltage
    temperature_c = (voltage - 0.5) * 100  # Example conversion formula
    temperature_f = (temperature_c * 9/5) + 32
    return temperature_c, temperature_f

# Distance sensor (ultrasonic)
distance_sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)

def monitor_distance():
    print("Distance monitoring (press Ctrl+C to stop)")
    try:
        while True:
            distance = distance_sensor.distance * 100  # Convert to cm
            print(f"Distance: {distance:.1f} cm")

            if distance < 10:
                print("WARNING: Object too close!")

            sleep(0.5)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("Distance monitoring stopped")

# Motion sensor with LED indicator
motion = MotionSensor(4)
alert_led = LED(18)

def motion_detector():
    print("Motion detector active...")

    def motion_detected():
        print("Motion detected!")
        alert_led.on()
        sleep(2)
        alert_led.off()

    def no_motion():
        print("No motion")
        alert_led.off()

    # Set up motion sensor callbacks
    motion.when_motion = motion_detected
    motion.when_no_motion = no_motion

    # Keep program running
    try:
        while True:
            sleep(0.1)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("Motion detector stopped")

# Data logging example
def log_sensor_data():
    readings = []
    print("Collecting sensor data for 30 seconds...")

    start_time = time.time()
    while time.time() - start_time < 30:
        temp_c, temp_f = read_temperature()
        distance = distance_sensor.distance * 100

        readings.append({
            'timestamp': time.time(),
            'temperature_c': temp_c,
            'temperature_f': temp_f,
            'distance_cm': distance
        })

        print(f"Temp: {temp_c:.1f}°C, Distance: {distance:.1f}cm")
        sleep(1)

    # Calculate statistics
    temps = [r['temperature_c'] for r in readings]
    distances = [r['distance_cm'] for r in readings]

    print(f"\nData Summary:")
    print(f"Average temperature: {statistics.mean(temps):.1f}°C")
    print(f"Min/Max temperature: {min(temps):.1f}°C / {max(temps):.1f}°C")
    print(f"Average distance: {statistics.mean(distances):.1f}cm")
    print(f"Min/Max distance: {min(distances):.1f}cm / {max(distances):.1f}cm")

# Example usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Run different examples
    monitor_distance()  # Uncomment to run distance monitoring
    # motion_detector()  # Uncomment to run motion detection
    # log_sensor_data()  # Uncomment to run data logging

Assessment Test - Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: Python Fundamentals

Format: Coding Assignment + Written Questions (60 minutes)

Part A: Code Structure and Syntax (25 points)

Fix the following code and explain what was wrong (10 points):

# Broken code:
def calculate average(num1, num2, num3)
average = num1 + num2 + num3 / 3
print("The average is" + average)
return average

calculate average(10, 20, 30)

Your corrected code:

# Write corrected version here

Explanation of errors: ____

Write a well-structured Python program (15 points): Create a program that:

Has proper header comments
Uses appropriate variable names
Calculates the area of different shapes (circle, rectangle, triangle)
Uses functions with parameters and return values
Follows proper indentation and formatting

Part B: Functions and Loops (30 points)

Write a function called print_multiplication_table (15 points):

Takes one parameter: number
Prints multiplication table for that number (1-10)
Uses a for loop
Example output for print_multiplication_table(3):

3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
... etc

Password Checker Program (15 points): Write a program using while loop that:

Asks user to enter a password
Keeps asking until they enter “python123”
Counts number of attempts
Prints “Access granted” when correct
Prints number of attempts it took

Week 3-5 Assessment: Libraries and Hardware Control

Format: Practical Coding Project (75 minutes)

Part A: Library Usage (20 points)

Complete this sensor reading program (20 points):

from gpiozero import MCP3008
from time import sleep
import ______  # What library do you need for calculating average?

# Create sensor object
light_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)

def read_light_levels():
    readings = []

    # Collect 10 readings
    for i in range(______):  # Fill in the range
        reading = light_sensor.______  # What property gives the reading?
        readings.append(reading)
        print(f"Reading {i+1}: {reading:.3f}")
        sleep(0.5)

    # Calculate and print statistics
    average = ______.mean(readings)  # Which function calculates mean?
    maximum = ______(readings)  # Built-in function for maximum
    minimum = ______(readings)  # Built-in function for minimum

    print(f"Average: {average:.3f}")
    print(f"Maximum: {maximum:.3f}")
    print(f"Minimum: {minimum:.3f}")

# Call the function
read_light_levels()

Part B: Motor Control Project (25 points)

Smart Fan Controller (25 points): Write a program that simulates a smart fan controller:

Use a temperature sensor to read room temperature
Control a motor (fan) based on temperature:
- Below 20°C: Fan off
- 20-25°C: Fan at 30% speed
- 25-30°C: Fan at 60% speed
- Above 30°C: Fan at 100% speed
Print current temperature and fan speed every 2 seconds
Include safety features (motor stop function)

Part C: Sensor Integration Challenge (30 points)

Security System Prototype (30 points): Create a basic security system that:

Uses a motion sensor to detect movement
Uses a distance sensor to detect objects too close
Controls LEDs to indicate system status:
- Green LED: System normal
- Yellow LED: Motion detected
- Red LED: Intrusion alert (object < 20cm)
Logs events with timestamps
Runs continuously until user presses Ctrl+C

Requirements:

Use at least 3 different libraries
Include proper error handling
Use functions to organize code
Add meaningful comments
Follow Python coding best practices

Sample code structure:

from gpiozero import MotionSensor, DistanceSensor, LED
from time import sleep
import time

# Hardware setup
motion = MotionSensor(4)
distance = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)
green_led = LED(18)
yellow_led = LED(19)
red_led = LED(20)

def log_event(message):
    # Write function to log events with timestamp
    pass

def check_security():
    # Write function to check all sensors and control LEDs
    pass

def main():
    # Write main program loop
    pass

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Continuation - Weeks 6-8 for All Grade Levels

Preschoolers (4-6 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced STEM Exploration & Technology Awareness

Week 6: Technology Parts Awareness

Learning Objectives:

Use coding to tell stories, solve challenges, or navigate mazes
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically be able to follow code on floor grids
Build confidence and persistence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Technology Components: Basic parts that make devices work
Circuits: Paths that electricity follows
Assembly/Disassembly: Taking apart and putting together
Electronics Safety: Safe handling of batteries and components
Problem-Solving: Trying different solutions when something doesn’t work

Activities:

Technology Exploration: Examine old keyboards, phones, calculators
Simple Circuits: Connect bulbs to batteries with safe materials
Assembly Practice: Take apart and reassemble simple toys
Tech Parts Sorting: Group similar technology components

Materials: Old keyboards, phones, calculators, batteries, bulbs for circuits, safe connectors

Week 7: Sequencing & Floor Grid Coding

Learning Objectives:

Develop understanding of sequencing by arranging steps in correct order
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically follow code on floor grids
Build confidence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Sequencing: Putting steps in the right order
Algorithm Cards: Visual instructions to follow
Floor Grid Coding: Moving through spaces following directions
Left/Right/Forward/Back: Basic directional concepts
Trial and Error: Learning by trying and improving

Activities:

Obstacle Course Coding: Navigate through simple obstacles using arrow cards
Sequencing Games: Put daily routine cards in correct order
Paper Maze Coding: Use arrows to show path through printed mazes
Robot Friend: One child gives directions, another follows like a robot

Materials: Coding arrows/direction cards, floor grid mats, toys for navigation, printed maze worksheets

Week 8: Advanced Unplugged Coding & Storytelling

Learning Objectives:

Use coding to tell stories, solve challenges, or navigate mazes
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically follow code on floor grids
Build confidence and persistence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Conditional Logic: IF/THEN thinking (“If you see red, then stop”)
Debugging: Finding and fixing mistakes in directions
Block Building: Using physical blocks to represent code
Story Algorithms: Step-by-step instructions for telling stories

Activities:

Debug the Path: Present incorrect direction sequences for children to fix
IF/THEN Games: “If you see a triangle, then clap your hands”
Story Coding: Use picture cards to create step-by-step stories
Block Code Building: Stack blocks to represent programming sequences

Materials: Building blocks, floor grid mats, toys, printed materials, picture cards for storytelling

Preschoolers Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Technology Awareness

Format: Hands-on Exploration + Observation (20 minutes)

Technology Parts Recognition (10 points)

Point to and name 3 technology items from the collection
Show how a simple circuit works (bulb + battery)
Safely handle electronic components
Explain one thing each item helps us do

Assembly Skills (10 points)

Take apart a simple toy or device
Put it back together correctly
Identify which parts go where
Ask for help when needed

Assessment Criteria:

Mastery (3): Handles all materials safely, explains purposes, completes tasks independently
Developing (2): Safe handling, completes most tasks with minimal help
Emerging (1): Needs guidance but participates actively
Beginning (0): Requires extensive support

Week 7-8 Assessment: Advanced Unplugged Coding

Format: Physical Coding Challenges (25 minutes)

Sequencing Challenge (12 points)

Arrange 6 direction cards to navigate through obstacle course
Explain why each step comes in that order
Successfully complete the physical navigation
Fix mistakes when path doesn’t work

IF/THEN Logic (8 points)

Follow conditional instructions: “IF you see blue, THEN hop”
Create own IF/THEN rule for a friend to follow
Demonstrate understanding with actions

Story Algorithm (10 points)

Use 5 picture cards to create logical story sequence
Tell story following the card order
Explain what happens if cards are mixed up
Help fix a mixed-up story sequence

Practical Skills Rubric:

Advanced (25-30 points): Creates original sequences, helps others, shows deep understanding
Proficient (20-24 points): Completes all challenges correctly with minor guidance
Developing (15-19 points): Understands concepts but needs support for complex tasks
Beginning (Below 15 points): Requires significant help to participate

Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced Scratch Programming & Game Development

Week 6: Game Structure and Design

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic game structure (start, play, end)
Use Scratch blocks to move characters and detect collisions
Make characters move between different scenes
Create scoring or win conditions

Key Concepts:

Game Design Elements: Characters, backgrounds, objectives, rules
Game Loop: Continuous cycle of input, processing, output
Collision Detection: Knowing when sprites touch each other
Scene Transitions: Moving between different game screens
Win/Lose Conditions: Rules that determine game outcomes
User Interface: Buttons, scores, and information displays

Advanced Scratch Concepts:

Sensing Blocks: “touching color”, “distance to”, “key pressed”
Variables: Storing score, lives, or time
Broadcast Messages: Communication between sprites
Clone Sprites: Creating multiple copies of objects
Custom Blocks: Making your own programming blocks

Game Development Process:

Planning Phase: Sketch game idea, list needed sprites and backgrounds
Prototype: Create basic movement and interaction
Enhancement: Add sounds, effects, and polish
Testing: Play game and fix bugs
Sharing: Present to classmates

Example Game Structure:

When green flag clicked
Set score to 0
Set lives to 3
Say "Game Starting!" for 2 seconds
Show sprite
Forever:
    If key space pressed:
        Move player sprite
    If touching enemy:
        Change lives by -1
        If lives = 0:
            Say "Game Over!"
            Stop all

Week 7: Transition to Text-Based Concepts

Learning Objectives:

Prepare learners for text-based coding
Understand basic programming concepts using blocks
Use logic and loops to control sprite or robot actions
Begin transition to robotics or advanced coding platforms

Key Concepts:

Programming Fundamentals: Sequence, selection, iteration
Logic Blocks: IF/ELSE statements in visual form
Loop Types: Forever, repeat until, repeat X times
Variables and Operations: Math in programming
Event-Driven Programming: Responding to user input
Modular Programming: Breaking code into smaller parts

Bridging Visual to Text:

Block-to-Code Thinking: Understanding what blocks represent
Pseudocode: Writing steps in plain English before coding
Debugging Strategies: Systematic problem-solving approaches
Code Organization: Keeping projects neat and logical

Advanced Programming Patterns:

// Pattern 1: State Machine
When green flag clicked
Set game state to "menu"
Forever:
    If game state = "menu":
        Show menu options
    If game state = "playing":
        Run game logic
    If game state = "game over":
        Show final score

// Pattern 2: Object Behavior
When I start as a clone:
    Go to random position
    Forever:
        Move 2 steps
        If on edge, bounce
        If touching player:
            Change score by 10
            Delete this clone

Week 8: Blockly Integration and Logic Puzzles

Learning Objectives:

Solve logic puzzles using visual programming concepts
Create games using Blockly platform
Demonstrate understanding of programming fundamentals
Apply creative problem-solving skills

Key Concepts:

Blockly Platform: Google’s visual programming language
Logic Puzzles: Problems requiring systematic thinking
Algorithm Efficiency: Finding the best solution method
Pattern Recognition: Identifying repeated solutions
Creative Programming: Using code for artistic expression

Blockly vs. Scratch Comparison:

Feature	Scratch	Blockly
Focus	Storytelling & Games	Logic & Algorithms
Interface	Stage-based	Puzzle-based
Output	Animated Projects	Problem Solutions
Progression	Creative Expression	Mathematical Thinking

Logic Puzzle Types:

Maze Solving: Navigate through obstacles
Pattern Completion: Fill in missing sequences
Conditional Logic: IF/THEN decision making
Loop Optimization: Repeat actions efficiently

Grade 2-5 Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Game Development Project

Format: Scratch Game Creation + Presentation (45 minutes)

Part A: Game Planning (10 points)

Game Design Document - Create a simple plan including:

Game objective (what’s the goal?)
Main character description
Basic rules (how do you win/lose?)
Required sprites and backgrounds

Storyboard - Draw 3 screens showing:

Game start screen
Main gameplay
Win/lose screen

Part B: Game Implementation (25 points) 3. Core Functionality (15 points):

Character moves with arrow keys or WASD
At least one interactive element (enemy, collectible, obstacle)
Basic collision detection (touching = something happens)
Clear win or lose condition

Polish and Enhancement (10 points):

Sound effects or music
Visual feedback (score, lives, timer)
Smooth sprite movement
Creative backgrounds or costumes

Part C: Presentation and Reflection (15 points) 5. Game Demo (10 points):

Explain game rules clearly
Demonstrate gameplay for 2 minutes
Show different game scenarios
Handle questions from classmates

Technical Reflection (5 points):

Explain one challenging problem you solved
Describe one improvement you would make
Share one new Scratch skill you learned

Week 7-8 Assessment: Programming Concepts Mastery

Format: Mixed Assessment - Blockly Challenges + Scratch Review (50 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Logic Challenges (20 points)

Maze Navigation (8 points):

Complete 3 increasingly difficult maze puzzles
Use efficient solutions (minimal blocks)
Demonstrate understanding of loops and conditionals

Pattern Recognition (6 points):

Solve sequence completion puzzles
Identify and extend number/color patterns
Create original pattern for others to solve

Logic Puzzles (6 points):

Complete IF/THEN decision trees
Solve multi-step conditional problems
Optimize solutions for clarity

Part B: Concept Transfer (15 points) 4. Visual to Text Translation (10 points): Given this Scratch code block arrangement:

[When flag clicked] → [Forever] → [If touching mouse] → [Move 10 steps]

Write in pseudocode (plain English): “When the program starts, ________________”

Problem Decomposition (5 points): Break down this challenge into steps: “Create a sprite that follows the mouse but stops when it touches the edge”

Step 1: _______________ Step 2: _______________ Step 3: _______________ Step 4: _______________

Part C: Creative Application (15 points) 6. Original Algorithm (15 points): Choose ONE to complete:

Option A - Scratch: Create a “digital pet” that:

Follows mouse cursor
Changes expression when clicked
Makes sound when hungry (timer-based)
Has at least 3 different costumes

Option B - Blockly: Design a solution for:

Robot that sorts colored objects
Path that avoids all obstacles
Pattern that creates art using loops

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Exceeds requirements with creative solutions and clear explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Meets all requirements with good understanding demonstrated
Developing (70-79%): Meets most requirements but may have gaps in complex concepts
Novice (60-69%): Shows basic understanding but struggles with application
Beginning (Below 60%): Needs significant support to demonstrate concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Drone Laws, Emergency Procedures & Practical Flying

Week 6: Drone Laws and Regulations (Kenya Focus)

Learning Objectives:

Learn basic drone laws in Kenya (KCAA regulations)
Understand where and how children can fly drones legally
Develop awareness of responsible drone operation
Understand the importance of aviation safety

Key Concepts:

Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA): National aviation regulator
Drone Registration: Required identification and documentation
No-Fly Zones: Airports, government buildings, restricted areas
Altitude Restrictions: Maximum height limitations
Visual Line of Sight (VLOS): Maintaining visual contact
Privacy Laws: Respecting others’ rights and property

Kenya Drone Regulations Summary:

Registration Requirements:

All drones over 250g must be registered with KCAA
Operator license required for commercial operations
Age restrictions for different categories of operation

Operational Limits:

Maximum altitude: 400 feet (120 meters) AGL
Minimum distance from airports: 8km for major airports
No flying over crowds or public events
Daylight operations only (without special permits)

Prohibited Areas:

Within 5km of any airport
Over government buildings and installations
National parks without permits
Private property without permission

Safety and Legal Guidelines for Young Pilots:

Always have adult supervision
Start with toy drones under 250g
Practice in open, safe areas
Respect others’ privacy and property
Learn emergency procedures
Keep drone in sight at all times

Week 7: Emergency Procedures and Responsible Flying

Learning Objectives:

Review key safety and legal concepts from previous weeks
Understand emergency basics for beginner flyers
Develop decision-making skills for unexpected situations
Practice responsible pilot behavior

Key Concepts:

Emergency Procedures: Systematic responses to problems
Risk Assessment: Evaluating dangers before flying
Decision Making: Choosing appropriate actions under pressure
Communication: Alerting others during emergencies
Equipment Failure: What to do when drone malfunctions
Weather Awareness: Recognizing dangerous conditions

Emergency Scenarios and Responses:

Lost Communication with Drone:

Stay calm and observe drone behavior
Activate Return-to-Home (RTH) function if available
Move to higher ground for better signal
Prepare for manual landing if signal returns
Never chase after a flyaway drone

Low Battery Warning:

Immediately begin landing sequence
Choose nearest safe landing spot
Avoid flying over people or property
Land even if not at original takeoff point
Safety is more important than convenience

Unexpected Weather Changes:

Monitor weather conditions constantly
Land immediately if wind increases
Avoid flying in rain or snow
Watch for sudden temperature changes
When in doubt, don’t fly

Equipment Malfunction:

Attempt controlled landing immediately
Don’t try to fix problems while airborne
Inform other people in the area
Document the problem for later analysis
Never continue flying with known issues

Mission Planning Process:

Pre-flight Planning: Weather check, equipment inspection, route planning
Risk Assessment: Identify potential hazards and mitigation strategies
Communication Plan: Inform others of flight activities
Emergency Procedures: Know what to do if things go wrong
Post-flight Review: Analyze what went well and areas for improvement

Week 8: Practical Flying Skills and Team Challenges

Learning Objectives:

Demonstrate ability to control a mini drone (takeoff, hover, land)
Apply basic flight skills in problem-solving mission scenarios
Work as a team to complete drone-based challenges
Evaluate personal progress and set goals for improvement

Key Concepts:

Flight Control Mastery: Smooth, precise drone movements
Situational Awareness: Understanding surroundings during flight
Mission Planning: Preparing for specific flight objectives
Teamwork: Collaborative problem-solving with drones
Performance Evaluation: Self-assessment and peer feedback
Safety Leadership: Taking responsibility for safe operations

Basic Flight Skills Progression:

Fundamental Controls:

Smooth takeoff to hover
Maintaining steady hover
Controlled landing
Forward/backward movement
Left/right movement
Rotation control

Intermediate Maneuvers:

Figure-8 patterns
Precision landing on target
Obstacle avoidance
Following predetermined paths
Coordinated movements

Advanced Challenges:

Team relay races
Rescue simulations
Precision delivery tasks
Group choreography
Time-based challenges

Mission Scenarios:

Mission 1: Search and Rescue

Objective: Locate “missing person” (target) in designated area
Skills: Systematic search patterns, communication, observation
Time limit: 5 minutes
Success criteria: Target identified and location communicated

Mission 2: Delivery Challenge

Objective: Transport small payload from Point A to Point B
Skills: Precision flying, cargo management, safe landing
Obstacles: Wind conditions, landing accuracy requirements
Success criteria: Payload delivered undamaged within time limit

Mission 3: Team Coordination

Objective: Multiple drones work together to complete complex task
Skills: Communication, timing, spatial awareness
Challenge: Choreographed flight pattern or group problem-solving
Success criteria: All drones complete task without collisions

Safety Protocols for Practical Flying:

Always maintain 10-foot safety zone around flying area
Designate specific roles: pilot, observer, safety officer
Use hand signals for communication during loud operations
Practice emergency landing procedures before each session
Rotate roles so everyone experiences different responsibilities

Grade 6-9 Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Drone Laws and Regulations

Format: Written Test + Legal Scenario Analysis (40 minutes)

Part A: Kenya Aviation Law Knowledge (25 points)

KCAA Regulations (10 points) Fill in the blanks:

Drones over ______ grams must be registered with KCAA
Maximum altitude for recreational flying is ______ feet
Minimum distance from major airports is ______ kilometers
Commercial drone operations require a ______ license
Drones must remain within ______ line of sight

No-Fly Zone Identification (10 points) Mark TRUE or FALSE for each flying location:

Your school playground during lunch break: ______
Open field 2km from Wilson Airport: ______
Your backyard with adult supervision: ______
Uhuru Park during a public event: ______
Private farm with owner’s permission: ______

Legal Compliance (5 points) List 3 requirements for legally flying a drone in Kenya:

Part B: Scenario-Based Decision Making (20 points)

Legal Scenarios (20 points) For each scenario, explain if the action is legal and why:

Scenario A: Sarah wants to fly her 300g drone over her neighbor’s house to take photos of her own backyard. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario B: James plans to fly his registered drone at 200 feet altitude in an open field 10km from any airport during daylight hours. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario C: A group of students want to use their drone for a school project, filming the school building from 100 feet up. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario D: Ahmed wants to fly his 150g toy drone in his compound for 10 minutes. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Part C: Responsible Pilot Planning (15 points)

Pre-flight Checklist (15 points) Create a 10-item pre-flight checklist that includes legal, safety, and equipment considerations:

[Continue through 10]

Week 7-8 Assessment: Emergency Procedures and Practical Skills

Format: Practical Flight Test + Emergency Response Simulation (60 minutes)

Part A: Emergency Response Knowledge (20 points)

Emergency Procedures (15 points) Describe the correct response for each emergency:

Low Battery Warning: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Lost Radio Contact: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Sudden Weather Change: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Risk Assessment (5 points) Identify 3 risks for flying in each environment:

School playground: ____________, ____________, ____________
Open field: ____________, ____________, ____________

Part B: Practical Flight Skills Assessment (30 points)

Basic Flight Controls (15 points) Demonstrate competency in:

Smooth takeoff and landing (3 points)
Stable hovering for 30 seconds (3 points)
Forward/backward precision movement (3 points)
Left/right precision movement (3 points)
Controlled rotation (3 points)

Mission Challenge (15 points) Complete ONE of the following missions:

Option A - Navigation Course:

Fly through 5 waypoints in sequence
Land within 1-meter target circle
Complete within 3 minutes

Option B - Team Coordination:

Work with partner to complete relay challenge
Communicate effectively during handoff
Maintain safety throughout mission

Part C: Leadership and Safety Evaluation (15 points)

Safety Leadership (8 points) While others are flying, demonstrate:

Proper safety zone maintenance
Clear communication with pilot
Appropriate responses to unsafe situations
Helpful coaching and encouragement

Self-Assessment and Goal Setting (7 points) Written reflection:

What flight skill are you most confident with? Why?
What area needs the most improvement?
Set one specific goal for future drone flying
Describe one way you can help others fly safely

Practical Skills Rubric:

Expert Pilot (90-100%): Demonstrates advanced skills, teaches others, shows exceptional safety awareness
Competent Pilot (80-89%): Performs all basic skills reliably, follows safety protocols consistently
Developing Pilot (70-79%): Shows improvement in most areas, occasional guidance needed
Novice Pilot (60-69%): Basic skills present but inconsistent, needs continued practice
Beginning Pilot (Below 60%): Requires significant instruction and supervision

Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced Python Projects & Integration

Week 6-7: Integrated Systems Project (Combined Weeks)

Learning Objectives:

Combine motors and sensors in complex systems
Debug integrated hardware/software systems
Apply creative problem-solving to real-world challenges
Document projects professionally

Key Concepts:

Systems Integration: Combining multiple components into unified solutions
Hardware-Software Interface: Code that bridges digital and physical worlds
System Architecture: Planning complex projects with multiple subsystems
Error Handling: Managing failures gracefully in complex systems
Performance Optimization: Making systems run efficiently
Documentation Standards: Professional project recording

Advanced Integration Concepts:

1. Multi-Sensor Fusion

import threading
import queue
from gpiozero import DistanceSensor, MotionSensor, MCP3008
from time import sleep
import json

class SensorFusion:
    def __init__(self):
        self.distance_sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)
        self.motion_sensor = MotionSensor(4)
        self.light_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)
        self.temp_sensor = MCP3008(channel=1)

        # Data queues for thread communication
        self.sensor_data = queue.Queue()
        self.running = False

    def read_sensors(self):
        """Continuous sensor reading in separate thread"""
        while self.running:
            try:
                data = {
                    'timestamp': time.time(),
                    'distance': self.distance_sensor.distance * 100,
                    'motion': self.motion_sensor.motion_detected,
                    'light_level': self.light_sensor.voltage,
                    'temperature': self.convert_temp(self.temp_sensor.voltage)
                }
                self.sensor_data.put(data)
                sleep(0.1)  # 10Hz sampling rate
            except Exception as e:
                print(f"Sensor reading error: {e}")

    def convert_temp(self, voltage):
        """Convert sensor voltage to temperature"""
        return (voltage - 0.5) * 100  # Example conversion

    def start_monitoring(self):
        """Start sensor monitoring thread"""
        self.running = True
        self.sensor_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_sensors)
        self.sensor_thread.start()

    def stop_monitoring(self):
        """Stop sensor monitoring"""
        self.running = False
        if hasattr(self, 'sensor_thread'):
            self.sensor_thread.join()

2. Intelligent Control Systems

class SmartEnvironmentController:
    def __init__(self):
        self.sensors = SensorFusion()
        self.fan_motor = Motor(forward=2, backward=3)
        self.heater_relay = OutputDevice(18)
        self.lights = PWMOutputDevice(19)

        # Control parameters
        self.target_temp = 22.0  # Target temperature in Celsius
        self.temp_tolerance = 1.0
        self.light_threshold = 0.3

        # Control state
        self.auto_mode = True
        self.manual_override = False

    def analyze_environment(self, sensor_data):
        """Intelligent decision making based on sensor data"""
        decisions = {
            'fan_speed': 0.0,
            'heater_on': False,
            'light_level': 0.0,
            'alert_status': 'normal'
        }

        # Temperature control logic
        temp_diff = sensor_data['temperature'] - self.target_temp

        if temp_diff > self.temp_tolerance:  # Too hot
            decisions['fan_speed'] = min(1.0, temp_diff / 5.0)  # Scale fan speed
            decisions['heater_on'] = False
        elif temp_diff < -self.temp_tolerance:  # Too cold
            decisions['fan_speed'] = 0.0
            decisions['heater_on'] = True

        # Light control logic
        if sensor_data['light_level'] < self.light_threshold:
            decisions['light_level'] = 1.0 - sensor_data['light_level']  # Complement lighting

        # Security monitoring
        if sensor_data['motion'] and sensor_data['distance'] < 20:  # Close motion
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'intrusion_detected'
        elif sensor_data['distance'] < 5:  # Very close object
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'obstacle_warning'

        return decisions

    def execute_controls(self, decisions):
        """Execute control decisions"""
        if not self.manual_override:
            # Motor control
            if decisions['fan_speed'] > 0:
                self.fan_motor.forward(decisions['fan_speed'])
            else:
                self.fan_motor.stop()

            # Heater control
            if decisions['heater_on']:
                self.heater_relay.on()
            else:
                self.heater_relay.off()

            # Light control
            self.lights.value = decisions['light_level']

    def run_control_loop(self):
        """Main control loop"""
        self.sensors.start_monitoring()

        try:
            while True:
                if not self.sensors.sensor_data.empty():
                    current_data = self.sensors.sensor_data.get()
                    decisions = self.analyze_environment(current_data)
                    self.execute_controls(decisions)

                    # Log system status
                    self.log_system_status(current_data, decisions)

                sleep(0.5)  # Control loop frequency

        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            print("Shutting down control system...")
        finally:
            self.sensors.stop_monitoring()
            self.fan_motor.stop()
            self.heater_relay.off()
            self.lights.off()

    def log_system_status(self, sensor_data, decisions):
        """Log system performance data"""
        log_entry = {
            'timestamp': sensor_data['timestamp'],
            'sensors': sensor_data,
            'controls': decisions,
            'mode': 'auto' if self.auto_mode else 'manual'
        }

        # In a real system, this would write to a file or database
        print(f"System Status: Temp={sensor_data['temperature']:.1f}°C, "
              f"Fan={decisions['fan_speed']:.1f}, "
              f"Alert={decisions['alert_status']}")

3. Project Documentation Standards

"""
Smart Environment Control System
================================

Project: IoT Environmental Controller
Author: Student Name
Date: Current Date
Version: 1.0

Description:
    An intelligent system that monitors environmental conditions and automatically
    adjusts heating, cooling, and lighting based on sensor feedback.

Hardware Requirements:
    - Raspberry Pi 4 or similar
    - Temperature sensor (DS18B20 or similar)
    - Light sensor (LDR with MCP3008 ADC)
    - Motion sensor (PIR)
    - Distance sensor (HC-SR04)
    - DC Motor (for fan simulation)
    - Relay module (for heater control)
    - PWM-controlled LED (for lighting)

Software Dependencies:
    - Python 3.7+
    - gpiozero library
    - threading module (standard library)
    - queue module (standard library)
    - json module (standard library)

Installation:
    pip install gpiozero

Usage:
    python smart_environment.py

Configuration:
    Modify target_temp and light_threshold variables in SmartEnvironmentController
    class to adjust system behavior.

Testing:
    Run included test functions to verify sensor readings and control outputs
    before deploying the full system.

Known Issues:
    - Temperature sensor calibration may need adjustment for local conditions
    - Motion sensor has 2-second reset time that affects rapid detection

Future Enhancements:
    - Web interface for remote monitoring
    - Data logging to CSV files
    - Machine learning for predictive control
    - Mobile app integration
"""

Project Examples for Students:

Project 1: Smart Garden Monitor

Monitors soil moisture, light, and temperature
Controls watering pump and grow lights
Logs plant growth data
Sends alerts when intervention needed

Project 2: Home Security System

Multiple sensor integration (motion, door, window)
Camera trigger on detection
SMS/email notifications
Mobile app control interface

Project 3: Weather Station

Measures temperature, humidity, pressure, wind
Data logging with timestamps
Weather prediction algorithms
Web dashboard for data visualization

Project 4: Automated Greenhouse

Climate control (temperature, humidity)
Automated watering system
Light cycle management
Growth optimization algorithms

Week 8: Project Presentations and Assessment

Learning Objectives:

Present technical projects professionally
Give and receive constructive feedback
Self-evaluate learning progress and achievements
Plan next steps for continued learning

Key Concepts:

Technical Communication: Explaining complex systems clearly
Presentation Skills: Engaging audiences with technical content
Peer Review: Constructive feedback and collaboration
Self-Assessment: Honest evaluation of own work
Professional Development: Planning continued learning paths
Portfolio Building: Documenting achievements for future opportunities

Presentation Structure:

Project Overview (2 minutes)

Problem statement and objectives
Target audience and use cases
Key features and functionality

Technical Demonstration (2 minutes)

Live system operation
Key components and how they work
Code walkthrough of critical sections

Challenges and Solutions (1 minute)

Major obstacles encountered
Creative solutions implemented
Lessons learned from failures

Evaluation Criteria:

Technical Merit (40%):

System functionality and reliability
Code quality and organization
Creative problem-solving approach
Integration of multiple technologies

Communication (30%):

Clear explanation of technical concepts
Engaging presentation delivery
Appropriate use of visual aids
Effective response to questions

Documentation (20%):

Complete project documentation
Code comments and structure
User instructions and setup guides
Reflection on learning process

Collaboration (10%):

Constructive feedback to peers
Professional interaction during Q&A
Willingness to share knowledge
Respectful critique and discussion

Python Programming Trivia Challenge: End the term with fun technical questions:

What does “PEP 8” refer to in Python?
What’s the difference between == and is in Python?
How do you handle exceptions in Python?
What is a Python decorator?
What’s the difference between a list and a tuple?

Grade 10-12 Final Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Integrated Systems Project Assessment

Format: Major Project + Technical Presentation + Peer Review (2 weeks + presentation day)

Project Requirements: Students must create an integrated system that combines:

At least 3 different sensors
At least 2 actuators (motors, lights, relays, etc.)
Data logging and analysis
User interface (command line or simple GUI)
Error handling and safety features

Part A: Technical Implementation (40 points)

System Design (10 points)

Clear problem definition and solution approach
System architecture diagram showing component relationships
Hardware schematic or connection diagram
Software flowchart or algorithm description

Code Quality (15 points)

Well-structured, modular code with functions/classes
Appropriate variable names and code organization
Comprehensive comments explaining complex sections
Error handling for hardware failures
Efficient algorithms and resource usage

Hardware Integration (15 points)

Stable sensor readings with appropriate filtering
Reliable actuator control with safety limits
Proper electrical connections and component usage
System operates reliably for extended periods
Professional cable management and mounting

Part B: Documentation and Communication (25 points)

Project Documentation (15 points) Create a complete project report including:

Executive summary of project goals and achievements
Detailed technical specifications and requirements
Installation and setup instructions
User manual with clear operating procedures
Troubleshooting guide for common problems
Code documentation with API reference

Technical Presentation (10 points)

Clear 5-minute presentation explaining project
Live demonstration of working system
Professional slides with technical diagrams
Confident handling of technical questions
Appropriate use of technical vocabulary

Part C: Innovation and Problem Solving (20 points)

Creative Solutions (10 points)

Original approach to solving chosen problem
Creative use of available hardware and software
Evidence of iterative design and improvement
Solutions show depth of understanding beyond basic requirements

Advanced Features (10 points) Choose and implement at least TWO:

Machine learning or AI decision making
Network communication (IoT connectivity)
Mobile app or web interface
Data visualization and analytics
Predictive algorithms or optimization
Integration with external APIs or services

Part D: Professional Skills (15 points)

Peer Collaboration (8 points)

Constructive feedback provided to classmates
Professional behavior during presentations
Willingness to help others debug problems
Respectful and insightful questions during Q&A

Self-Assessment (7 points) Written reflection addressing:

Most significant technical challenge and how you overcame it
What you would do differently if starting over
How this project connects to potential career interests
Specific skills you want to develop further
Your confidence level with different aspects of the project

Sample Project Evaluation Rubric:

Exceptional (90-100%)

System exceeds all requirements with innovative features
Code is publication-quality with comprehensive documentation
Presentation is engaging and demonstrates deep understanding
Shows leadership in helping others and contributing to class learning
Self-reflection shows sophisticated understanding of learning process

Proficient (80-89%)

System meets all requirements reliably
Code is well-structured with good documentation
Presentation is clear and technically accurate
Actively participates in peer learning and feedback
Self-reflection shows good awareness of strengths and growth areas

Developing (70-79%)

System meets most requirements with minor issues
Code works but may have organizational or documentation gaps
Presentation covers required topics but may lack depth
Participates adequately in class activities
Self-reflection shows basic understanding of learning process

Beginning (60-69%)

System meets basic requirements but has significant limitations
Code works for demonstration but has structural or reliability issues
Presentation covers basics but shows limited understanding
Minimal participation in peer activities
Self-reflection is superficial or lacks insight

Incomplete (Below 60%)

System fails to meet basic requirements or doesn’t function reliably
Code has major issues that prevent proper operation
Presentation is unclear or shows misunderstanding of concepts
Little to no participation in collaborative learning
Self-reflection missing or shows no evidence of learning

Term 1 Final Portfolio Assessment - All Grade Levels

Portfolio Components Checklist

For All Students:

Weekly reflection journals documenting learning progress
Photo documentation of all projects and experiments
Completed weekly assessments with corrections
Evidence of peer collaboration and teaching
Self-assessment of growth in each major topic area

Grade-Specific Additions:

Preschoolers (4-6 years):

Drawings of favorite STEM activities
Parent/teacher observation notes on engagement and skills
Examples of unplugged coding sequences created
Photos of technology exploration activities

Grade 2-5 (7-11 years):

Screenshots of completed Scratch projects
Blockly puzzle solutions and explanations
Game design documents and storyboards
Video explanations of programming concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 years):

Drone safety checklist created and used
Mission planning worksheets with risk assessments
Photos/videos of practical flying sessions
Research report on drone applications in chosen field

Grade 10-12 (14-16 years):

Complete code repositories with documentation
Hardware connection diagrams and schematics
Data analysis reports from sensor projects
Technical presentation slides and demonstration videos

Cross-Grade Learning Objectives Mastery

By the end of Term 1, students should demonstrate:

Preschoolers:

Basic understanding of STEM concepts through play
Ability to follow simple sequences and patterns
Safe interaction with age-appropriate technology
Curiosity and engagement with hands-on exploration

Grade 2-5:

Fundamental programming concepts using visual languages
Ability to create simple games and interactive stories
Understanding of sequence, loops, and basic logic
Confidence in debugging and problem-solving

Grade 6-9:

Comprehensive understanding of drone safety and regulations
Practical flying skills with safety awareness
Knowledge of aviation principles and laws
Teamwork and communication skills in technical contexts

Grade 10-12:

Proficiency in Python programming for hardware control
Ability to integrate multiple sensors and actuators
Professional documentation and presentation skills
Independent problem-solving and creative innovation

Preparation for Term 2

Preschoolers → Scratch Junior Programming:

Continue building sequencing skills
Introduction to tablet-based programming
Creative storytelling with technology

Grade 2-5 → IoT Integration with Sensors:

Bridge from visual programming to physical computing
Introduction to sensors and real-world data
Beginning electronics and circuit concepts

Grade 6-9 → Smart Home Security:

Apply drone safety concepts to IoT systems
Introduction to sensors and automation
Home automation and security principles

Grade 10-12 → Smart Cities:

Scale up from individual projects to community solutions
Advanced IoT networking and data analysis
Social impact of technology solutions

Additional Resources and Extensions

Online Learning Platforms:

Preschoolers: PBS Kids programming games, Kodable app
Grade 2-5: Scratch Jr., Code.org courses, Blockly games
Grade 6-9: DroneBlocks, FAA educational materials, aviation simulation games
Grade 10-12: Python.org tutorials, Raspberry Pi Foundation projects, GitHub learning labs

STEM Career Connections:

Robotics Engineer: Designs and builds robots for various applications
Software Developer: Creates programs and applications for computers and devices
Drone Pilot: Professional UAV operations for photography, surveying, delivery
IoT Developer: Connects everyday objects to the internet for smart automation
Data Scientist: Analyzes sensor data to find patterns and make predictions

Community Extension Activities:

Science Fair Projects: Using skills learned to create original investigations
STEM Club Leadership: Teaching younger students basic concepts
Community Problem Solving: Identifying local problems that technology could help solve
Maker Space Participation: Continuing projects in community workshop environments

Assessment Data Tracking: Teachers should maintain records of:

Individual student progress through learning objectives
Common areas of difficulty requiring additional support
Exceptional student work that could be showcased
Parent/guardian feedback on home engagement with STEM concepts
Equipment and resource needs for optimal program delivery

Notes

I’ve created a comprehensive set of notes and assessment tests for Term 1 across all grade levels (Preschoolers through Grade 10-12). The document includes:

What’s Included:

For Each Grade Level:

Detailed weekly lesson notes covering weeks 1-8 content
Key concepts and learning objectives for each topic
Practical examples and code samples (for programming grades)
Age-appropriate assessment tests with multiple formats

Assessment Formats:

Preschoolers (4-6): Practical/observational assessments with hands-on activities
Grade 2-5 (7-11): Computer-based Scratch/Blockly challenges
Grade 6-9 (11-14): Written tests + practical drone safety demonstrations
Grade 10-12 (14-16): Coding assignments + hardware integration projects

Key Features:

✅ Covers all 8 weeks of Term 1 content
✅ Aligned with curriculum from the IoT & Robotics document
✅ Progressive difficulty appropriate for each age group
✅ Practical assessments that test real understanding
✅ Detailed rubrics for fair evaluation
✅ Extension activities for advanced learners
✅ Safety guidelines and best practices

Topics Covered:

Preschoolers: STEM basics, simple machines, unplugged coding
Grade 2-5: Scratch programming, Blockly games, interface navigation
Grade 6-9: Drone basics, aviation principles, safety regulations
Grade 10-12: Python programming, hardware control, sensor integration

Perfect! I’ve now completed the comprehensive Term 1 notes and assessment materials covering all 8 weeks for all grade levels. Here’s what’s now included:

Assessment Test

Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced Python Projects & Integration

Week 6-7: Integrated Systems Project (Combined Weeks)

Learning Objectives:

Combine motors and sensors in complex systems
Debug integrated hardware/software systems
Apply creative problem-solving to real-world challenges
Document projects professionally

Key Concepts:

Systems Integration: Combining multiple components into unified solutions
Hardware-Software Interface: Code that bridges digital and physical worlds
System Architecture: Planning complex projects with multiple subsystems
Error Handling: Managing failures gracefully in complex systems
Performance Optimization: Making systems run efficiently
Documentation Standards: Professional project recording

Advanced Integration Concepts:

1. Multi-Sensor Fusion

import threading
import queue
from gpiozero import DistanceSensor, MotionSensor, MCP3008
from time import sleep
import json

class SensorFusion:
    def __init__(self):
        self.distance_sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)
        self.motion_sensor = MotionSensor(4)
        self.light_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)
        self.temp_sensor = MCP3008(channel=1)

        # Data queues for thread communication
        self.sensor_data = queue.Queue()
        self.running = False

    def read_sensors(self):
        """Continuous sensor reading in separate thread"""
        while self.running:
            try:
                data = {
                    'timestamp': time.time(),
                    'distance': self.distance_sensor.distance * 100,
                    'motion': self.motion_sensor.motion_detected,
                    'light_level': self.light_sensor.voltage,
                    'temperature': self.convert_temp(self.temp_sensor.voltage)
                }
                self.sensor_data.put(data)
                sleep(0.1)  # 10Hz sampling rate
            except Exception as e:
                print(f"Sensor reading error: {e}")

    def convert_temp(self, voltage):
        """Convert sensor voltage to temperature"""
        return (voltage - 0.5) * 100  # Example conversion

    def start_monitoring(self):
        """Start sensor monitoring thread"""
        self.running = True
        self.sensor_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_sensors)
        self.sensor_thread.start()

    def stop_monitoring(self):
        """Stop sensor monitoring"""
        self.running = False
        if hasattr(self, 'sensor_thread'):
            self.sensor_thread.join()

2. Intelligent Control Systems

class SmartEnvironmentController:
    def __init__(self):
        self.sensors = SensorFusion()
        self.fan_motor = Motor(forward=2, backward=3)
        self.heater_relay = OutputDevice(18)
        self.lights = PWMOutputDevice(19)

        # Control parameters
        self.target_temp = 22.0  # Target temperature in Celsius
        self.temp_tolerance = 1.0
        self.light_threshold = 0.3

        # Control state
        self.auto_mode = True
        self.manual_override = False

    def analyze_environment(self, sensor_data):
        """Intelligent decision making based on sensor data"""
        decisions = {
            'fan_speed': 0.0,
            'heater_on': False,
            'light_level': 0.0,
            'alert_status': 'normal'
        }

        # Temperature control logic
        temp_diff = sensor_data['temperature'] - self.target_temp

        if temp_diff > self.temp_tolerance:  # Too hot
            decisions['fan_speed'] = min(1.0, temp_diff / 5.0)  # Scale fan speed
            decisions['heater_on'] = False
        elif temp_diff < -self.temp_tolerance:  # Too cold
            decisions['fan_speed'] = 0.0
            decisions['heater_on'] = True

        # Light control logic
        if sensor_data['light_level'] < self.light_threshold:
            decisions['light_level'] = 1.0 - sensor_data['light_level']  # Complement lighting

        # Security monitoring
        if sensor_data['motion'] and sensor_data['distance'] < 20:  # Close motion
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'intrusion_detected'
        elif sensor_data['distance'] < 5:  # Very close object
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'obstacle_warning'

        return decisions

    def execute_controls(self, decisions):
        """Execute control decisions"""
        if not self.manual_override:
            # Motor control
            if decisions['fan_speed'] > 0:
                self.fan_motor.forward(decisions['fan_speed'])
            else:
                self.fan_motor.stop()

            # Heater control
            if decisions['heater_on']:
                self.heater_relay.on()
            else:
                self.heater_relay.off()

            # Light control
            self.lights.value = decisions['light_level']

    def run_control_loop(self):
        """Main control loop"""
        self.sensors.start_monitoring()

        try:
            while True:
                if not self.sensors.sensor_data.empty():
                    current_data = self.sensors.sensor_data.get()
                    decisions = self.analyze_environment(current_data)
                    self.execute_controls(decisions)

                    # Log system status
                    self.log_system_status(current_data, decisions)

                sleep(0.5)  # Control loop frequency

        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            print("Shutting down control system...")
        finally:
            self.sensors.stop_monitoring()
            self.fan_motor.stop()
            self.heater_relay.off()
            self.lights.off()

    def log_system_status(self, sensor_data, decisions):
        """Log system performance data"""
        log_entry = {
            'timestamp': sensor_data['timestamp'],
            'sensors': sensor_data,
            'controls': decisions,
            'mode': 'auto' if self.auto_mode else 'manual'
        }

        # In a real system, this would write to a file or database
        print(f"System Status: Temp={sensor_data['temperature']:.1f}°C, "
              f"Fan={decisions['fan_speed']:.1f}, "
              f"Alert={decisions['alert_status']}")

3. Project Documentation Standards

"""
Smart Environment Control System
================================

Project: IoT Environmental Controller
Author: Student Name
Date: Current Date
Version: 1.0

Description:
    An intelligent system that monitors environmental conditions and automatically
    adjusts heating, cooling, and lighting based on sensor feedback.

Hardware Requirements:
    - Raspberry Pi 4 or similar
    - Temperature sensor (DS18B20 or similar)
    - Light sensor (LDR with MCP3008 ADC)
    - Motion sensor (PIR)
    - Distance sensor (HC-SR04)
    - DC Motor (for fan simulation)
    - Relay module (for heater control)
    - PWM-controlled LED (for lighting)

Software Dependencies:
    - Python 3.7+
    - gpiozero library
    - threading module (standard library)
    - queue module (standard library)
    - json module (standard library)

Installation:
    pip install gpiozero

Usage:
    python smart_environment.py

Configuration:
    Modify target_temp and light_threshold variables in SmartEnvironmentController
    class to adjust system behavior.

Testing:
    Run included test functions to verify sensor readings and control outputs
    before deploying the full system.

Known Issues:
    - Temperature sensor calibration may need adjustment for local conditions
    - Motion sensor has 2-second reset time that affects rapid detection

Future Enhancements:
    - Web interface for remote monitoring
    - Data logging to CSV files
    - Machine learning for predictive control
    - Mobile app integration
"""

Project Examples for Students:

Project 1: Smart Garden Monitor

Monitors soil moisture, light, and temperature
Controls watering pump and grow lights
Logs plant growth data
Sends alerts when intervention needed

Project 2: Home Security System

Multiple sensor integration (motion, door, window)
Camera trigger on detection
SMS/email notifications
Mobile app control interface

Project 3: Weather Station

Measures temperature, humidity, pressure, wind
Data logging with timestamps
Weather prediction algorithms
Web dashboard for data visualization

Project 4: Automated Greenhouse

Climate control (temperature, humidity)
Automated watering system
Light cycle management
Growth optimization algorithms

Grade 10-12 Final Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Integrated Systems Project Assessment

Format: Major Project + Technical Presentation + Peer Review (2 weeks + presentation day)

Project Requirements: Students must create an integrated system that combines:

At least 3 different sensors
At least 2 actuators (motors, lights, relays, etc.)
Data logging and analysis
User interface (command line or simple GUI)
Error handling and safety features

Part A: Technical Implementation (40 points)

System Design (10 points)

Clear problem definition and solution approach
System architecture diagram showing component relationships
Hardware schematic or connection diagram
Software flowchart or algorithm description

Code Quality (15 points)

Well-structured, modular code with functions/classes
Appropriate variable names and code organization
Comprehensive comments explaining complex sections
Error handling for hardware failures
Efficient algorithms and resource usage

Hardware Integration (15 points)

Stable sensor readings with appropriate filtering
Reliable actuator control with safety limits
Proper electrical connections and component usage
System operates reliably for extended periods
Professional cable management and mounting

Part B: Documentation and Communication (25 points)

Project Documentation (15 points) Create a complete project report including:

Executive summary of project goals and achievements
Detailed technical specifications and requirements
Installation and setup instructions
User manual with clear operating procedures
Troubleshooting guide for common problems
Code documentation with API reference

Technical Presentation (10 points)

Clear 5-minute presentation explaining project
Live demonstration of working system
Professional slides with technical diagrams
Confident handling of technical questions
Appropriate use of technical vocabulary

Part C: Innovation and Problem Solving (20 points)

Creative Solutions (10 points)

Original approach to solving chosen problem
Creative use of available hardware and software
Evidence of iterative design and improvement
Solutions show depth of understanding beyond basic requirements

Advanced Features (10 points) Choose and implement at least TWO:

Machine learning or AI decision making
Network communication (IoT connectivity)
Mobile app or web interface
Data visualization and analytics
Predictive algorithms or optimization
Integration with external APIs or services

Part D: Professional Skills (15 points)

Peer Collaboration (8 points)

Constructive feedback provided to classmates
Professional behavior during presentations
Willingness to help others debug problems
Respectful and insightful questions during Q&A

Self-Assessment (7 points) Written reflection addressing:

Most significant technical challenge and how you overcame it
What you would do differently if starting over
How this project connects to potential career interests
Specific skills you want to develop further
Your confidence level with different aspects of the project

Sample Project Evaluation Rubric:

Exceptional (90-100%)

System exceeds all requirements with innovative features
Code is publication-quality with comprehensive documentation
Presentation is engaging and demonstrates deep understanding
Shows leadership in helping others and contributing to class learning
Self-reflection shows sophisticated understanding of learning process

Proficient (80-89%)

System meets all requirements reliably
Code is well-structured with good documentation
Presentation is clear and technically accurate
Actively participates in peer learning and feedback
Self-reflection shows good awareness of strengths and growth areas

Developing (70-79%)

System meets most requirements with minor issues
Code works but may have organizational or documentation gaps
Presentation covers required topics but may lack depth
Participates adequately in class activities
Self-reflection shows basic understanding of learning process

Beginning (60-69%)

System meets basic requirements but has significant limitations
Code works for demonstration but has structural or reliability issues
Presentation covers basics but shows limited understanding
Minimal participation in peer activities
Self-reflection is superficial or lacks insight

Incomplete (Below 60%)

System fails to meet basic requirements or doesn’t function reliably
Code has major issues that prevent proper operation
Presentation is unclear or shows misunderstanding of concepts
Little to no participation in collaborative learning
Self-reflection missing or shows no evidence of learning

Assessment Test

Week 6-7: Integrated Systems Project (Combined Weeks)

Learning Objectives:

Combine motors and sensors in complex systems
Debug integrated hardware/software systems
Apply creative problem-solving to real-world challenges
Document projects professionally

Key Concepts:

Systems Integration: Combining multiple components into unified solutions
Hardware-Software Interface: Code that bridges digital and physical worlds
System Architecture: Planning complex projects with multiple subsystems
Error Handling: Managing failures gracefully in complex systems
Performance Optimization: Making systems run efficiently
Documentation Standards: Professional project recording

Advanced Integration Concepts:

1. Multi-Sensor Fusion

import threading
import queue
from gpiozero import DistanceSensor, MotionSensor, MCP3008
from time import sleep
import json

class SensorFusion:
    def __init__(self):
        self.distance_sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)
        self.motion_sensor = MotionSensor(4)
        self.light_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)
        self.temp_sensor = MCP3008(channel=1)

        # Data queues for thread communication
        self.sensor_data = queue.Queue()
        self.running = False

    def read_sensors(self):
        """Continuous sensor reading in separate thread"""
        while self.running:
            try:
                data = {
                    'timestamp': time.time(),
                    'distance': self.distance_sensor.distance * 100,
                    'motion': self.motion_sensor.motion_detected,
                    'light_level': self.light_sensor.voltage,
                    'temperature': self.convert_temp(self.temp_sensor.voltage)
                }
                self.sensor_data.put(data)
                sleep(0.1)  # 10Hz sampling rate
            except Exception as e:
                print(f"Sensor reading error: {e}")

    def convert_temp(self, voltage):
        """Convert sensor voltage to temperature"""
        return (voltage - 0.5) * 100  # Example conversion

    def start_monitoring(self):
        """Start sensor monitoring thread"""
        self.running = True
        self.sensor_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_sensors)
        self.sensor_thread.start()

    def stop_monitoring(self):
        """Stop sensor monitoring"""
        self.running = False
        if hasattr(self, 'sensor_thread'):
            self.sensor_thread.join()

2. Intelligent Control Systems

class SmartEnvironmentController:
    def __init__(self):
        self.sensors = SensorFusion()
        self.fan_motor = Motor(forward=2, backward=3)
        self.heater_relay = OutputDevice(18)
        self.lights = PWMOutputDevice(19)

        # Control parameters
        self.target_temp = 22.0  # Target temperature in Celsius
        self.temp_tolerance = 1.0
        self.light_threshold = 0.3

        # Control state
        self.auto_mode = True
        self.manual_override = False

    def analyze_environment(self, sensor_data):
        """Intelligent decision making based on sensor data"""
        decisions = {
            'fan_speed': 0.0,
            'heater_on': False,
            'light_level': 0.0,
            'alert_status': 'normal'
        }

        # Temperature control logic
        temp_diff = sensor_data['temperature'] - self.target_temp

        if temp_diff > self.temp_tolerance:  # Too hot
            decisions['fan_speed'] = min(1.0, temp_diff / 5.0)  # Scale fan speed
            decisions['heater_on'] = False
        elif temp_diff < -self.temp_tolerance:  # Too cold
            decisions['fan_speed'] = 0.0
            decisions['heater_on'] = True

        # Light control logic
        if sensor_data['light_level'] < self.light_threshold:
            decisions['light_level'] = 1.0 - sensor_data['light_level']  # Complement lighting

        # Security monitoring
        if sensor_data['motion'] and sensor_data['distance'] < 20:  # Close motion
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'intrusion_detected'
        elif sensor_data['distance'] < 5:  # Very close object
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'obstacle_warning'

        return decisions

    def execute_controls(self, decisions):
        """Execute control decisions"""
        if not self.manual_override:
            # Motor control
            if decisions['fan_speed'] > 0:
                self.fan_motor.forward(decisions['fan_speed'])
            else:
                self.fan_motor.stop()

            # Heater control
            if decisions['heater_on']:
                self.heater_relay.on()
            else:
                self.heater_relay.off()

            # Light control
            self.lights.value = decisions['light_level']

    def run_control_loop(self):
        """Main control loop"""
        self.sensors.start_monitoring()

        try:
            while True:
                if not self.sensors.sensor_data.empty():
                    current_data = self.sensors.sensor_data.get()
                    decisions = self.analyze_environment(current_data)
                    self.execute_controls(decisions)

                    # Log system status
                    self.log_system_status(current_data, decisions)

                sleep(0.5)  # Control loop frequency

        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            print("Shutting down control system...")
        finally:
            self.sensors.stop_monitoring()
            self.fan_motor.stop()
            self.heater_relay.off()
            self.lights.off()

    def log_system_status(self, sensor_data, decisions):
        """Log system performance data"""
        log_entry = {
            'timestamp': sensor_data['timestamp'],
            'sensors': sensor_data,
            'controls': decisions,
            'mode': 'auto' if self.auto_mode else 'manual'
        }

        # In a real system, this would write to a file or database
        print(f"System Status: Temp={sensor_data['temperature']:.1f}°C, "
              f"Fan={decisions['fan_speed']:.1f}, "
              f"Alert={decisions['alert_status']}")

3. Project Documentation Standards

"""
Smart Environment Control System
================================

Project: IoT Environmental Controller
Author: Student Name
Date: Current Date
Version: 1.0

Description:
    An intelligent system that monitors environmental conditions and automatically
    adjusts heating, cooling, and lighting based on sensor feedback.

Hardware Requirements:
    - Raspberry Pi 4 or similar
    - Temperature sensor (DS18B20 or similar)
    - Light sensor (LDR with MCP3008 ADC)
    - Motion sensor (PIR)
    - Distance sensor (HC-SR04)
    - DC Motor (for fan simulation)
    - Relay module (for heater control)
    - PWM-controlled LED (for lighting)

Software Dependencies:
    - Python 3.7+
    - gpiozero library
    - threading module (standard library)
    - queue module (standard library)
    - json module (standard library)

Installation:
    pip install gpiozero

Usage:
    python smart_environment.py

Configuration:
    Modify target_temp and light_threshold variables in SmartEnvironmentController
    class to adjust system behavior.

Testing:
    Run included test functions to verify sensor readings and control outputs
    before deploying the full system.

Known Issues:
    - Temperature sensor calibration may need adjustment for local conditions
    - Motion sensor has 2-second reset time that affects rapid detection

Future Enhancements:
    - Web interface for remote monitoring
    - Data logging to CSV files
    - Machine learning for predictive control
    - Mobile app integration
"""

Project Examples for Students:

Project 1: Smart Garden Monitor

Monitors soil moisture, light, and temperature
Controls watering pump and grow lights
Logs plant growth data
Sends alerts when intervention needed

Project 2: Home Security System

Multiple sensor integration (motion, door, window)
Camera trigger on detection
SMS/email notifications
Mobile app control interface

Project 3: Weather Station

Measures temperature, humidity, pressure, wind
Data logging with timestamps
Weather prediction algorithms
Web dashboard for data visualization

Project 4: Automated Greenhouse

Climate control (temperature, humidity)
Automated watering system
Light cycle management
Growth optimization algorithms

Assessment Test

Week 8: Project Presentations and Assessment

Learning Objectives:

Present technical projects professionally
Give and receive constructive feedback
Self-evaluate learning progress and achievements
Plan next steps for continued learning

Key Concepts:

Technical Communication: Explaining complex systems clearly
Presentation Skills: Engaging audiences with technical content
Peer Review: Constructive feedback and collaboration
Self-Assessment: Honest evaluation of own work
Professional Development: Planning continued learning paths
Portfolio Building: Documenting achievements for future opportunities

Presentation Structure:

Project Overview (2 minutes)

Problem statement and objectives
Target audience and use cases
Key features and functionality

Technical Demonstration (2 minutes)

Live system operation
Key components and how they work
Code walkthrough of critical sections

Challenges and Solutions (1 minute)

Major obstacles encountered
Creative solutions implemented
Lessons learned from failures

Evaluation Criteria:

Technical Merit (40%):

System functionality and reliability
Code quality and organization
Creative problem-solving approach
Integration of multiple technologies

Communication (30%):

Clear explanation of technical concepts
Engaging presentation delivery
Appropriate use of visual aids
Effective response to questions

Documentation (20%):

Complete project documentation
Code comments and structure
User instructions and setup guides
Reflection on learning process

Collaboration (10%):

Constructive feedback to peers
Professional interaction during Q&A
Willingness to share knowledge
Respectful critique and discussion

Python Programming Trivia Challenge: End the term with fun technical questions:

What does “PEP 8” refer to in Python?
What’s the difference between == and is in Python?
How do you handle exceptions in Python?
What is a Python decorator?
What’s the difference between a list and a tuple?

Assessment Test

IoT & Robotics Term 1 - Complete Notes & Assessment Tests

Preschoolers (4-6 Years)

Term 1: STEM Storytelling & Coding Toys

Week 1: Introduction to STEM

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic concepts of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math)
Spark excitement and curiosity about STEM through hands-on activities
Foster teamwork through group experiments
Develop early thinking through guided play and experimentation

Key Concepts:

Science: Learning about the world around us through observation
Technology: Simple tools and devices that help us
Engineering: Building and creating solutions
Mathematics: Numbers, shapes, and patterns in everyday life

Activities:

Floating vs. Sinking experiments with various objects
Basic robot interaction and exploration
STEM vocabulary building games
Classification activities

Materials: Water, buckets, floating items (paper, feathers), sinking items (stones, coins), toy robot, tablet

Week 2: STEM Play Corners

Learning Objectives:

Explore different STEM areas through play stations
Develop fine motor skills through hands-on manipulation
Practice problem-solving through guided discovery
Build confidence in exploring new concepts

Key Concepts:

Play-based learning: Learning through exploration and fun
Spatial awareness: Understanding shapes, sizes, and positions
Cause and effect: Understanding that actions have results
Collaboration: Working together to solve problems

Week 3: Simple Machines & Environmental Science

Learning Objectives:

Identify simple machines in everyday life
Understand basic environmental concepts
Develop observation skills
Connect STEM to the natural world

Key Concepts:

Simple Machines: Lever, pulley, wheel, ramp
Environment: Plants, animals, weather, seasons
Observation: Using our senses to learn
Nature patterns: Recognizing patterns in nature

Week 4: Unplugged Coding

Learning Objectives:

Introduction to coding concepts without computers
Understand sequence and order
Develop logical thinking
Practice following and giving instructions

Key Concepts:

Sequence: Steps in order
Instructions: Clear directions to follow
Algorithms: Step-by-step solutions
Patterns: Recognizing and creating patterns

Assessment Test - Preschoolers (4-6 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: STEM Basics

Format: Practical/Observational Assessment

Floating or Sinking? (Show child various objects)

Point to objects that will float: feather, cork, plastic toy
Point to objects that will sink: stone, coin, marble
Explain why you think so (in simple words)

STEM Matching (Picture cards)

Match the scientist to the magnifying glass
Match the engineer to the building blocks
Match the mathematician to the numbers
Match the technologist to the computer

Following Instructions

Can follow 2-step instructions: “Pick up the red block and put it in the box”
Can give simple instructions to a friend
Can arrange objects in order (biggest to smallest)

Assessment Rubric:

Exceeding (3): Completes all tasks independently with explanation
Meeting (2): Completes most tasks with minimal guidance
Approaching (1): Attempts tasks with significant support
Beginning (0): Needs extensive help to participate

Week 3-4 Assessment: Simple Machines & Coding

Format: Hands-on Demonstration

Simple Machines Hunt

Find the lever (seesaw, scissors)
Find the wheel (bicycle, toy car)
Find the ramp (slide, wedge)
Explain what each machine helps us do

Nature Observation

Draw or point to living things vs. non-living things
Identify basic shapes in nature (circles in flowers, triangles in mountains)
Name things that grow vs. things that are made

Unplugged Coding Challenge

Arrange sequence cards to show morning routine
Give directions to help friend reach the treasure
Complete a simple pattern with blocks or shapes

Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years)

Term 1: Scratch & Blockly Programming

Week 1: Introduction to Programming

Learning Objectives:

Understand what programming is
Learn about Scratch programming environment
Install and explore Scratch interface
Grasp the concept of sequencing

Key Concepts:

Programming: Giving instructions to computers
Scratch: Visual programming language using blocks
Interface: The screen where we work with Scratch
Sequencing: Putting commands in the right order
Sprites: Characters in Scratch programs
Stage: Where Scratch programs run

Core Activities:

Explore Scratch interface and tools
Identify different areas (sprite area, blocks palette, stage)
Learn about different block categories (Motion, Looks, Sound, etc.)
Create first simple animation

Week 2: Understanding Scratch Interface

Learning Objectives:

Navigate Scratch interface confidently
Understand different block categories
Create basic sprite movements
Save and load projects

Key Concepts:

Blocks Palette: Where programming blocks are stored
Scripts Area: Where we build our programs
Motion Blocks: Make sprites move
Looks Blocks: Change sprite appearance
Events: What starts our programs running

Week 3: Setting Up Scratch Projects

Learning Objectives:

Plan and organize Scratch projects
Understand project structure
Use backgrounds and sprites effectively
Practice debugging simple problems

Key Concepts:

Project Planning: Thinking before coding
Backgrounds: Scenes for our programs
Sprite Library: Ready-made characters
Debugging: Finding and fixing problems

Week 4: Introduction to Blockly

Learning Objectives:

Understand Blockly visual programming
Compare Blockly with Scratch
Complete basic Blockly puzzles
Transfer concepts between platforms

Key Concepts:

Blockly: Another visual programming language
Puzzle-based Learning: Learning through solving challenges
Logic Blocks: Making decisions in programs
Loops: Repeating actions

Week 5: Blockly Games for Scratch Programmers

Learning Objectives:

Apply Scratch knowledge to Blockly games
Solve increasingly complex puzzles
Understand programming logic and flow
Build problem-solving confidence

Key Concepts:

Game Logic: Rules that make games work
Progressive Difficulty: Challenges that get harder
Pattern Recognition: Seeing repeated solutions
Persistence: Keep trying when challenges are difficult

Assessment Test - Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years)

Week 1-3 Assessment: Scratch Fundamentals

Format: Practical Computer Assessment (30 minutes)

Part A: Interface Knowledge (10 points)

Label the parts of Scratch interface:

Blocks Palette
Scripts Area
Stage
Sprite Area

Match the block colors to their functions:

Motion blocks: _____ (Blue)
Looks blocks: _____ (Purple)
Sound blocks: _____ (Pink)
Events blocks: _____ (Yellow)

Part B: Basic Programming (15 points) 3. Create a program that makes a sprite:

Move 10 steps forward
Turn 90 degrees right
Say “Hello” for 2 seconds
Change color

Fix this broken sequence (drag blocks in correct order):

[Say "Goodbye"][When green flag clicked][Move 100 steps][Say "Hello"]

Part C: Problem Solving (10 points) 5. Your sprite isn’t moving when you click the green flag. What might be wrong?

Missing “when green flag clicked” block
Sprite is already at the edge
Motion blocks aren’t connected
All of the above

Create a simple animation showing a cat walking across the stage.

Week 4-5 Assessment: Blockly & Problem Solving

Format: Computer-based Blockly Challenges (25 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Basics (8 points)

Complete the “Move Forward” puzzle in Blockly
Complete the “Turn Left/Right” puzzle
Complete the “Repeat Loop” puzzle
Complete the “If/Else” puzzle

Part B: Logic Understanding (12 points) 5. Explain what this Blockly code does:

Repeat 4 times:
  Move forward
  Turn right 90 degrees

Answer: _________________

Write Blockly code to make a character:

Move forward 3 steps
Turn left if path is blocked
Repeat until reaching goal

Part C: Transfer Learning (10 points) 7. How is Blockly similar to Scratch? List 3 similarities:

Create a Scratch program that does the same thing as this Blockly code:

When started:  Repeat 5 times:    Move forward 20 steps    Wait 1 second

Assessment Rubric:

Advanced (90-100%): Completes all tasks efficiently with creative additions
Proficient (80-89%): Completes most tasks correctly with minor errors
Developing (70-79%): Completes basic tasks but struggles with complex problems
Beginning (Below 70%): Needs significant support to complete tasks

Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years)

Term 1: Drone Aviation Introduction

Week 1: Introduction to Drones and Aviation Basics

Learning Objectives:

Understand what drones are and their applications
Learn basic aviation principles
Identify different types of aircraft
Understand the evolution of flight

Key Concepts:

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): Aircraft without a human pilot aboard
Remote Pilot: Person controlling the drone from the ground
Autonomous Flight: Drones flying with minimal human control
Commercial vs. Recreational Use: Different purposes for drones
Four Forces of Flight: Lift, Weight, Thrust, Drag
Aerodynamics: How air moves around objects in flight

Applications of Drones:

Photography and videography
Search and rescue operations
Agriculture monitoring
Package delivery
Scientific research
Military operations

Week 2: Drone Safety Rules and Best Practices

Learning Objectives:

Learn essential drone safety protocols
Understand pre-flight checklist procedures
Identify potential hazards and risks
Develop responsible drone operation habits

Key Concepts:

Pre-flight Inspection: Checking drone condition before flying
Weather Conditions: How weather affects drone flight
Battery Safety: Proper battery handling and storage
Emergency Procedures: What to do when things go wrong
Situational Awareness: Being aware of surroundings while flying

Safety Rules:

Always maintain visual contact with drone
Check weather conditions before flying
Inspect drone and equipment before each flight
Fly in open areas away from people and property
Never fly above 400 feet
Respect others’ privacy
Land immediately if drone malfunctions

Week 3: FAA/UAS Regulations (Basic Overview)

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic aviation regulations
Learn about no-fly zones and restricted airspace
Understand registration requirements
Learn about pilot certification basics

Key Concepts:

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): Government agency regulating aviation
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS): Official term for drones and related equipment
No-Fly Zones: Areas where drone flight is prohibited
Remote Pilot Certificate: License required for commercial drone operations
Registration: Required identification for drones over 0.55 pounds

Basic Regulations:

Drones must be registered if over 0.55 lbs (250 grams)
Maximum altitude: 400 feet above ground level
Must yield right-of-way to manned aircraft
No flying over groups of people
No flying at night without special certification
Respect airport operational areas (usually 5-mile radius)

Week 4: Key Drone Types & Components

Learning Objectives:

Identify different drone configurations
Understand key drone components and their functions
Compare advantages and disadvantages of different designs
Learn basic maintenance requirements

Key Concepts:

Multirotor: Drones with multiple rotating propellers
Fixed-wing: Airplane-like drones with wings
Hybrid VTOL: Vertical takeoff and landing with forward flight capability
Frame: Main structure holding all components
Flight Controller: Computer controlling drone flight
ESC (Electronic Speed Controller): Controls motor speed
Gimbal: Stabilizes camera during flight

Drone Types:

Quadcopter: 4 rotors, most common configuration
Hexacopter: 6 rotors, more redundancy and payload capacity
Octocopter: 8 rotors, highest redundancy and capacity
Fixed-wing: Longer flight times, faster speeds
Racing drones: Small, fast, agile for competitive flying

Week 5: Basic Principles of Flight

Learning Objectives:

Understand the four forces of flight in detail
Learn how drones achieve controlled flight
Understand stability and control concepts
Explore flight dynamics and physics

Key Concepts:

Lift: Upward force generated by rotors or wings
Weight (Gravity): Downward force pulling drone toward earth
Thrust: Forward force propelling drone through air
Drag: Resistance force opposing motion through air
Center of Gravity: Balance point of drone
Pitch, Roll, Yaw: Three axes of rotation
Gyroscopic Effect: How spinning rotors affect stability

Flight Control:

Throttle: Controls altitude (up/down)
Pitch: Controls forward/backward movement
Roll: Controls left/right movement
Yaw: Controls rotation (turning left/right)
Trim: Fine adjustments for balanced flight

Assessment Test - Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: Drone Basics and Safety

Format: Written Test + Practical Safety Demonstration (45 minutes)

Part A: Multiple Choice (20 points)

What does UAV stand for? a) Universal Aviation Vehicle b) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle c) Ultra Aerodynamic Vehicle d) United Aviation Vehicle
Which of the four forces of flight works against gravity? a) Thrust b) Drag c) Lift d) Weight
What should you do FIRST before flying a drone? a) Start the motors b) Check weather conditions c) Take off immediately d) Turn on the camera
The maximum altitude for recreational drone flight is: a) 200 feet b) 300 feet c) 400 feet d) 500 feet
What is the main difference between commercial and recreational drone use? a) Size of drone b) Purpose and regulations c) Color of drone d) Number of rotors

Part B: Short Answer (25 points) 6. List 5 safety rules that must be followed when operating a drone: (10 points)

Explain three commercial applications of drones: (9 points)

Why is it important to maintain visual contact with your drone during flight? (6 points)

Week 3-5 Assessment: Regulations and Flight Principles

Format: Written Test + Flight Theory Application (50 minutes)

Part A: Regulations Knowledge (20 points)

True/False (10 points)

Drones under 0.55 lbs need to be registered: ___
You can fly your drone anywhere as long as it’s daytime: ___
Commercial drone operations require a Remote Pilot Certificate: ___
Drones must always yield to manned aircraft: ___
Flying over groups of people is allowed with permission: ___

What is a no-fly zone and give 3 examples: (10 points) Definition: ________________________________ Examples:

Part B: Drone Components (15 points) 3. Match the component to its function:

Flight Controller: _____ a) Provides power to motors
ESC: _____ b) Stabilizes camera
Gimbal: _____ c) Main structural support
Frame: _____ d) Controls drone flight
Battery: _____ e) Controls motor speed

Compare quadcopter vs. fixed-wing drones (advantages/disadvantages): (10 points)

Part C: Flight Principles (25 points) 5. Draw and label the four forces of flight on a drone diagram: (12 points)

Explain how a drone moves in each direction: (13 points)

Forward: ________________________________
Backward: ________________________________
Left: ________________________________
Right: ________________________________
Up: ________________________________
Rotate left: ________________________________

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Demonstrates comprehensive understanding with detailed explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Shows solid grasp of concepts with minor gaps
Developing (70-79%): Understands basic concepts but lacks detail in complex areas
Novice (Below 70%): Limited understanding, needs additional instruction

Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years)

Term 1: Introduction to Python Basics

Week 1: Writing Structured Python Code

Learning Objectives:

Understand Python syntax and structure
Learn proper code formatting and indentation
Write clean, readable code following best practices
Understand variables, data types, and basic operations

Key Concepts:

Python: High-level programming language
Syntax: Rules for writing Python code
Indentation: Using spaces to organize code structure
Variables: Named storage for data values
Data Types: int, float, string, boolean
Comments: Documentation within code using #
Print Statement: Displaying output to screen

Code Structure Best Practices:

# Header comment explaining the program
# Author: Your Name
# Date: Today's Date

# Import statements
import module_name

# Constants (UPPERCASE naming)
MAX_VALUE = 100

# Main program logic
def main():
    # Variable declarations
    user_name = "Student"
    age = 16

    # Program logic with proper indentation
    print(f"Hello, {user_name}!")
    print(f"You are {age} years old.")

# Run the program
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Week 2: Functions and Loops

Learning Objectives:

Create and use custom functions
Understand function parameters and return values
Implement for loops and while loops
Apply loops to solve repetitive tasks

Key Concepts:

Function: Reusable block of code that performs a specific task
Parameters: Input values passed to functions
Return Value: Output value from a function
For Loop: Repeats code a specific number of times
While Loop: Repeats code while a condition is true
Range Function: Generates sequences of numbers
Iteration: Each repetition of a loop
Loop Control: Managing when loops start and stop

Function Examples:

# Simple function with no parameters
def greet():
    print("Hello, World!")

# Function with parameters
def greet_person(name, age):
    print(f"Hello, {name}! You are {age} years old.")

# Function with return value
def calculate_area(length, width):
    area = length * width
    return area

# Using functions
greet()
greet_person("Alice", 16)
room_area = calculate_area(10, 12)
print(f"Room area: {room_area} square meters")

Loop Examples:

# For loop with range
for i in range(5):
    print(f"Count: {i}")

# For loop with list
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
for fruit in fruits:
    print(f"I like {fruit}")

# While loop
count = 0
while count < 3:
    print(f"While loop count: {count}")
    count += 1

Week 3: Using Python Libraries

Learning Objectives:

Understand what Python libraries are and why they’re useful
Learn to import and use common libraries
Work with GPIOZero and time libraries
Explore library documentation and help systems

Key Concepts:

Library/Module: Pre-written code that adds functionality
Import Statement: Bringing library functions into your program
GPIOZero: Library for controlling Raspberry Pi GPIO pins
Time Library: Functions for working with time and delays
Documentation: Instructions for using library functions
API: Application Programming Interface - how to use library functions

Library Usage Examples:

# Importing entire modules
import time
import math

# Importing specific functions
from gpiozero import LED, Button
from time import sleep

# Using time library
print("Starting program...")
time.sleep(2)  # Wait 2 seconds
print("2 seconds have passed!")

# Using math library
import math
radius = 5
area = math.pi * radius ** 2
print(f"Circle area: {area:.2f}")

# Using GPIOZero (for Raspberry Pi)
led = LED(18)  # LED connected to GPIO pin 18
button = Button(2)  # Button connected to GPIO pin 2

# Turn LED on and off
led.on()
sleep(1)
led.off()

Week 4: Controlling Motors with Python

Learning Objectives:

Understand how to interface with motors using Python
Learn about PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) for motor control
Control motor speed and direction
Implement safety features in motor control code

Key Concepts:

Motor Control: Using code to make motors move
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): Method to control motor speed
Duty Cycle: Percentage of time signal is “on” vs “off”
Direction Control: Making motors spin clockwise/counterclockwise
Motor Driver: Electronics that interface between Python and motors
Safety Features: Code to prevent motor damage

Motor Control Examples:

from gpiozero import Motor, PWMOutputDevice
from time import sleep

# Create motor object (assuming H-bridge motor driver)
motor = Motor(forward=2, backward=3, enable=18)

# Basic motor control
def basic_motor_test():
    print("Motor forward at full speed")
    motor.forward(1.0)  # Full speed forward
    sleep(2)

    print("Motor forward at half speed")
    motor.forward(0.5)  # Half speed forward
    sleep(2)

    print("Motor stopped")
    motor.stop()
    sleep(1)

    print("Motor backward at full speed")
    motor.backward(1.0)  # Full speed backward
    sleep(2)

    motor.stop()
    print("Motor test complete")

# PWM speed control example
def speed_ramp_test():
    print("Ramping motor speed up...")
    for speed in range(0, 101, 10):  # 0 to 100% in 10% steps
        motor_speed = speed / 100.0
        motor.forward(motor_speed)
        print(f"Speed: {speed}%")
        sleep(0.5)

    motor.stop()
    print("Speed ramp complete")

# Run the tests
basic_motor_test()
sleep(2)
speed_ramp_test()

Week 5: Controlling Sensors with Python

Learning Objectives:

Interface with various sensors using Python
Read and process sensor data
Implement sensor-based decision making
Create responsive programs based on sensor input

Key Concepts:

Sensor: Device that detects and measures physical properties
Analog vs Digital: Different types of sensor signals
ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter): Converts analog signals to digital
Sensor Calibration: Adjusting sensor readings for accuracy
Data Processing: Converting raw sensor data to useful information
Polling vs Interrupts: Different ways to read sensor data

Common Sensors:

Temperature sensors: Measure environmental temperature
Light sensors (LDR): Detect light intensity
Ultrasonic sensors: Measure distance using sound waves
Motion sensors (PIR): Detect movement
Pressure sensors: Measure force or pressure

Sensor Control Examples:

from gpiozero import MCP3008, DistanceSensor, MotionSensor, LED
from time import sleep
import statistics

# Temperature sensor (using analog input)
temp_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)

def read_temperature():
    # Convert voltage to temperature (example conversion)
    voltage = temp_sensor.voltage
    temperature_c = (voltage - 0.5) * 100  # Example conversion formula
    temperature_f = (temperature_c * 9/5) + 32
    return temperature_c, temperature_f

# Distance sensor (ultrasonic)
distance_sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)

def monitor_distance():
    print("Distance monitoring (press Ctrl+C to stop)")
    try:
        while True:
            distance = distance_sensor.distance * 100  # Convert to cm
            print(f"Distance: {distance:.1f} cm")

            if distance < 10:
                print("WARNING: Object too close!")

            sleep(0.5)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("Distance monitoring stopped")

# Motion sensor with LED indicator
motion = MotionSensor(4)
alert_led = LED(18)

def motion_detector():
    print("Motion detector active...")

    def motion_detected():
        print("Motion detected!")
        alert_led.on()
        sleep(2)
        alert_led.off()

    def no_motion():
        print("No motion")
        alert_led.off()

    # Set up motion sensor callbacks
    motion.when_motion = motion_detected
    motion.when_no_motion = no_motion

    # Keep program running
    try:
        while True:
            sleep(0.1)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("Motion detector stopped")

# Data logging example
def log_sensor_data():
    readings = []
    print("Collecting sensor data for 30 seconds...")

    start_time = time.time()
    while time.time() - start_time < 30:
        temp_c, temp_f = read_temperature()
        distance = distance_sensor.distance * 100

        readings.append({
            'timestamp': time.time(),
            'temperature_c': temp_c,
            'temperature_f': temp_f,
            'distance_cm': distance
        })

        print(f"Temp: {temp_c:.1f}°C, Distance: {distance:.1f}cm")
        sleep(1)

    # Calculate statistics
    temps = [r['temperature_c'] for r in readings]
    distances = [r['distance_cm'] for r in readings]

    print(f"\nData Summary:")
    print(f"Average temperature: {statistics.mean(temps):.1f}°C")
    print(f"Min/Max temperature: {min(temps):.1f}°C / {max(temps):.1f}°C")
    print(f"Average distance: {statistics.mean(distances):.1f}cm")
    print(f"Min/Max distance: {min(distances):.1f}cm / {max(distances):.1f}cm")

# Example usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Run different examples
    monitor_distance()  # Uncomment to run distance monitoring
    # motion_detector()  # Uncomment to run motion detection
    # log_sensor_data()  # Uncomment to run data logging

Assessment Test - Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: Python Fundamentals

Format: Coding Assignment + Written Questions (60 minutes)

Part A: Code Structure and Syntax (25 points)

Fix the following code and explain what was wrong (10 points):

# Broken code:
def calculate average(num1, num2, num3)
average = num1 + num2 + num3 / 3
print("The average is" + average)
return average

calculate average(10, 20, 30)

Your corrected code:

# Write corrected version here

Explanation of errors: ________________________________

Write a well-structured Python program (15 points): Create a program that:

Has proper header comments
Uses appropriate variable names
Calculates the area of different shapes (circle, rectangle, triangle)
Uses functions with parameters and return values
Follows proper indentation and formatting

Part B: Functions and Loops (30 points)

Write a function called print_multiplication_table (15 points):

Takes one parameter: number
Prints multiplication table for that number (1-10)
Uses a for loop
Example output for print_multiplication_table(3):

3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
... etc

Password Checker Program (15 points): Write a program using while loop that:

Asks user to enter a password
Keeps asking until they enter “python123”
Counts number of attempts
Prints “Access granted” when correct
Prints number of attempts it took

Week 3-5 Assessment: Libraries and Hardware Control

Format: Practical Coding Project (75 minutes)

Part A: Library Usage (20 points)

Complete this sensor reading program (20 points):

from gpiozero import MCP3008
from time import sleep
import ______  # What library do you need for calculating average?

# Create sensor object
light_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)

def read_light_levels():
    readings = []

    # Collect 10 readings
    for i in range(______):  # Fill in the range
        reading = light_sensor.______  # What property gives the reading?
        readings.append(reading)
        print(f"Reading {i+1}: {reading:.3f}")
        sleep(0.5)

    # Calculate and print statistics
    average = ______.mean(readings)  # Which function calculates mean?
    maximum = ______(readings)  # Built-in function for maximum
    minimum = ______(readings)  # Built-in function for minimum

    print(f"Average: {average:.3f}")
    print(f"Maximum: {maximum:.3f}")
    print(f"Minimum: {minimum:.3f}")

# Call the function
read_light_levels()

Part B: Motor Control Project (25 points)

Smart Fan Controller (25 points): Write a program that simulates a smart fan controller:

Use a temperature sensor to read room temperature
Control a motor (fan) based on temperature:
- Below 20°C: Fan off
- 20-25°C: Fan at 30% speed
- 25-30°C: Fan at 60% speed
- Above 30°C: Fan at 100% speed
Print current temperature and fan speed every 2 seconds
Include safety features (motor stop function)

Part C: Sensor Integration Challenge (30 points)

Security System Prototype (30 points): Create a basic security system that:

Uses a motion sensor to detect movement
Uses a distance sensor to detect objects too close
Controls LEDs to indicate system status:
- Green LED: System normal
- Yellow LED: Motion detected
- Red LED: Intrusion alert (object < 20cm)
Logs events with timestamps
Runs continuously until user presses Ctrl+C

Requirements:

Use at least 3 different libraries
Include proper error handling
Use functions to organize code
Add meaningful comments
Follow Python coding best practices

Sample code structure:

from gpiozero import MotionSensor, DistanceSensor, LED
from time import sleep
import time

# Hardware setup
motion = MotionSensor(4)
distance = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)
green_led = LED(18)
yellow_led = LED(19)
red_led = LED(20)

def log_event(message):
    # Write function to log events with timestamp
    pass

def check_security():
    # Write function to check all sensors and control LEDs
    pass

def main():
    # Write main program loop
    pass

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Assessment Rubric:

Exceptional (95-100%): Code runs flawlessly, excellent structure, creative additions, comprehensive error handling
Proficient (85-94%): Code works correctly, good structure, meets all requirements, minor improvements possible
Developing (75-84%): Code mostly works, basic structure present, meets most requirements, some bugs or missing features
Beginning (65-74%): Code has significant issues, poor structure, missing major requirements
Incomplete (Below 65%): Code doesn’t run or major portions missing

Additional Resources and Extensions

For All Grade Levels:

Vocabulary Glossary:

Algorithm: Step-by-step instructions to solve a problem
Bug: Error in code that prevents it from working correctly
Debug: Process of finding and fixing errors in code
Hardware: Physical components of computer systems
Software: Programs and applications that run on hardware
Interface: Way users interact with programs or devices
Sensor: Device that detects changes in environment
Actuator: Device that causes movement or action

Project Portfolio Suggestions:

Weekly Reflection Journal: Students document learning and challenges
Photo Documentation: Pictures of projects and experiments
Video Demonstrations: Students explain their projects
Peer Teaching: Advanced students help beginners
Innovation Challenges: Open-ended problems to solve creatively

Cross-Curricular Connections:

Math: Geometry in robotics, statistics in data analysis
Science: Physics of flight, electronics principles
Art: Creative programming projects, design thinking
Social Studies: Impact of technology on society
Language Arts: Technical writing, documentation skills

Safety Reminders:

Always supervise young children with electronic components
Check battery connections before powering devices
Keep work area clean and organized
Wash hands after handling electronic components
Report any damaged equipment immediately
Follow proper shutdown procedures for all devices

Assessment Portfolio Checklist:

Completed weekly assessments
Project documentation with photos
Reflection essays on learning progress
Peer evaluation forms
Self-assessment rubrics
Evidence of problem-solving process
Creative extensions or improvements to basic projects

Continuation - Weeks 6-8 for All Grade Levels

Preschoolers (4-6 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced STEM Exploration & Technology Awareness

Week 6: Technology Parts Awareness

Learning Objectives:

Use coding to tell stories, solve challenges, or navigate mazes
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically be able to follow code on floor grids
Build confidence and persistence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Technology Components: Basic parts that make devices work
Circuits: Paths that electricity follows
Assembly/Disassembly: Taking apart and putting together
Electronics Safety: Safe handling of batteries and components
Problem-Solving: Trying different solutions when something doesn’t work

Activities:

Technology Exploration: Examine old keyboards, phones, calculators
Simple Circuits: Connect bulbs to batteries with safe materials
Assembly Practice: Take apart and reassemble simple toys
Tech Parts Sorting: Group similar technology components

Materials: Old keyboards, phones, calculators, batteries, bulbs for circuits, safe connectors

Week 7: Sequencing & Floor Grid Coding

Learning Objectives:

Develop understanding of sequencing by arranging steps in correct order
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically follow code on floor grids
Build confidence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Sequencing: Putting steps in the right order
Algorithm Cards: Visual instructions to follow
Floor Grid Coding: Moving through spaces following directions
Left/Right/Forward/Back: Basic directional concepts
Trial and Error: Learning by trying and improving

Activities:

Obstacle Course Coding: Navigate through simple obstacles using arrow cards
Sequencing Games: Put daily routine cards in correct order
Paper Maze Coding: Use arrows to show path through printed mazes
Robot Friend: One child gives directions, another follows like a robot

Materials: Coding arrows/direction cards, floor grid mats, toys for navigation, printed maze worksheets

Week 8: Advanced Unplugged Coding & Storytelling

Learning Objectives:

Use coding to tell stories, solve challenges, or navigate mazes
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically follow code on floor grids
Build confidence and persistence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Conditional Logic: IF/THEN thinking (“If you see red, then stop”)
Debugging: Finding and fixing mistakes in directions
Block Building: Using physical blocks to represent code
Story Algorithms: Step-by-step instructions for telling stories

Activities:

Debug the Path: Present incorrect direction sequences for children to fix
IF/THEN Games: “If you see a triangle, then clap your hands”
Story Coding: Use picture cards to create step-by-step stories
Block Code Building: Stack blocks to represent programming sequences

Materials: Building blocks, floor grid mats, toys, printed materials, picture cards for storytelling

Preschoolers Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Technology Awareness

Format: Hands-on Exploration + Observation (20 minutes)

Technology Parts Recognition (10 points)

Point to and name 3 technology items from the collection
Show how a simple circuit works (bulb + battery)
Safely handle electronic components
Explain one thing each item helps us do

Assembly Skills (10 points)

Take apart a simple toy or device
Put it back together correctly
Identify which parts go where
Ask for help when needed

Assessment Criteria:

Mastery (3): Handles all materials safely, explains purposes, completes tasks independently
Developing (2): Safe handling, completes most tasks with minimal help
Emerging (1): Needs guidance but participates actively
Beginning (0): Requires extensive support

Week 7-8 Assessment: Advanced Unplugged Coding

Format: Physical Coding Challenges (25 minutes)

Sequencing Challenge (12 points)

Arrange 6 direction cards to navigate through obstacle course
Explain why each step comes in that order
Successfully complete the physical navigation
Fix mistakes when path doesn’t work

IF/THEN Logic (8 points)

Follow conditional instructions: “IF you see blue, THEN hop”
Create own IF/THEN rule for a friend to follow
Demonstrate understanding with actions

Story Algorithm (10 points)

Use 5 picture cards to create logical story sequence
Tell story following the card order
Explain what happens if cards are mixed up
Help fix a mixed-up story sequence

Practical Skills Rubric:

Advanced (25-30 points): Creates original sequences, helps others, shows deep understanding
Proficient (20-24 points): Completes all challenges correctly with minor guidance
Developing (15-19 points): Understands concepts but needs support for complex tasks
Beginning (Below 15 points): Requires significant help to participate

Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced Scratch Programming & Game Development

Week 6: Game Structure and Design

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic game structure (start, play, end)
Use Scratch blocks to move characters and detect collisions
Make characters move between different scenes
Create scoring or win conditions

Key Concepts:

Game Design Elements: Characters, backgrounds, objectives, rules
Game Loop: Continuous cycle of input, processing, output
Collision Detection: Knowing when sprites touch each other
Scene Transitions: Moving between different game screens
Win/Lose Conditions: Rules that determine game outcomes
User Interface: Buttons, scores, and information displays

Advanced Scratch Concepts:

Sensing Blocks: “touching color”, “distance to”, “key pressed”
Variables: Storing score, lives, or time
Broadcast Messages: Communication between sprites
Clone Sprites: Creating multiple copies of objects
Custom Blocks: Making your own programming blocks

Game Development Process:

Planning Phase: Sketch game idea, list needed sprites and backgrounds
Prototype: Create basic movement and interaction
Enhancement: Add sounds, effects, and polish
Testing: Play game and fix bugs
Sharing: Present to classmates

Example Game Structure:

When green flag clicked
Set score to 0
Set lives to 3
Say "Game Starting!" for 2 seconds
Show sprite
Forever:
    If key space pressed:
        Move player sprite
    If touching enemy:
        Change lives by -1
        If lives = 0:
            Say "Game Over!"
            Stop all

Week 7: Transition to Text-Based Concepts

Learning Objectives:

Prepare learners for text-based coding
Understand basic programming concepts using blocks
Use logic and loops to control sprite or robot actions
Begin transition to robotics or advanced coding platforms

Key Concepts:

Programming Fundamentals: Sequence, selection, iteration
Logic Blocks: IF/ELSE statements in visual form
Loop Types: Forever, repeat until, repeat X times
Variables and Operations: Math in programming
Event-Driven Programming: Responding to user input
Modular Programming: Breaking code into smaller parts

Bridging Visual to Text:

Block-to-Code Thinking: Understanding what blocks represent
Pseudocode: Writing steps in plain English before coding
Debugging Strategies: Systematic problem-solving approaches
Code Organization: Keeping projects neat and logical

Advanced Programming Patterns:

// Pattern 1: State Machine
When green flag clicked
Set game state to "menu"
Forever:
    If game state = "menu":
        Show menu options
    If game state = "playing":
        Run game logic
    If game state = "game over":
        Show final score

// Pattern 2: Object Behavior
When I start as a clone:
    Go to random position
    Forever:
        Move 2 steps
        If on edge, bounce
        If touching player:
            Change score by 10
            Delete this clone

Week 8: Blockly Integration and Logic Puzzles

Learning Objectives:

Solve logic puzzles using visual programming concepts
Create games using Blockly platform
Demonstrate understanding of programming fundamentals
Apply creative problem-solving skills

Key Concepts:

Blockly Platform: Google’s visual programming language
Logic Puzzles: Problems requiring systematic thinking
Algorithm Efficiency: Finding the best solution method
Pattern Recognition: Identifying repeated solutions
Creative Programming: Using code for artistic expression

Blockly vs. Scratch Comparison:

Feature	Scratch	Blockly
Focus	Storytelling & Games	Logic & Algorithms
Interface	Stage-based	Puzzle-based
Output	Animated Projects	Problem Solutions
Progression	Creative Expression	Mathematical Thinking

Logic Puzzle Types:

Maze Solving: Navigate through obstacles
Pattern Completion: Fill in missing sequences
Conditional Logic: IF/THEN decision making
Loop Optimization: Repeat actions efficiently

Grade 2-5 Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Game Development Project

Format: Scratch Game Creation + Presentation (45 minutes)

Part A: Game Planning (10 points)

Game Design Document - Create a simple plan including:

Game objective (what’s the goal?)
Main character description
Basic rules (how do you win/lose?)
Required sprites and backgrounds

Storyboard - Draw 3 screens showing:

Game start screen
Main gameplay
Win/lose screen

Part B: Game Implementation (25 points) 3. Core Functionality (15 points):

Character moves with arrow keys or WASD
At least one interactive element (enemy, collectible, obstacle)
Basic collision detection (touching = something happens)
Clear win or lose condition

Polish and Enhancement (10 points):

Sound effects or music
Visual feedback (score, lives, timer)
Smooth sprite movement
Creative backgrounds or costumes

Part C: Presentation and Reflection (15 points) 5. Game Demo (10 points):

Explain game rules clearly
Demonstrate gameplay for 2 minutes
Show different game scenarios
Handle questions from classmates

Technical Reflection (5 points):

Explain one challenging problem you solved
Describe one improvement you would make
Share one new Scratch skill you learned

Week 7-8 Assessment: Programming Concepts Mastery

Format: Mixed Assessment - Blockly Challenges + Scratch Review (50 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Logic Challenges (20 points)

Maze Navigation (8 points):

Complete 3 increasingly difficult maze puzzles
Use efficient solutions (minimal blocks)
Demonstrate understanding of loops and conditionals

Pattern Recognition (6 points):

Solve sequence completion puzzles
Identify and extend number/color patterns
Create original pattern for others to solve

Logic Puzzles (6 points):

Complete IF/THEN decision trees
Solve multi-step conditional problems
Optimize solutions for clarity

Part B: Concept Transfer (15 points) 4. Visual to Text Translation (10 points): Given this Scratch code block arrangement:

[When flag clicked] → [Forever] → [If touching mouse] → [Move 10 steps]

Write in pseudocode (plain English): “When the program starts, ________________”

Problem Decomposition (5 points): Break down this challenge into steps: “Create a sprite that follows the mouse but stops when it touches the edge”

Step 1: _______________ Step 2: _______________ Step 3: _______________ Step 4: _______________

Part C: Creative Application (15 points) 6. Original Algorithm (15 points): Choose ONE to complete:

Option A - Scratch: Create a “digital pet” that:

Follows mouse cursor
Changes expression when clicked
Makes sound when hungry (timer-based)
Has at least 3 different costumes

Option B - Blockly: Design a solution for:

Robot that sorts colored objects
Path that avoids all obstacles
Pattern that creates art using loops

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Exceeds requirements with creative solutions and clear explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Meets all requirements with good understanding demonstrated
Developing (70-79%): Meets most requirements but may have gaps in complex concepts
Novice (60-69%): Shows basic understanding but struggles with application
Beginning (Below 60%): Needs significant support to demonstrate concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Drone Laws, Emergency Procedures & Practical Flying

Week 6: Drone Laws and Regulations (Kenya Focus)

Learning Objectives:

Learn basic drone laws in Kenya (KCAA regulations)
Understand where and how children can fly drones legally
Develop awareness of responsible drone operation
Understand the importance of aviation safety

Key Concepts:

Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA): National aviation regulator
Drone Registration: Required identification and documentation
No-Fly Zones: Airports, government buildings, restricted areas
Altitude Restrictions: Maximum height limitations
Visual Line of Sight (VLOS): Maintaining visual contact
Privacy Laws: Respecting others’ rights and property

Kenya Drone Regulations Summary:

Registration Requirements:

All drones over 250g must be registered with KCAA
Operator license required for commercial operations
Age restrictions for different categories of operation

Operational Limits:

Maximum altitude: 400 feet (120 meters) AGL
Minimum distance from airports: 8km for major airports
No flying over crowds or public events
Daylight operations only (without special permits)

Prohibited Areas:

Within 5km of any airport
Over government buildings and installations
National parks without permits
Private property without permission

Safety and Legal Guidelines for Young Pilots:

Always have adult supervision
Start with toy drones under 250g
Practice in open, safe areas
Respect others’ privacy and property
Learn emergency procedures
Keep drone in sight at all times

Week 7: Emergency Procedures and Responsible Flying

Learning Objectives:

Review key safety and legal concepts from previous weeks
Understand emergency basics for beginner flyers
Develop decision-making skills for unexpected situations
Practice responsible pilot behavior

Key Concepts:

Emergency Procedures: Systematic responses to problems
Risk Assessment: Evaluating dangers before flying
Decision Making: Choosing appropriate actions under pressure
Communication: Alerting others during emergencies
Equipment Failure: What to do when drone malfunctions
Weather Awareness: Recognizing dangerous conditions

Emergency Scenarios and Responses:

Lost Communication with Drone:

Stay calm and observe drone behavior
Activate Return-to-Home (RTH) function if available
Move to higher ground for better signal
Prepare for manual landing if signal returns
Never chase after a flyaway drone

Low Battery Warning:

Immediately begin landing sequence
Choose nearest safe landing spot
Avoid flying over people or property
Land even if not at original takeoff point
Safety is more important than convenience

Unexpected Weather Changes:

Monitor weather conditions constantly
Land immediately if wind increases
Avoid flying in rain or snow
Watch for sudden temperature changes
When in doubt, don’t fly

Equipment Malfunction:

Attempt controlled landing immediately
Don’t try to fix problems while airborne
Inform other people in the area
Document the problem for later analysis
Never continue flying with known issues

Mission Planning Process:

Pre-flight Planning: Weather check, equipment inspection, route planning
Risk Assessment: Identify potential hazards and mitigation strategies
Communication Plan: Inform others of flight activities
Emergency Procedures: Know what to do if things go wrong
Post-flight Review: Analyze what went well and areas for improvement

Week 8: Practical Flying Skills and Team Challenges

Learning Objectives:

Demonstrate ability to control a mini drone (takeoff, hover, land)
Apply basic flight skills in problem-solving mission scenarios
Work as a team to complete drone-based challenges
Evaluate personal progress and set goals for improvement

Key Concepts:

Flight Control Mastery: Smooth, precise drone movements
Situational Awareness: Understanding surroundings during flight
Mission Planning: Preparing for specific flight objectives
Teamwork: Collaborative problem-solving with drones
Performance Evaluation: Self-assessment and peer feedback
Safety Leadership: Taking responsibility for safe operations

Basic Flight Skills Progression:

Fundamental Controls:

Smooth takeoff to hover
Maintaining steady hover
Controlled landing
Forward/backward movement
Left/right movement
Rotation control

Intermediate Maneuvers:

Figure-8 patterns
Precision landing on target
Obstacle avoidance
Following predetermined paths
Coordinated movements

Advanced Challenges:

Team relay races
Rescue simulations
Precision delivery tasks
Group choreography
Time-based challenges

Mission Scenarios:

Mission 1: Search and Rescue

Objective: Locate “missing person” (target) in designated area
Skills: Systematic search patterns, communication, observation
Time limit: 5 minutes
Success criteria: Target identified and location communicated

Mission 2: Delivery Challenge

Objective: Transport small payload from Point A to Point B
Skills: Precision flying, cargo management, safe landing
Obstacles: Wind conditions, landing accuracy requirements
Success criteria: Payload delivered undamaged within time limit

Mission 3: Team Coordination

Objective: Multiple drones work together to complete complex task
Skills: Communication, timing, spatial awareness
Challenge: Choreographed flight pattern or group problem-solving
Success criteria: All drones complete task without collisions

Safety Protocols for Practical Flying:

Always maintain 10-foot safety zone around flying area
Designate specific roles: pilot, observer, safety officer
Use hand signals for communication during loud operations
Practice emergency landing procedures before each session
Rotate roles so everyone experiences different responsibilities

Grade 6-9 Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Drone Laws and Regulations

Format: Written Test + Legal Scenario Analysis (40 minutes)

Part A: Kenya Aviation Law Knowledge (25 points)

KCAA Regulations (10 points) Fill in the blanks:

Drones over ______ grams must be registered with KCAA
Maximum altitude for recreational flying is ______ feet
Minimum distance from major airports is ______ kilometers
Commercial drone operations require a ______ license
Drones must remain within ______ line of sight

No-Fly Zone Identification (10 points) Mark TRUE or FALSE for each flying location:

Your school playground during lunch break: ______
Open field 2km from Wilson Airport: ______
Your backyard with adult supervision: ______
Uhuru Park during a public event: ______
Private farm with owner’s permission: ______

Legal Compliance (5 points) List 3 requirements for legally flying a drone in Kenya:

Part B: Scenario-Based Decision Making (20 points)

Legal Scenarios (20 points) For each scenario, explain if the action is legal and why:

Scenario A: Sarah wants to fly her 300g drone over her neighbor’s house to take photos of her own backyard. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario B: James plans to fly his registered drone at 200 feet altitude in an open field 10km from any airport during daylight hours. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario C: A group of students want to use their drone for a school project, filming the school building from 100 feet up. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario D: Ahmed wants to fly his 150g toy drone in his compound for 10 minutes. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Part C: Responsible Pilot Planning (15 points)

Pre-flight Checklist (15 points) Create a 10-item pre-flight checklist that includes legal, safety, and equipment considerations:

[Continue through 10]

Week 7-8 Assessment: Emergency Procedures and Practical Skills

Format: Practical Flight Test + Emergency Response Simulation (60 minutes)

Part A: Emergency Response Knowledge (20 points)

Emergency Procedures (15 points) Describe the correct response for each emergency:

Low Battery Warning: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Lost Radio Contact: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Sudden Weather Change: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Risk Assessment (5 points) Identify 3 risks for flying in each environment:

School playground: ____________, ____________, ____________
Open field: ____________, ____________, ____________

Part B: Practical Flight Skills Assessment (30 points)

Basic Flight Controls (15 points) Demonstrate competency in:

Smooth takeoff and landing (3 points)
Stable hovering for 30 seconds (3 points)
Forward/backward precision movement (3 points)
Left/right precision movement (3 points)
Controlled rotation (3 points)

Mission Challenge (15 points) Complete ONE of the following missions:

Option A - Navigation Course:

Fly through 5 waypoints in sequence
Land within 1-meter target circle
Complete within 3 minutes

Option B - Team Coordination:

Work with partner to complete relay challenge
Communicate effectively during handoff
Maintain safety throughout mission

Part C: Leadership and Safety Evaluation (15 points)

Safety Leadership (8 points) While others are flying, demonstrate:

Proper safety zone maintenance
Clear communication with pilot
Appropriate responses to unsafe situations
Helpful coaching and encouragement

Self-Assessment and Goal Setting (7 points) Written reflection:

What flight skill are you most confident with? Why?
What area needs the most improvement?
Set one specific goal for future drone flying
Describe one way you can help others fly safely

Practical Skills Rubric:

Expert Pilot (90-100%): Demonstrates advanced skills, teaches others, shows exceptional safety awareness
Competent Pilot (80-89%): Performs all basic skills reliably, follows safety protocols consistently
Developing Pilot (70-79%): Shows improvement in most areas, occasional guidance needed
Novice Pilot (60-69%): Basic skills present but inconsistent, needs continued practice
Beginning Pilot (Below 60%): Requires significant instruction and supervision

Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced Python Projects & Integration

Week 6-7: Integrated Systems Project (Combined Weeks)

Learning Objectives:

Combine motors and sensors in complex systems
Debug integrated hardware/software systems
Apply creative problem-solving to real-world challenges
Document projects professionally

Key Concepts:

Systems Integration: Combining multiple components into unified solutions
Hardware-Software Interface: Code that bridges digital and physical worlds
System Architecture: Planning complex projects with multiple subsystems
Error Handling: Managing failures gracefully in complex systems
Performance Optimization: Making systems run efficiently
Documentation Standards: Professional project recording

Advanced Integration Concepts:

1. Multi-Sensor Fusion

import threading
import queue
from gpiozero import DistanceSensor, MotionSensor, MCP3008
from time import sleep
import json

class SensorFusion:
    def __init__(self):
        self.distance_sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)
        self.motion_sensor = MotionSensor(4)
        self.light_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)
        self.temp_sensor = MCP3008(channel=1)

        # Data queues for thread communication
        self.sensor_data = queue.Queue()
        self.running = False

    def read_sensors(self):
        """Continuous sensor reading in separate thread"""
        while self.running:
            try:
                data = {
                    'timestamp': time.time(),
                    'distance': self.distance_sensor.distance * 100,
                    'motion': self.motion_sensor.motion_detected,
                    'light_level': self.light_sensor.voltage,
                    'temperature': self.convert_temp(self.temp_sensor.voltage)
                }
                self.sensor_data.put(data)
                sleep(0.1)  # 10Hz sampling rate
            except Exception as e:
                print(f"Sensor reading error: {e}")

    def convert_temp(self, voltage):
        """Convert sensor voltage to temperature"""
        return (voltage - 0.5) * 100  # Example conversion

    def start_monitoring(self):
        """Start sensor monitoring thread"""
        self.running = True
        self.sensor_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_sensors)
        self.sensor_thread.start()

    def stop_monitoring(self):
        """Stop sensor monitoring"""
        self.running = False
        if hasattr(self, 'sensor_thread'):
            self.sensor_thread.join()

2. Intelligent Control Systems

class SmartEnvironmentController:
    def __init__(self):
        self.sensors = SensorFusion()
        self.fan_motor = Motor(forward=2, backward=3)
        self.heater_relay = OutputDevice(18)
        self.lights = PWMOutputDevice(19)

        # Control parameters
        self.target_temp = 22.0  # Target temperature in Celsius
        self.temp_tolerance = 1.0
        self.light_threshold = 0.3

        # Control state
        self.auto_mode = True
        self.manual_override = False

    def analyze_environment(self, sensor_data):
        """Intelligent decision making based on sensor data"""
        decisions = {
            'fan_speed': 0.0,
            'heater_on': False,
            'light_level': 0.0,
            'alert_status': 'normal'
        }

        # Temperature control logic
        temp_diff = sensor_data['temperature'] - self.target_temp

        if temp_diff > self.temp_tolerance:  # Too hot
            decisions['fan_speed'] = min(1.0, temp_diff / 5.0)  # Scale fan speed
            decisions['heater_on'] = False
        elif temp_diff < -self.temp_tolerance:  # Too cold
            decisions['fan_speed'] = 0.0
            decisions['heater_on'] = True

        # Light control logic
        if sensor_data['light_level'] < self.light_threshold:
            decisions['light_level'] = 1.0 - sensor_data['light_level']  # Complement lighting

        # Security monitoring
        if sensor_data['motion'] and sensor_data['distance'] < 20:  # Close motion
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'intrusion_detected'
        elif sensor_data['distance'] < 5:  # Very close object
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'obstacle_warning'

        return decisions

    def execute_controls(self, decisions):
        """Execute control decisions"""
        if not self.manual_override:
            # Motor control
            if decisions['fan_speed'] > 0:
                self.fan_motor.forward(decisions['fan_speed'])
            else:
                self.fan_motor.stop()

            # Heater control
            if decisions['heater_on']:
                self.heater_relay.on()
            else:
                self.heater_relay.off()

            # Light control
            self.lights.value = decisions['light_level']

    def run_control_loop(self):
        """Main control loop"""
        self.sensors.start_monitoring()

        try:
            while True:
                if not self.sensors.sensor_data.empty():
                    current_data = self.sensors.sensor_data.get()
                    decisions = self.analyze_environment(current_data)
                    self.execute_controls(decisions)

                    # Log system status
                    self.log_system_status(current_data, decisions)

                sleep(0.5)  # Control loop frequency

        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            print("Shutting down control system...")
        finally:
            self.sensors.stop_monitoring()
            self.fan_motor.stop()
            self.heater_relay.off()
            self.lights.off()

    def log_system_status(self, sensor_data, decisions):
        """Log system performance data"""
        log_entry = {
            'timestamp': sensor_data['timestamp'],
            'sensors': sensor_data,
            'controls': decisions,
            'mode': 'auto' if self.auto_mode else 'manual'
        }

        # In a real system, this would write to a file or database
        print(f"System Status: Temp={sensor_data['temperature']:.1f}°C, "
              f"Fan={decisions['fan_speed']:.1f}, "
              f"Alert={decisions['alert_status']}")

3. Project Documentation Standards

"""
Smart Environment Control System
================================

Project: IoT Environmental Controller
Author: Student Name
Date: Current Date
Version: 1.0

Description:
    An intelligent system that monitors environmental conditions and automatically
    adjusts heating, cooling, and lighting based on sensor feedback.

Hardware Requirements:
    - Raspberry Pi 4 or similar
    - Temperature sensor (DS18B20 or similar)
    - Light sensor (LDR with MCP3008 ADC)
    - Motion sensor (PIR)
    - Distance sensor (HC-SR04)
    - DC Motor (for fan simulation)
    - Relay module (for heater control)
    - PWM-controlled LED (for lighting)

Software Dependencies:
    - Python 3.7+
    - gpiozero library
    - threading module (standard library)
    - queue module (standard library)
    - json module (standard library)

Installation:
    pip install gpiozero

Usage:
    python smart_environment.py

Configuration:
    Modify target_temp and light_threshold variables in SmartEnvironmentController
    class to adjust system behavior.

Testing:
    Run included test functions to verify sensor readings and control outputs
    before deploying the full system.

Known Issues:
    - Temperature sensor calibration may need adjustment for local conditions
    - Motion sensor has 2-second reset time that affects rapid detection

Future Enhancements:
    - Web interface for remote monitoring
    - Data logging to CSV files
    - Machine learning for predictive control
    - Mobile app integration
"""

Project Examples for Students:

Project 1: Smart Garden Monitor

Monitors soil moisture, light, and temperature
Controls watering pump and grow lights
Logs plant growth data
Sends alerts when intervention needed

Project 2: Home Security System

Multiple sensor integration (motion, door, window)
Camera trigger on detection
SMS/email notifications
Mobile app control interface

Project 3: Weather Station

Measures temperature, humidity, pressure, wind
Data logging with timestamps
Weather prediction algorithms
Web dashboard for data visualization

Project 4: Automated Greenhouse

Climate control (temperature, humidity)
Automated watering system
Light cycle management
Growth optimization algorithms

Week 8: Project Presentations and Assessment

Learning Objectives:

Present technical projects professionally
Give and receive constructive feedback
Self-evaluate learning progress and achievements
Plan next steps for continued learning

Key Concepts:

Technical Communication: Explaining complex systems clearly
Presentation Skills: Engaging audiences with technical content
Peer Review: Constructive feedback and collaboration
Self-Assessment: Honest evaluation of own work
Professional Development: Planning continued learning paths
Portfolio Building: Documenting achievements for future opportunities

Presentation Structure:

Project Overview (2 minutes)

Problem statement and objectives
Target audience and use cases
Key features and functionality

Technical Demonstration (2 minutes)

Live system operation
Key components and how they work
Code walkthrough of critical sections

Challenges and Solutions (1 minute)

Major obstacles encountered
Creative solutions implemented
Lessons learned from failures

Evaluation Criteria:

Technical Merit (40%):

System functionality and reliability
Code quality and organization
Creative problem-solving approach
Integration of multiple technologies

Communication (30%):

Clear explanation of technical concepts
Engaging presentation delivery
Appropriate use of visual aids
Effective response to questions

Documentation (20%):

Complete project documentation
Code comments and structure
User instructions and setup guides
Reflection on learning process

Collaboration (10%):

Constructive feedback to peers
Professional interaction during Q&A
Willingness to share knowledge
Respectful critique and discussion

Python Programming Trivia Challenge: End the term with fun technical questions:

What does “PEP 8” refer to in Python?
What’s the difference between == and is in Python?
How do you handle exceptions in Python?
What is a Python decorator?
What’s the difference between a list and a tuple?

Grade 10-12 Final Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Integrated Systems Project Assessment

Format: Major Project + Technical Presentation + Peer Review (2 weeks + presentation day)

Project Requirements: Students must create an integrated system that combines:

At least 3 different sensors
At least 2 actuators (motors, lights, relays, etc.)
Data logging and analysis
User interface (command line or simple GUI)
Error handling and safety features

Part A: Technical Implementation (40 points)

System Design (10 points)

Clear problem definition and solution approach
System architecture diagram showing component relationships
Hardware schematic or connection diagram
Software flowchart or algorithm description

Code Quality (15 points)

Well-structured, modular code with functions/classes
Appropriate variable names and code organization
Comprehensive comments explaining complex sections
Error handling for hardware failures
Efficient algorithms and resource usage

Hardware Integration (15 points)

Stable sensor readings with appropriate filtering
Reliable actuator control with safety limits
Proper electrical connections and component usage
System operates reliably for extended periods
Professional cable management and mounting

Part B: Documentation and Communication (25 points)

Project Documentation (15 points) Create a complete project report including:

Executive summary of project goals and achievements
Detailed technical specifications and requirements
Installation and setup instructions
User manual with clear operating procedures
Troubleshooting guide for common problems
Code documentation with API reference

Technical Presentation (10 points)

Clear 5-minute presentation explaining project
Live demonstration of working system
Professional slides with technical diagrams
Confident handling of technical questions
Appropriate use of technical vocabulary

Part C: Innovation and Problem Solving (20 points)

Creative Solutions (10 points)

Original approach to solving chosen problem
Creative use of available hardware and software
Evidence of iterative design and improvement
Solutions show depth of understanding beyond basic requirements

Advanced Features (10 points) Choose and implement at least TWO:

Machine learning or AI decision making
Network communication (IoT connectivity)
Mobile app or web interface
Data visualization and analytics
Predictive algorithms or optimization
Integration with external APIs or services

Part D: Professional Skills (15 points)

Peer Collaboration (8 points)

Constructive feedback provided to classmates
Professional behavior during presentations
Willingness to help others debug problems
Respectful and insightful questions during Q&A

Self-Assessment (7 points) Written reflection addressing:

Most significant technical challenge and how you overcame it
What you would do differently if starting over
How this project connects to potential career interests
Specific skills you want to develop further
Your confidence level with different aspects of the project

Sample Project Evaluation Rubric:

Exceptional (90-100%)

System exceeds all requirements with innovative features
Code is publication-quality with comprehensive documentation
Presentation is engaging and demonstrates deep understanding
Shows leadership in helping others and contributing to class learning
Self-reflection shows sophisticated understanding of learning process

Proficient (80-89%)

System meets all requirements reliably
Code is well-structured with good documentation
Presentation is clear and technically accurate
Actively participates in peer learning and feedback
Self-reflection shows good awareness of strengths and growth areas

Developing (70-79%)

System meets most requirements with minor issues
Code works but may have organizational or documentation gaps
Presentation covers required topics but may lack depth
Participates adequately in class activities
Self-reflection shows basic understanding of learning process

Beginning (60-69%)

System meets basic requirements but has significant limitations
Code works for demonstration but has structural or reliability issues
Presentation covers basics but shows limited understanding
Minimal participation in peer activities
Self-reflection is superficial or lacks insight

Incomplete (Below 60%)

System fails to meet basic requirements or doesn’t function reliably
Code has major issues that prevent proper operation
Presentation is unclear or shows misunderstanding of concepts
Little to no participation in collaborative learning
Self-reflection missing or shows no evidence of learning

Term 1 Final Portfolio Assessment - All Grade Levels

Portfolio Components Checklist

For All Students:

Weekly reflection journals documenting learning progress
Photo documentation of all projects and experiments
Completed weekly assessments with corrections
Evidence of peer collaboration and teaching
Self-assessment of growth in each major topic area

Grade-Specific Additions:

Preschoolers (4-6 years):

Drawings of favorite STEM activities
Parent/teacher observation notes on engagement and skills
Examples of unplugged coding sequences created
Photos of technology exploration activities

Grade 2-5 (7-11 years):

Screenshots of completed Scratch projects
Blockly puzzle solutions and explanations
Game design documents and storyboards
Video explanations of programming concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 years):

Drone safety checklist created and used
Mission planning worksheets with risk assessments
Photos/videos of practical flying sessions
Research report on drone applications in chosen field

Grade 10-12 (14-16 years):

Complete code repositories with documentation
Hardware connection diagrams and schematics
Data analysis reports from sensor projects
Technical presentation slides and demonstration videos

Cross-Grade Learning Objectives Mastery

By the end of Term 1, students should demonstrate:

Preschoolers:

Basic understanding of STEM concepts through play
Ability to follow simple sequences and patterns
Safe interaction with age-appropriate technology
Curiosity and engagement with hands-on exploration

Grade 2-5:

Fundamental programming concepts using visual languages
Ability to create simple games and interactive stories
Understanding of sequence, loops, and basic logic
Confidence in debugging and problem-solving

Grade 6-9:

Comprehensive understanding of drone safety and regulations
Practical flying skills with safety awareness
Knowledge of aviation principles and laws
Teamwork and communication skills in technical contexts

Grade 10-12:

Proficiency in Python programming for hardware control
Ability to integrate multiple sensors and actuators
Professional documentation and presentation skills
Independent problem-solving and creative innovation

Preparation for Term 2

Preschoolers → Scratch Junior Programming:

Continue building sequencing skills
Introduction to tablet-based programming
Creative storytelling with technology

Grade 2-5 → IoT Integration with Sensors:

Bridge from visual programming to physical computing
Introduction to sensors and real-world data
Beginning electronics and circuit concepts

Grade 6-9 → Smart Home Security:

Apply drone safety concepts to IoT systems
Introduction to sensors and automation
Home automation and security principles

Grade 10-12 → Smart Cities:

Scale up from individual projects to community solutions
Advanced IoT networking and data analysis
Social impact of technology solutions

Additional Resources and Extensions

Online Learning Platforms:

Preschoolers: PBS Kids programming games, Kodable app
Grade 2-5: Scratch Jr., Code.org courses, Blockly games
Grade 6-9: DroneBlocks, FAA educational materials, aviation simulation games
Grade 10-12: Python.org tutorials, Raspberry Pi Foundation projects, GitHub learning labs

STEM Career Connections:

Robotics Engineer: Designs and builds robots for various applications
Software Developer: Creates programs and applications for computers and devices
Drone Pilot: Professional UAV operations for photography, surveying, delivery
IoT Developer: Connects everyday objects to the internet for smart automation
Data Scientist: Analyzes sensor data to find patterns and make predictions

Community Extension Activities:

Science Fair Projects: Using skills learned to create original investigations
STEM Club Leadership: Teaching younger students basic concepts
Community Problem Solving: Identifying local problems that technology could help solve
Maker Space Participation: Continuing projects in community workshop environments

Assessment Data Tracking: Teachers should maintain records of:

Individual student progress through learning objectives
Common areas of difficulty requiring additional support
Exceptional student work that could be showcased
Parent/guardian feedback on home engagement with STEM concepts
Equipment and resource needs for optimal program delivery

Notes

I’ve created a comprehensive set of notes and assessment tests for Term 1 across all grade levels (Preschoolers through Grade 10-12). The document includes:

What’s Included:

For Each Grade Level:

Detailed weekly lesson notes covering weeks 1-8 content
Key concepts and learning objectives for each topic
Practical examples and code samples (for programming grades)
Age-appropriate assessment tests with multiple formats

Assessment Formats:

Preschoolers (4-6): Practical/observational assessments with hands-on activities
Grade 2-5 (7-11): Computer-based Scratch/Blockly challenges
Grade 6-9 (11-14): Written tests + practical drone safety demonstrations
Grade 10-12 (14-16): Coding assignments + hardware integration projects

Key Features:

✅ Covers all 8 weeks of Term 1 content
✅ Aligned with curriculum from the IoT & Robotics document
✅ Progressive difficulty appropriate for each age group
✅ Practical assessments that test real understanding
✅ Detailed rubrics for fair evaluation
✅ Extension activities for advanced learners
✅ Safety guidelines and best practices

Topics Covered:

Preschoolers: STEM basics, simple machines, unplugged coding
Grade 2-5: Scratch programming, Blockly games, interface navigation
Grade 6-9: Drone basics, aviation principles, safety regulations
Grade 10-12: Python programming, hardware control, sensor integration

Perfect! I’ve now completed the comprehensive Term 1 notes and assessment materials covering all 8 weeks for all grade levels. Here’s what’s now included:

Assessment Test

IoT & Robotics Term 1 - Complete Notes & Assessment Tests

Preschoolers (4-6 Years)

Term 1: STEM Storytelling & Coding Toys

Week 1: Introduction to STEM

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic concepts of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math)
Spark excitement and curiosity about STEM through hands-on activities
Foster teamwork through group experiments
Develop early thinking through guided play and experimentation

Key Concepts:

Science: Learning about the world around us through observation
Technology: Simple tools and devices that help us
Engineering: Building and creating solutions
Mathematics: Numbers, shapes, and patterns in everyday life

Activities:

Floating vs. Sinking experiments with various objects
Basic robot interaction and exploration
STEM vocabulary building games
Classification activities

Materials: Water, buckets, floating items (paper, feathers), sinking items (stones, coins), toy robot, tablet

Week 2: STEM Play Corners

Learning Objectives:

Explore different STEM areas through play stations
Develop fine motor skills through hands-on manipulation
Practice problem-solving through guided discovery
Build confidence in exploring new concepts

Key Concepts:

Play-based learning: Learning through exploration and fun
Spatial awareness: Understanding shapes, sizes, and positions
Cause and effect: Understanding that actions have results
Collaboration: Working together to solve problems

Week 3: Simple Machines & Environmental Science

Learning Objectives:

Identify simple machines in everyday life
Understand basic environmental concepts
Develop observation skills
Connect STEM to the natural world

Key Concepts:

Simple Machines: Lever, pulley, wheel, ramp
Environment: Plants, animals, weather, seasons
Observation: Using our senses to learn
Nature patterns: Recognizing patterns in nature

Week 4: Unplugged Coding

Learning Objectives:

Introduction to coding concepts without computers
Understand sequence and order
Develop logical thinking
Practice following and giving instructions

Key Concepts:

Sequence: Steps in order
Instructions: Clear directions to follow
Algorithms: Step-by-step solutions
Patterns: Recognizing and creating patterns

Assessment Test - Preschoolers (4-6 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: STEM Basics

Format: Practical/Observational Assessment

Floating or Sinking? (Show child various objects)

Point to objects that will float: feather, cork, plastic toy
Point to objects that will sink: stone, coin, marble
Explain why you think so (in simple words)

STEM Matching (Picture cards)

Match the scientist to the magnifying glass
Match the engineer to the building blocks
Match the mathematician to the numbers
Match the technologist to the computer

Following Instructions

Can follow 2-step instructions: “Pick up the red block and put it in the box”
Can give simple instructions to a friend
Can arrange objects in order (biggest to smallest)

Assessment Rubric:

Exceeding (3): Completes all tasks independently with explanation
Meeting (2): Completes most tasks with minimal guidance
Approaching (1): Attempts tasks with significant support
Beginning (0): Needs extensive help to participate

Week 3-4 Assessment: Simple Machines & Coding

Format: Hands-on Demonstration

Simple Machines Hunt

Find the lever (seesaw, scissors)
Find the wheel (bicycle, toy car)
Find the ramp (slide, wedge)
Explain what each machine helps us do

Nature Observation

Draw or point to living things vs. non-living things
Identify basic shapes in nature (circles in flowers, triangles in mountains)
Name things that grow vs. things that are made

Unplugged Coding Challenge

Arrange sequence cards to show morning routine
Give directions to help friend reach the treasure
Complete a simple pattern with blocks or shapes

Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years)

Term 1: Scratch & Blockly Programming

Week 1: Introduction to Programming

Learning Objectives:

Understand what programming is
Learn about Scratch programming environment
Install and explore Scratch interface
Grasp the concept of sequencing

Key Concepts:

Programming: Giving instructions to computers
Scratch: Visual programming language using blocks
Interface: The screen where we work with Scratch
Sequencing: Putting commands in the right order
Sprites: Characters in Scratch programs
Stage: Where Scratch programs run

Core Activities:

Explore Scratch interface and tools
Identify different areas (sprite area, blocks palette, stage)
Learn about different block categories (Motion, Looks, Sound, etc.)
Create first simple animation

Week 2: Understanding Scratch Interface

Learning Objectives:

Navigate Scratch interface confidently
Understand different block categories
Create basic sprite movements
Save and load projects

Key Concepts:

Blocks Palette: Where programming blocks are stored
Scripts Area: Where we build our programs
Motion Blocks: Make sprites move
Looks Blocks: Change sprite appearance
Events: What starts our programs running

Week 3: Setting Up Scratch Projects

Learning Objectives:

Plan and organize Scratch projects
Understand project structure
Use backgrounds and sprites effectively
Practice debugging simple problems

Key Concepts:

Project Planning: Thinking before coding
Backgrounds: Scenes for our programs
Sprite Library: Ready-made characters
Debugging: Finding and fixing problems

Week 4: Introduction to Blockly

Learning Objectives:

Understand Blockly visual programming
Compare Blockly with Scratch
Complete basic Blockly puzzles
Transfer concepts between platforms

Key Concepts:

Blockly: Another visual programming language
Puzzle-based Learning: Learning through solving challenges
Logic Blocks: Making decisions in programs
Loops: Repeating actions

Week 5: Blockly Games for Scratch Programmers

Learning Objectives:

Apply Scratch knowledge to Blockly games
Solve increasingly complex puzzles
Understand programming logic and flow
Build problem-solving confidence

Key Concepts:

Game Logic: Rules that make games work
Progressive Difficulty: Challenges that get harder
Pattern Recognition: Seeing repeated solutions
Persistence: Keep trying when challenges are difficult

Assessment Test - Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years)

Week 1-3 Assessment: Scratch Fundamentals

Format: Practical Computer Assessment (30 minutes)

Part A: Interface Knowledge (10 points)

Label the parts of Scratch interface:

Blocks Palette
Scripts Area
Stage
Sprite Area

Match the block colors to their functions:

Motion blocks: _____ (Blue)
Looks blocks: _____ (Purple)
Sound blocks: _____ (Pink)
Events blocks: _____ (Yellow)

Part B: Basic Programming (15 points) 3. Create a program that makes a sprite:

Move 10 steps forward
Turn 90 degrees right
Say “Hello” for 2 seconds
Change color

Fix this broken sequence (drag blocks in correct order):

[Say "Goodbye"][When green flag clicked][Move 100 steps][Say "Hello"]

Part C: Problem Solving (10 points) 5. Your sprite isn’t moving when you click the green flag. What might be wrong?

Missing “when green flag clicked” block
Sprite is already at the edge
Motion blocks aren’t connected
All of the above

Create a simple animation showing a cat walking across the stage.

Week 4-5 Assessment: Blockly & Problem Solving

Format: Computer-based Blockly Challenges (25 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Basics (8 points)

Complete the “Move Forward” puzzle in Blockly
Complete the “Turn Left/Right” puzzle
Complete the “Repeat Loop” puzzle
Complete the “If/Else” puzzle

Part B: Logic Understanding (12 points) 5. Explain what this Blockly code does:

Repeat 4 times:
  Move forward
  Turn right 90 degrees

Answer: _________________

Write Blockly code to make a character:

Move forward 3 steps
Turn left if path is blocked
Repeat until reaching goal

Part C: Transfer Learning (10 points) 7. How is Blockly similar to Scratch? List 3 similarities:

Create a Scratch program that does the same thing as this Blockly code:

When started:  Repeat 5 times:    Move forward 20 steps    Wait 1 second

Assessment Rubric:

Advanced (90-100%): Completes all tasks efficiently with creative additions
Proficient (80-89%): Completes most tasks correctly with minor errors
Developing (70-79%): Completes basic tasks but struggles with complex problems
Beginning (Below 70%): Needs significant support to complete tasks

Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years)

Term 1: Drone Aviation Introduction

Week 1: Introduction to Drones and Aviation Basics

Learning Objectives:

Understand what drones are and their applications
Learn basic aviation principles
Identify different types of aircraft
Understand the evolution of flight

Key Concepts:

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): Aircraft without a human pilot aboard
Remote Pilot: Person controlling the drone from the ground
Autonomous Flight: Drones flying with minimal human control
Commercial vs. Recreational Use: Different purposes for drones
Four Forces of Flight: Lift, Weight, Thrust, Drag
Aerodynamics: How air moves around objects in flight

Applications of Drones:

Photography and videography
Search and rescue operations
Agriculture monitoring
Package delivery
Scientific research
Military operations

Week 2: Drone Safety Rules and Best Practices

Learning Objectives:

Learn essential drone safety protocols
Understand pre-flight checklist procedures
Identify potential hazards and risks
Develop responsible drone operation habits

Key Concepts:

Pre-flight Inspection: Checking drone condition before flying
Weather Conditions: How weather affects drone flight
Battery Safety: Proper battery handling and storage
Emergency Procedures: What to do when things go wrong
Situational Awareness: Being aware of surroundings while flying

Safety Rules:

Always maintain visual contact with drone
Check weather conditions before flying
Inspect drone and equipment before each flight
Fly in open areas away from people and property
Never fly above 400 feet
Respect others’ privacy
Land immediately if drone malfunctions

Week 3: FAA/UAS Regulations (Basic Overview)

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic aviation regulations
Learn about no-fly zones and restricted airspace
Understand registration requirements
Learn about pilot certification basics

Key Concepts:

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): Government agency regulating aviation
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS): Official term for drones and related equipment
No-Fly Zones: Areas where drone flight is prohibited
Remote Pilot Certificate: License required for commercial drone operations
Registration: Required identification for drones over 0.55 pounds

Basic Regulations:

Drones must be registered if over 0.55 lbs (250 grams)
Maximum altitude: 400 feet above ground level
Must yield right-of-way to manned aircraft
No flying over groups of people
No flying at night without special certification
Respect airport operational areas (usually 5-mile radius)

Week 4: Key Drone Types & Components

Learning Objectives:

Identify different drone configurations
Understand key drone components and their functions
Compare advantages and disadvantages of different designs
Learn basic maintenance requirements

Key Concepts:

Multirotor: Drones with multiple rotating propellers
Fixed-wing: Airplane-like drones with wings
Hybrid VTOL: Vertical takeoff and landing with forward flight capability
Frame: Main structure holding all components
Flight Controller: Computer controlling drone flight
ESC (Electronic Speed Controller): Controls motor speed
Gimbal: Stabilizes camera during flight

Drone Types:

Quadcopter: 4 rotors, most common configuration
Hexacopter: 6 rotors, more redundancy and payload capacity
Octocopter: 8 rotors, highest redundancy and capacity
Fixed-wing: Longer flight times, faster speeds
Racing drones: Small, fast, agile for competitive flying

Week 5: Basic Principles of Flight

Learning Objectives:

Understand the four forces of flight in detail
Learn how drones achieve controlled flight
Understand stability and control concepts
Explore flight dynamics and physics

Key Concepts:

Lift: Upward force generated by rotors or wings
Weight (Gravity): Downward force pulling drone toward earth
Thrust: Forward force propelling drone through air
Drag: Resistance force opposing motion through air
Center of Gravity: Balance point of drone
Pitch, Roll, Yaw: Three axes of rotation
Gyroscopic Effect: How spinning rotors affect stability

Flight Control:

Throttle: Controls altitude (up/down)
Pitch: Controls forward/backward movement
Roll: Controls left/right movement
Yaw: Controls rotation (turning left/right)
Trim: Fine adjustments for balanced flight

Assessment Test - Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: Drone Basics and Safety

Format: Written Test + Practical Safety Demonstration (45 minutes)

Part A: Multiple Choice (20 points)

What does UAV stand for? a) Universal Aviation Vehicle b) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle c) Ultra Aerodynamic Vehicle d) United Aviation Vehicle
Which of the four forces of flight works against gravity? a) Thrust b) Drag c) Lift d) Weight
What should you do FIRST before flying a drone? a) Start the motors b) Check weather conditions c) Take off immediately d) Turn on the camera
The maximum altitude for recreational drone flight is: a) 200 feet b) 300 feet c) 400 feet d) 500 feet
What is the main difference between commercial and recreational drone use? a) Size of drone b) Purpose and regulations c) Color of drone d) Number of rotors

Part B: Short Answer (25 points) 6. List 5 safety rules that must be followed when operating a drone: (10 points)

Explain three commercial applications of drones: (9 points)

Why is it important to maintain visual contact with your drone during flight? (6 points)

Week 3-5 Assessment: Regulations and Flight Principles

Format: Written Test + Flight Theory Application (50 minutes)

Part A: Regulations Knowledge (20 points)

True/False (10 points)

Drones under 0.55 lbs need to be registered: ___
You can fly your drone anywhere as long as it’s daytime: ___
Commercial drone operations require a Remote Pilot Certificate: ___
Drones must always yield to manned aircraft: ___
Flying over groups of people is allowed with permission: ___

What is a no-fly zone and give 3 examples: (10 points) Definition: ________________________________ Examples:

Part B: Drone Components (15 points) 3. Match the component to its function:

Flight Controller: _____ a) Provides power to motors
ESC: _____ b) Stabilizes camera
Gimbal: _____ c) Main structural support
Frame: _____ d) Controls drone flight
Battery: _____ e) Controls motor speed

Compare quadcopter vs. fixed-wing drones (advantages/disadvantages): (10 points)

Part C: Flight Principles (25 points) 5. Draw and label the four forces of flight on a drone diagram: (12 points)

Explain how a drone moves in each direction: (13 points)

Forward: ________________________________
Backward: ________________________________
Left: ________________________________
Right: ________________________________
Up: ________________________________
Rotate left: ________________________________

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Demonstrates comprehensive understanding with detailed explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Shows solid grasp of concepts with minor gaps
Developing (70-79%): Understands basic concepts but lacks detail in complex areas
Novice (Below 70%): Limited understanding, needs additional instruction

Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years)

Term 1: Introduction to Python Basics

Week 1: Writing Structured Python Code

Learning Objectives:

Understand Python syntax and structure
Learn proper code formatting and indentation
Write clean, readable code following best practices
Understand variables, data types, and basic operations

Key Concepts:

Python: High-level programming language
Syntax: Rules for writing Python code
Indentation: Using spaces to organize code structure
Variables: Named storage for data values
Data Types: int, float, string, boolean
Comments: Documentation within code using #
Print Statement: Displaying output to screen

Code Structure Best Practices:

# Header comment explaining the program
# Author: Your Name
# Date: Today's Date

# Import statements
import module_name

# Constants (UPPERCASE naming)
MAX_VALUE = 100

# Main program logic
def main():
    # Variable declarations
    user_name = "Student"
    age = 16

    # Program logic with proper indentation
    print(f"Hello, {user_name}!")
    print(f"You are {age} years old.")

# Run the program
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Week 2: Functions and Loops

Learning Objectives:

Create and use custom functions
Understand function parameters and return values
Implement for loops and while loops
Apply loops to solve repetitive tasks

Key Concepts:

Function: Reusable block of code that performs a specific task
Parameters: Input values passed to functions
Return Value: Output value from a function
For Loop: Repeats code a specific number of times
While Loop: Repeats code while a condition is true
Range Function: Generates sequences of numbers
Iteration: Each repetition of a loop
Loop Control: Managing when loops start and stop

Function Examples:

# Simple function with no parameters
def greet():
    print("Hello, World!")

# Function with parameters
def greet_person(name, age):
    print(f"Hello, {name}! You are {age} years old.")

# Function with return value
def calculate_area(length, width):
    area = length * width
    return area

# Using functions
greet()
greet_person("Alice", 16)
room_area = calculate_area(10, 12)
print(f"Room area: {room_area} square meters")

Loop Examples:

# For loop with range
for i in range(5):
    print(f"Count: {i}")

# For loop with list
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]
for fruit in fruits:
    print(f"I like {fruit}")

# While loop
count = 0
while count < 3:
    print(f"While loop count: {count}")
    count += 1

Week 3: Using Python Libraries

Learning Objectives:

Understand what Python libraries are and why they’re useful
Learn to import and use common libraries
Work with GPIOZero and time libraries
Explore library documentation and help systems

Key Concepts:

Library/Module: Pre-written code that adds functionality
Import Statement: Bringing library functions into your program
GPIOZero: Library for controlling Raspberry Pi GPIO pins
Time Library: Functions for working with time and delays
Documentation: Instructions for using library functions
API: Application Programming Interface - how to use library functions

Library Usage Examples:

# Importing entire modules
import time
import math

# Importing specific functions
from gpiozero import LED, Button
from time import sleep

# Using time library
print("Starting program...")
time.sleep(2)  # Wait 2 seconds
print("2 seconds have passed!")

# Using math library
import math
radius = 5
area = math.pi * radius ** 2
print(f"Circle area: {area:.2f}")

# Using GPIOZero (for Raspberry Pi)
led = LED(18)  # LED connected to GPIO pin 18
button = Button(2)  # Button connected to GPIO pin 2

# Turn LED on and off
led.on()
sleep(1)
led.off()

Week 4: Controlling Motors with Python

Learning Objectives:

Understand how to interface with motors using Python
Learn about PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) for motor control
Control motor speed and direction
Implement safety features in motor control code

Key Concepts:

Motor Control: Using code to make motors move
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): Method to control motor speed
Duty Cycle: Percentage of time signal is “on” vs “off”
Direction Control: Making motors spin clockwise/counterclockwise
Motor Driver: Electronics that interface between Python and motors
Safety Features: Code to prevent motor damage

Motor Control Examples:

from gpiozero import Motor, PWMOutputDevice
from time import sleep

# Create motor object (assuming H-bridge motor driver)
motor = Motor(forward=2, backward=3, enable=18)

# Basic motor control
def basic_motor_test():
    print("Motor forward at full speed")
    motor.forward(1.0)  # Full speed forward
    sleep(2)

    print("Motor forward at half speed")
    motor.forward(0.5)  # Half speed forward
    sleep(2)

    print("Motor stopped")
    motor.stop()
    sleep(1)

    print("Motor backward at full speed")
    motor.backward(1.0)  # Full speed backward
    sleep(2)

    motor.stop()
    print("Motor test complete")

# PWM speed control example
def speed_ramp_test():
    print("Ramping motor speed up...")
    for speed in range(0, 101, 10):  # 0 to 100% in 10% steps
        motor_speed = speed / 100.0
        motor.forward(motor_speed)
        print(f"Speed: {speed}%")
        sleep(0.5)

    motor.stop()
    print("Speed ramp complete")

# Run the tests
basic_motor_test()
sleep(2)
speed_ramp_test()

Week 5: Controlling Sensors with Python

Learning Objectives:

Interface with various sensors using Python
Read and process sensor data
Implement sensor-based decision making
Create responsive programs based on sensor input

Key Concepts:

Sensor: Device that detects and measures physical properties
Analog vs Digital: Different types of sensor signals
ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter): Converts analog signals to digital
Sensor Calibration: Adjusting sensor readings for accuracy
Data Processing: Converting raw sensor data to useful information
Polling vs Interrupts: Different ways to read sensor data

Common Sensors:

Temperature sensors: Measure environmental temperature
Light sensors (LDR): Detect light intensity
Ultrasonic sensors: Measure distance using sound waves
Motion sensors (PIR): Detect movement
Pressure sensors: Measure force or pressure

Sensor Control Examples:

from gpiozero import MCP3008, DistanceSensor, MotionSensor, LED
from time import sleep
import statistics

# Temperature sensor (using analog input)
temp_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)

def read_temperature():
    # Convert voltage to temperature (example conversion)
    voltage = temp_sensor.voltage
    temperature_c = (voltage - 0.5) * 100  # Example conversion formula
    temperature_f = (temperature_c * 9/5) + 32
    return temperature_c, temperature_f

# Distance sensor (ultrasonic)
distance_sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)

def monitor_distance():
    print("Distance monitoring (press Ctrl+C to stop)")
    try:
        while True:
            distance = distance_sensor.distance * 100  # Convert to cm
            print(f"Distance: {distance:.1f} cm")

            if distance < 10:
                print("WARNING: Object too close!")

            sleep(0.5)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("Distance monitoring stopped")

# Motion sensor with LED indicator
motion = MotionSensor(4)
alert_led = LED(18)

def motion_detector():
    print("Motion detector active...")

    def motion_detected():
        print("Motion detected!")
        alert_led.on()
        sleep(2)
        alert_led.off()

    def no_motion():
        print("No motion")
        alert_led.off()

    # Set up motion sensor callbacks
    motion.when_motion = motion_detected
    motion.when_no_motion = no_motion

    # Keep program running
    try:
        while True:
            sleep(0.1)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print("Motion detector stopped")

# Data logging example
def log_sensor_data():
    readings = []
    print("Collecting sensor data for 30 seconds...")

    start_time = time.time()
    while time.time() - start_time < 30:
        temp_c, temp_f = read_temperature()
        distance = distance_sensor.distance * 100

        readings.append({
            'timestamp': time.time(),
            'temperature_c': temp_c,
            'temperature_f': temp_f,
            'distance_cm': distance
        })

        print(f"Temp: {temp_c:.1f}°C, Distance: {distance:.1f}cm")
        sleep(1)

    # Calculate statistics
    temps = [r['temperature_c'] for r in readings]
    distances = [r['distance_cm'] for r in readings]

    print(f"\nData Summary:")
    print(f"Average temperature: {statistics.mean(temps):.1f}°C")
    print(f"Min/Max temperature: {min(temps):.1f}°C / {max(temps):.1f}°C")
    print(f"Average distance: {statistics.mean(distances):.1f}cm")
    print(f"Min/Max distance: {min(distances):.1f}cm / {max(distances):.1f}cm")

# Example usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Run different examples
    monitor_distance()  # Uncomment to run distance monitoring
    # motion_detector()  # Uncomment to run motion detection
    # log_sensor_data()  # Uncomment to run data logging

Assessment Test - Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years)

Week 1-2 Assessment: Python Fundamentals

Format: Coding Assignment + Written Questions (60 minutes)

Part A: Code Structure and Syntax (25 points)

Fix the following code and explain what was wrong (10 points):

# Broken code:
def calculate average(num1, num2, num3)
average = num1 + num2 + num3 / 3
print("The average is" + average)
return average

calculate average(10, 20, 30)

Your corrected code:

# Write corrected version here

Explanation of errors: ________________________________

Write a well-structured Python program (15 points): Create a program that:

Has proper header comments
Uses appropriate variable names
Calculates the area of different shapes (circle, rectangle, triangle)
Uses functions with parameters and return values
Follows proper indentation and formatting

Part B: Functions and Loops (30 points)

Write a function called print_multiplication_table (15 points):

Takes one parameter: number
Prints multiplication table for that number (1-10)
Uses a for loop
Example output for print_multiplication_table(3):

3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
... etc

Password Checker Program (15 points): Write a program using while loop that:

Asks user to enter a password
Keeps asking until they enter “python123”
Counts number of attempts
Prints “Access granted” when correct
Prints number of attempts it took

Week 3-5 Assessment: Libraries and Hardware Control

Format: Practical Coding Project (75 minutes)

Part A: Library Usage (20 points)

Complete this sensor reading program (20 points):

from gpiozero import MCP3008
from time import sleep
import ______  # What library do you need for calculating average?

# Create sensor object
light_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)

def read_light_levels():
    readings = []

    # Collect 10 readings
    for i in range(______):  # Fill in the range
        reading = light_sensor.______  # What property gives the reading?
        readings.append(reading)
        print(f"Reading {i+1}: {reading:.3f}")
        sleep(0.5)

    # Calculate and print statistics
    average = ______.mean(readings)  # Which function calculates mean?
    maximum = ______(readings)  # Built-in function for maximum
    minimum = ______(readings)  # Built-in function for minimum

    print(f"Average: {average:.3f}")
    print(f"Maximum: {maximum:.3f}")
    print(f"Minimum: {minimum:.3f}")

# Call the function
read_light_levels()

Part B: Motor Control Project (25 points)

Smart Fan Controller (25 points): Write a program that simulates a smart fan controller:

Use a temperature sensor to read room temperature
Control a motor (fan) based on temperature:
- Below 20°C: Fan off
- 20-25°C: Fan at 30% speed
- 25-30°C: Fan at 60% speed
- Above 30°C: Fan at 100% speed
Print current temperature and fan speed every 2 seconds
Include safety features (motor stop function)

Part C: Sensor Integration Challenge (30 points)

Security System Prototype (30 points): Create a basic security system that:

Uses a motion sensor to detect movement
Uses a distance sensor to detect objects too close
Controls LEDs to indicate system status:
- Green LED: System normal
- Yellow LED: Motion detected
- Red LED: Intrusion alert (object < 20cm)
Logs events with timestamps
Runs continuously until user presses Ctrl+C

Requirements:

Use at least 3 different libraries
Include proper error handling
Use functions to organize code
Add meaningful comments
Follow Python coding best practices

Sample code structure:

from gpiozero import MotionSensor, DistanceSensor, LED
from time import sleep
import time

# Hardware setup
motion = MotionSensor(4)
distance = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)
green_led = LED(18)
yellow_led = LED(19)
red_led = LED(20)

def log_event(message):
    # Write function to log events with timestamp
    pass

def check_security():
    # Write function to check all sensors and control LEDs
    pass

def main():
    # Write main program loop
    pass

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Assessment Rubric:

Exceptional (95-100%): Code runs flawlessly, excellent structure, creative additions, comprehensive error handling
Proficient (85-94%): Code works correctly, good structure, meets all requirements, minor improvements possible
Developing (75-84%): Code mostly works, basic structure present, meets most requirements, some bugs or missing features
Beginning (65-74%): Code has significant issues, poor structure, missing major requirements
Incomplete (Below 65%): Code doesn’t run or major portions missing

Additional Resources and Extensions

For All Grade Levels:

Vocabulary Glossary:

Algorithm: Step-by-step instructions to solve a problem
Bug: Error in code that prevents it from working correctly
Debug: Process of finding and fixing errors in code
Hardware: Physical components of computer systems
Software: Programs and applications that run on hardware
Interface: Way users interact with programs or devices
Sensor: Device that detects changes in environment
Actuator: Device that causes movement or action

Project Portfolio Suggestions:

Weekly Reflection Journal: Students document learning and challenges
Photo Documentation: Pictures of projects and experiments
Video Demonstrations: Students explain their projects
Peer Teaching: Advanced students help beginners
Innovation Challenges: Open-ended problems to solve creatively

Cross-Curricular Connections:

Math: Geometry in robotics, statistics in data analysis
Science: Physics of flight, electronics principles
Art: Creative programming projects, design thinking
Social Studies: Impact of technology on society
Language Arts: Technical writing, documentation skills

Safety Reminders:

Always supervise young children with electronic components
Check battery connections before powering devices
Keep work area clean and organized
Wash hands after handling electronic components
Report any damaged equipment immediately
Follow proper shutdown procedures for all devices

Assessment Portfolio Checklist:

Completed weekly assessments
Project documentation with photos
Reflection essays on learning progress
Peer evaluation forms
Self-assessment rubrics
Evidence of problem-solving process
Creative extensions or improvements to basic projects

Continuation - Weeks 6-8 for All Grade Levels

Preschoolers (4-6 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced STEM Exploration & Technology Awareness

Week 6: Technology Parts Awareness

Learning Objectives:

Use coding to tell stories, solve challenges, or navigate mazes
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically be able to follow code on floor grids
Build confidence and persistence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Technology Components: Basic parts that make devices work
Circuits: Paths that electricity follows
Assembly/Disassembly: Taking apart and putting together
Electronics Safety: Safe handling of batteries and components
Problem-Solving: Trying different solutions when something doesn’t work

Activities:

Technology Exploration: Examine old keyboards, phones, calculators
Simple Circuits: Connect bulbs to batteries with safe materials
Assembly Practice: Take apart and reassemble simple toys
Tech Parts Sorting: Group similar technology components

Materials: Old keyboards, phones, calculators, batteries, bulbs for circuits, safe connectors

Week 7: Sequencing & Floor Grid Coding

Learning Objectives:

Develop understanding of sequencing by arranging steps in correct order
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically follow code on floor grids
Build confidence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Sequencing: Putting steps in the right order
Algorithm Cards: Visual instructions to follow
Floor Grid Coding: Moving through spaces following directions
Left/Right/Forward/Back: Basic directional concepts
Trial and Error: Learning by trying and improving

Activities:

Obstacle Course Coding: Navigate through simple obstacles using arrow cards
Sequencing Games: Put daily routine cards in correct order
Paper Maze Coding: Use arrows to show path through printed mazes
Robot Friend: One child gives directions, another follows like a robot

Materials: Coding arrows/direction cards, floor grid mats, toys for navigation, printed maze worksheets

Week 8: Advanced Unplugged Coding & Storytelling

Learning Objectives:

Use coding to tell stories, solve challenges, or navigate mazes
Recognize and follow simple algorithms using direction or action cards
Physically follow code on floor grids
Build confidence and persistence through trial-and-error learning

Key Concepts:

Conditional Logic: IF/THEN thinking (“If you see red, then stop”)
Debugging: Finding and fixing mistakes in directions
Block Building: Using physical blocks to represent code
Story Algorithms: Step-by-step instructions for telling stories

Activities:

Debug the Path: Present incorrect direction sequences for children to fix
IF/THEN Games: “If you see a triangle, then clap your hands”
Story Coding: Use picture cards to create step-by-step stories
Block Code Building: Stack blocks to represent programming sequences

Materials: Building blocks, floor grid mats, toys, printed materials, picture cards for storytelling

Preschoolers Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Technology Awareness

Format: Hands-on Exploration + Observation (20 minutes)

Technology Parts Recognition (10 points)

Point to and name 3 technology items from the collection
Show how a simple circuit works (bulb + battery)
Safely handle electronic components
Explain one thing each item helps us do

Assembly Skills (10 points)

Take apart a simple toy or device
Put it back together correctly
Identify which parts go where
Ask for help when needed

Assessment Criteria:

Mastery (3): Handles all materials safely, explains purposes, completes tasks independently
Developing (2): Safe handling, completes most tasks with minimal help
Emerging (1): Needs guidance but participates actively
Beginning (0): Requires extensive support

Week 7-8 Assessment: Advanced Unplugged Coding

Format: Physical Coding Challenges (25 minutes)

Sequencing Challenge (12 points)

Arrange 6 direction cards to navigate through obstacle course
Explain why each step comes in that order
Successfully complete the physical navigation
Fix mistakes when path doesn’t work

IF/THEN Logic (8 points)

Follow conditional instructions: “IF you see blue, THEN hop”
Create own IF/THEN rule for a friend to follow
Demonstrate understanding with actions

Story Algorithm (10 points)

Use 5 picture cards to create logical story sequence
Tell story following the card order
Explain what happens if cards are mixed up
Help fix a mixed-up story sequence

Practical Skills Rubric:

Advanced (25-30 points): Creates original sequences, helps others, shows deep understanding
Proficient (20-24 points): Completes all challenges correctly with minor guidance
Developing (15-19 points): Understands concepts but needs support for complex tasks
Beginning (Below 15 points): Requires significant help to participate

Grade 2-5 (7-11 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced Scratch Programming & Game Development

Week 6: Game Structure and Design

Learning Objectives:

Understand basic game structure (start, play, end)
Use Scratch blocks to move characters and detect collisions
Make characters move between different scenes
Create scoring or win conditions

Key Concepts:

Game Design Elements: Characters, backgrounds, objectives, rules
Game Loop: Continuous cycle of input, processing, output
Collision Detection: Knowing when sprites touch each other
Scene Transitions: Moving between different game screens
Win/Lose Conditions: Rules that determine game outcomes
User Interface: Buttons, scores, and information displays

Advanced Scratch Concepts:

Sensing Blocks: “touching color”, “distance to”, “key pressed”
Variables: Storing score, lives, or time
Broadcast Messages: Communication between sprites
Clone Sprites: Creating multiple copies of objects
Custom Blocks: Making your own programming blocks

Game Development Process:

Planning Phase: Sketch game idea, list needed sprites and backgrounds
Prototype: Create basic movement and interaction
Enhancement: Add sounds, effects, and polish
Testing: Play game and fix bugs
Sharing: Present to classmates

Example Game Structure:

When green flag clicked
Set score to 0
Set lives to 3
Say "Game Starting!" for 2 seconds
Show sprite
Forever:
    If key space pressed:
        Move player sprite
    If touching enemy:
        Change lives by -1
        If lives = 0:
            Say "Game Over!"
            Stop all

Week 7: Transition to Text-Based Concepts

Learning Objectives:

Prepare learners for text-based coding
Understand basic programming concepts using blocks
Use logic and loops to control sprite or robot actions
Begin transition to robotics or advanced coding platforms

Key Concepts:

Programming Fundamentals: Sequence, selection, iteration
Logic Blocks: IF/ELSE statements in visual form
Loop Types: Forever, repeat until, repeat X times
Variables and Operations: Math in programming
Event-Driven Programming: Responding to user input
Modular Programming: Breaking code into smaller parts

Bridging Visual to Text:

Block-to-Code Thinking: Understanding what blocks represent
Pseudocode: Writing steps in plain English before coding
Debugging Strategies: Systematic problem-solving approaches
Code Organization: Keeping projects neat and logical

Advanced Programming Patterns:

// Pattern 1: State Machine
When green flag clicked
Set game state to "menu"
Forever:
    If game state = "menu":
        Show menu options
    If game state = "playing":
        Run game logic
    If game state = "game over":
        Show final score

// Pattern 2: Object Behavior
When I start as a clone:
    Go to random position
    Forever:
        Move 2 steps
        If on edge, bounce
        If touching player:
            Change score by 10
            Delete this clone

Week 8: Blockly Integration and Logic Puzzles

Learning Objectives:

Solve logic puzzles using visual programming concepts
Create games using Blockly platform
Demonstrate understanding of programming fundamentals
Apply creative problem-solving skills

Key Concepts:

Blockly Platform: Google’s visual programming language
Logic Puzzles: Problems requiring systematic thinking
Algorithm Efficiency: Finding the best solution method
Pattern Recognition: Identifying repeated solutions
Creative Programming: Using code for artistic expression

Blockly vs. Scratch Comparison:

Feature	Scratch	Blockly
Focus	Storytelling & Games	Logic & Algorithms
Interface	Stage-based	Puzzle-based
Output	Animated Projects	Problem Solutions
Progression	Creative Expression	Mathematical Thinking

Logic Puzzle Types:

Maze Solving: Navigate through obstacles
Pattern Completion: Fill in missing sequences
Conditional Logic: IF/THEN decision making
Loop Optimization: Repeat actions efficiently

Grade 2-5 Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Game Development Project

Format: Scratch Game Creation + Presentation (45 minutes)

Part A: Game Planning (10 points)

Game Design Document - Create a simple plan including:

Game objective (what’s the goal?)
Main character description
Basic rules (how do you win/lose?)
Required sprites and backgrounds

Storyboard - Draw 3 screens showing:

Game start screen
Main gameplay
Win/lose screen

Part B: Game Implementation (25 points) 3. Core Functionality (15 points):

Character moves with arrow keys or WASD
At least one interactive element (enemy, collectible, obstacle)
Basic collision detection (touching = something happens)
Clear win or lose condition

Polish and Enhancement (10 points):

Sound effects or music
Visual feedback (score, lives, timer)
Smooth sprite movement
Creative backgrounds or costumes

Part C: Presentation and Reflection (15 points) 5. Game Demo (10 points):

Explain game rules clearly
Demonstrate gameplay for 2 minutes
Show different game scenarios
Handle questions from classmates

Technical Reflection (5 points):

Explain one challenging problem you solved
Describe one improvement you would make
Share one new Scratch skill you learned

Week 7-8 Assessment: Programming Concepts Mastery

Format: Mixed Assessment - Blockly Challenges + Scratch Review (50 minutes)

Part A: Blockly Logic Challenges (20 points)

Maze Navigation (8 points):

Complete 3 increasingly difficult maze puzzles
Use efficient solutions (minimal blocks)
Demonstrate understanding of loops and conditionals

Pattern Recognition (6 points):

Solve sequence completion puzzles
Identify and extend number/color patterns
Create original pattern for others to solve

Logic Puzzles (6 points):

Complete IF/THEN decision trees
Solve multi-step conditional problems
Optimize solutions for clarity

Part B: Concept Transfer (15 points) 4. Visual to Text Translation (10 points): Given this Scratch code block arrangement:

[When flag clicked] → [Forever] → [If touching mouse] → [Move 10 steps]

Write in pseudocode (plain English): “When the program starts, ________________”

Problem Decomposition (5 points): Break down this challenge into steps: “Create a sprite that follows the mouse but stops when it touches the edge”

Step 1: _______________ Step 2: _______________ Step 3: _______________ Step 4: _______________

Part C: Creative Application (15 points) 6. Original Algorithm (15 points): Choose ONE to complete:

Option A - Scratch: Create a “digital pet” that:

Follows mouse cursor
Changes expression when clicked
Makes sound when hungry (timer-based)
Has at least 3 different costumes

Option B - Blockly: Design a solution for:

Robot that sorts colored objects
Path that avoids all obstacles
Pattern that creates art using loops

Assessment Rubric:

Expert (90-100%): Exceeds requirements with creative solutions and clear explanations
Proficient (80-89%): Meets all requirements with good understanding demonstrated
Developing (70-79%): Meets most requirements but may have gaps in complex concepts
Novice (60-69%): Shows basic understanding but struggles with application
Beginning (Below 60%): Needs significant support to demonstrate concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Drone Laws, Emergency Procedures & Practical Flying

Week 6: Drone Laws and Regulations (Kenya Focus)

Learning Objectives:

Learn basic drone laws in Kenya (KCAA regulations)
Understand where and how children can fly drones legally
Develop awareness of responsible drone operation
Understand the importance of aviation safety

Key Concepts:

Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA): National aviation regulator
Drone Registration: Required identification and documentation
No-Fly Zones: Airports, government buildings, restricted areas
Altitude Restrictions: Maximum height limitations
Visual Line of Sight (VLOS): Maintaining visual contact
Privacy Laws: Respecting others’ rights and property

Kenya Drone Regulations Summary:

Registration Requirements:

All drones over 250g must be registered with KCAA
Operator license required for commercial operations
Age restrictions for different categories of operation

Operational Limits:

Maximum altitude: 400 feet (120 meters) AGL
Minimum distance from airports: 8km for major airports
No flying over crowds or public events
Daylight operations only (without special permits)

Prohibited Areas:

Within 5km of any airport
Over government buildings and installations
National parks without permits
Private property without permission

Safety and Legal Guidelines for Young Pilots:

Always have adult supervision
Start with toy drones under 250g
Practice in open, safe areas
Respect others’ privacy and property
Learn emergency procedures
Keep drone in sight at all times

Week 7: Emergency Procedures and Responsible Flying

Learning Objectives:

Review key safety and legal concepts from previous weeks
Understand emergency basics for beginner flyers
Develop decision-making skills for unexpected situations
Practice responsible pilot behavior

Key Concepts:

Emergency Procedures: Systematic responses to problems
Risk Assessment: Evaluating dangers before flying
Decision Making: Choosing appropriate actions under pressure
Communication: Alerting others during emergencies
Equipment Failure: What to do when drone malfunctions
Weather Awareness: Recognizing dangerous conditions

Emergency Scenarios and Responses:

Lost Communication with Drone:

Stay calm and observe drone behavior
Activate Return-to-Home (RTH) function if available
Move to higher ground for better signal
Prepare for manual landing if signal returns
Never chase after a flyaway drone

Low Battery Warning:

Immediately begin landing sequence
Choose nearest safe landing spot
Avoid flying over people or property
Land even if not at original takeoff point
Safety is more important than convenience

Unexpected Weather Changes:

Monitor weather conditions constantly
Land immediately if wind increases
Avoid flying in rain or snow
Watch for sudden temperature changes
When in doubt, don’t fly

Equipment Malfunction:

Attempt controlled landing immediately
Don’t try to fix problems while airborne
Inform other people in the area
Document the problem for later analysis
Never continue flying with known issues

Mission Planning Process:

Pre-flight Planning: Weather check, equipment inspection, route planning
Risk Assessment: Identify potential hazards and mitigation strategies
Communication Plan: Inform others of flight activities
Emergency Procedures: Know what to do if things go wrong
Post-flight Review: Analyze what went well and areas for improvement

Week 8: Practical Flying Skills and Team Challenges

Learning Objectives:

Demonstrate ability to control a mini drone (takeoff, hover, land)
Apply basic flight skills in problem-solving mission scenarios
Work as a team to complete drone-based challenges
Evaluate personal progress and set goals for improvement

Key Concepts:

Flight Control Mastery: Smooth, precise drone movements
Situational Awareness: Understanding surroundings during flight
Mission Planning: Preparing for specific flight objectives
Teamwork: Collaborative problem-solving with drones
Performance Evaluation: Self-assessment and peer feedback
Safety Leadership: Taking responsibility for safe operations

Basic Flight Skills Progression:

Fundamental Controls:

Smooth takeoff to hover
Maintaining steady hover
Controlled landing
Forward/backward movement
Left/right movement
Rotation control

Intermediate Maneuvers:

Figure-8 patterns
Precision landing on target
Obstacle avoidance
Following predetermined paths
Coordinated movements

Advanced Challenges:

Team relay races
Rescue simulations
Precision delivery tasks
Group choreography
Time-based challenges

Mission Scenarios:

Mission 1: Search and Rescue

Objective: Locate “missing person” (target) in designated area
Skills: Systematic search patterns, communication, observation
Time limit: 5 minutes
Success criteria: Target identified and location communicated

Mission 2: Delivery Challenge

Objective: Transport small payload from Point A to Point B
Skills: Precision flying, cargo management, safe landing
Obstacles: Wind conditions, landing accuracy requirements
Success criteria: Payload delivered undamaged within time limit

Mission 3: Team Coordination

Objective: Multiple drones work together to complete complex task
Skills: Communication, timing, spatial awareness
Challenge: Choreographed flight pattern or group problem-solving
Success criteria: All drones complete task without collisions

Safety Protocols for Practical Flying:

Always maintain 10-foot safety zone around flying area
Designate specific roles: pilot, observer, safety officer
Use hand signals for communication during loud operations
Practice emergency landing procedures before each session
Rotate roles so everyone experiences different responsibilities

Grade 6-9 Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Week 6 Assessment: Drone Laws and Regulations

Format: Written Test + Legal Scenario Analysis (40 minutes)

Part A: Kenya Aviation Law Knowledge (25 points)

KCAA Regulations (10 points) Fill in the blanks:

Drones over ______ grams must be registered with KCAA
Maximum altitude for recreational flying is ______ feet
Minimum distance from major airports is ______ kilometers
Commercial drone operations require a ______ license
Drones must remain within ______ line of sight

No-Fly Zone Identification (10 points) Mark TRUE or FALSE for each flying location:

Your school playground during lunch break: ______
Open field 2km from Wilson Airport: ______
Your backyard with adult supervision: ______
Uhuru Park during a public event: ______
Private farm with owner’s permission: ______

Legal Compliance (5 points) List 3 requirements for legally flying a drone in Kenya:

Part B: Scenario-Based Decision Making (20 points)

Legal Scenarios (20 points) For each scenario, explain if the action is legal and why:

Scenario A: Sarah wants to fly her 300g drone over her neighbor’s house to take photos of her own backyard. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario B: James plans to fly his registered drone at 200 feet altitude in an open field 10km from any airport during daylight hours. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario C: A group of students want to use their drone for a school project, filming the school building from 100 feet up. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Scenario D: Ahmed wants to fly his 150g toy drone in his compound for 10 minutes. Legal? _____ Why? _______________________________

Part C: Responsible Pilot Planning (15 points)

Pre-flight Checklist (15 points) Create a 10-item pre-flight checklist that includes legal, safety, and equipment considerations:

[Continue through 10]

Week 7-8 Assessment: Emergency Procedures and Practical Skills

Format: Practical Flight Test + Emergency Response Simulation (60 minutes)

Part A: Emergency Response Knowledge (20 points)

Emergency Procedures (15 points) Describe the correct response for each emergency:

Low Battery Warning: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Lost Radio Contact: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Sudden Weather Change: Step 1: _______________________________ Step 2: _______________________________ Step 3: _______________________________

Risk Assessment (5 points) Identify 3 risks for flying in each environment:

School playground: ____________, ____________, ____________
Open field: ____________, ____________, ____________

Part B: Practical Flight Skills Assessment (30 points)

Basic Flight Controls (15 points) Demonstrate competency in:

Smooth takeoff and landing (3 points)
Stable hovering for 30 seconds (3 points)
Forward/backward precision movement (3 points)
Left/right precision movement (3 points)
Controlled rotation (3 points)

Mission Challenge (15 points) Complete ONE of the following missions:

Option A - Navigation Course:

Fly through 5 waypoints in sequence
Land within 1-meter target circle
Complete within 3 minutes

Option B - Team Coordination:

Work with partner to complete relay challenge
Communicate effectively during handoff
Maintain safety throughout mission

Part C: Leadership and Safety Evaluation (15 points)

Safety Leadership (8 points) While others are flying, demonstrate:

Proper safety zone maintenance
Clear communication with pilot
Appropriate responses to unsafe situations
Helpful coaching and encouragement

Self-Assessment and Goal Setting (7 points) Written reflection:

What flight skill are you most confident with? Why?
What area needs the most improvement?
Set one specific goal for future drone flying
Describe one way you can help others fly safely

Practical Skills Rubric:

Expert Pilot (90-100%): Demonstrates advanced skills, teaches others, shows exceptional safety awareness
Competent Pilot (80-89%): Performs all basic skills reliably, follows safety protocols consistently
Developing Pilot (70-79%): Shows improvement in most areas, occasional guidance needed
Novice Pilot (60-69%): Basic skills present but inconsistent, needs continued practice
Beginning Pilot (Below 60%): Requires significant instruction and supervision

Grade 10-12 (14-16 Years) - Weeks 6-8

Advanced Python Projects & Integration

Week 6-7: Integrated Systems Project (Combined Weeks)

Learning Objectives:

Combine motors and sensors in complex systems
Debug integrated hardware/software systems
Apply creative problem-solving to real-world challenges
Document projects professionally

Key Concepts:

Systems Integration: Combining multiple components into unified solutions
Hardware-Software Interface: Code that bridges digital and physical worlds
System Architecture: Planning complex projects with multiple subsystems
Error Handling: Managing failures gracefully in complex systems
Performance Optimization: Making systems run efficiently
Documentation Standards: Professional project recording

Advanced Integration Concepts:

1. Multi-Sensor Fusion

import threading
import queue
from gpiozero import DistanceSensor, MotionSensor, MCP3008
from time import sleep
import json

class SensorFusion:
    def __init__(self):
        self.distance_sensor = DistanceSensor(echo=24, trigger=23)
        self.motion_sensor = MotionSensor(4)
        self.light_sensor = MCP3008(channel=0)
        self.temp_sensor = MCP3008(channel=1)

        # Data queues for thread communication
        self.sensor_data = queue.Queue()
        self.running = False

    def read_sensors(self):
        """Continuous sensor reading in separate thread"""
        while self.running:
            try:
                data = {
                    'timestamp': time.time(),
                    'distance': self.distance_sensor.distance * 100,
                    'motion': self.motion_sensor.motion_detected,
                    'light_level': self.light_sensor.voltage,
                    'temperature': self.convert_temp(self.temp_sensor.voltage)
                }
                self.sensor_data.put(data)
                sleep(0.1)  # 10Hz sampling rate
            except Exception as e:
                print(f"Sensor reading error: {e}")

    def convert_temp(self, voltage):
        """Convert sensor voltage to temperature"""
        return (voltage - 0.5) * 100  # Example conversion

    def start_monitoring(self):
        """Start sensor monitoring thread"""
        self.running = True
        self.sensor_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_sensors)
        self.sensor_thread.start()

    def stop_monitoring(self):
        """Stop sensor monitoring"""
        self.running = False
        if hasattr(self, 'sensor_thread'):
            self.sensor_thread.join()

2. Intelligent Control Systems

class SmartEnvironmentController:
    def __init__(self):
        self.sensors = SensorFusion()
        self.fan_motor = Motor(forward=2, backward=3)
        self.heater_relay = OutputDevice(18)
        self.lights = PWMOutputDevice(19)

        # Control parameters
        self.target_temp = 22.0  # Target temperature in Celsius
        self.temp_tolerance = 1.0
        self.light_threshold = 0.3

        # Control state
        self.auto_mode = True
        self.manual_override = False

    def analyze_environment(self, sensor_data):
        """Intelligent decision making based on sensor data"""
        decisions = {
            'fan_speed': 0.0,
            'heater_on': False,
            'light_level': 0.0,
            'alert_status': 'normal'
        }

        # Temperature control logic
        temp_diff = sensor_data['temperature'] - self.target_temp

        if temp_diff > self.temp_tolerance:  # Too hot
            decisions['fan_speed'] = min(1.0, temp_diff / 5.0)  # Scale fan speed
            decisions['heater_on'] = False
        elif temp_diff < -self.temp_tolerance:  # Too cold
            decisions['fan_speed'] = 0.0
            decisions['heater_on'] = True

        # Light control logic
        if sensor_data['light_level'] < self.light_threshold:
            decisions['light_level'] = 1.0 - sensor_data['light_level']  # Complement lighting

        # Security monitoring
        if sensor_data['motion'] and sensor_data['distance'] < 20:  # Close motion
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'intrusion_detected'
        elif sensor_data['distance'] < 5:  # Very close object
            decisions['alert_status'] = 'obstacle_warning'

        return decisions

    def execute_controls(self, decisions):
        """Execute control decisions"""
        if not self.manual_override:
            # Motor control
            if decisions['fan_speed'] > 0:
                self.fan_motor.forward(decisions['fan_speed'])
            else:
                self.fan_motor.stop()

            # Heater control
            if decisions['heater_on']:
                self.heater_relay.on()
            else:
                self.heater_relay.off()

            # Light control
            self.lights.value = decisions['light_level']

    def run_control_loop(self):
        """Main control loop"""
        self.sensors.start_monitoring()

        try:
            while True:
                if not self.sensors.sensor_data.empty():
                    current_data = self.sensors.sensor_data.get()
                    decisions = self.analyze_environment(current_data)
                    self.execute_controls(decisions)

                    # Log system status
                    self.log_system_status(current_data, decisions)

                sleep(0.5)  # Control loop frequency

        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            print("Shutting down control system...")
        finally:
            self.sensors.stop_monitoring()
            self.fan_motor.stop()
            self.heater_relay.off()
            self.lights.off()

    def log_system_status(self, sensor_data, decisions):
        """Log system performance data"""
        log_entry = {
            'timestamp': sensor_data['timestamp'],
            'sensors': sensor_data,
            'controls': decisions,
            'mode': 'auto' if self.auto_mode else 'manual'
        }

        # In a real system, this would write to a file or database
        print(f"System Status: Temp={sensor_data['temperature']:.1f}°C, "
              f"Fan={decisions['fan_speed']:.1f}, "
              f"Alert={decisions['alert_status']}")

3. Project Documentation Standards

"""
Smart Environment Control System
================================

Project: IoT Environmental Controller
Author: Student Name
Date: Current Date
Version: 1.0

Description:
    An intelligent system that monitors environmental conditions and automatically
    adjusts heating, cooling, and lighting based on sensor feedback.

Hardware Requirements:
    - Raspberry Pi 4 or similar
    - Temperature sensor (DS18B20 or similar)
    - Light sensor (LDR with MCP3008 ADC)
    - Motion sensor (PIR)
    - Distance sensor (HC-SR04)
    - DC Motor (for fan simulation)
    - Relay module (for heater control)
    - PWM-controlled LED (for lighting)

Software Dependencies:
    - Python 3.7+
    - gpiozero library
    - threading module (standard library)
    - queue module (standard library)
    - json module (standard library)

Installation:
    pip install gpiozero

Usage:
    python smart_environment.py

Configuration:
    Modify target_temp and light_threshold variables in SmartEnvironmentController
    class to adjust system behavior.

Testing:
    Run included test functions to verify sensor readings and control outputs
    before deploying the full system.

Known Issues:
    - Temperature sensor calibration may need adjustment for local conditions
    - Motion sensor has 2-second reset time that affects rapid detection

Future Enhancements:
    - Web interface for remote monitoring
    - Data logging to CSV files
    - Machine learning for predictive control
    - Mobile app integration
"""

Project Examples for Students:

Project 1: Smart Garden Monitor

Monitors soil moisture, light, and temperature
Controls watering pump and grow lights
Logs plant growth data
Sends alerts when intervention needed

Project 2: Home Security System

Multiple sensor integration (motion, door, window)
Camera trigger on detection
SMS/email notifications
Mobile app control interface

Project 3: Weather Station

Measures temperature, humidity, pressure, wind
Data logging with timestamps
Weather prediction algorithms
Web dashboard for data visualization

Project 4: Automated Greenhouse

Climate control (temperature, humidity)
Automated watering system
Light cycle management
Growth optimization algorithms

Week 8: Project Presentations and Assessment

Learning Objectives:

Present technical projects professionally
Give and receive constructive feedback
Self-evaluate learning progress and achievements
Plan next steps for continued learning

Key Concepts:

Technical Communication: Explaining complex systems clearly
Presentation Skills: Engaging audiences with technical content
Peer Review: Constructive feedback and collaboration
Self-Assessment: Honest evaluation of own work
Professional Development: Planning continued learning paths
Portfolio Building: Documenting achievements for future opportunities

Presentation Structure:

Project Overview (2 minutes)

Problem statement and objectives
Target audience and use cases
Key features and functionality

Technical Demonstration (2 minutes)

Live system operation
Key components and how they work
Code walkthrough of critical sections

Challenges and Solutions (1 minute)

Major obstacles encountered
Creative solutions implemented
Lessons learned from failures

Evaluation Criteria:

Technical Merit (40%):

System functionality and reliability
Code quality and organization
Creative problem-solving approach
Integration of multiple technologies

Communication (30%):

Clear explanation of technical concepts
Engaging presentation delivery
Appropriate use of visual aids
Effective response to questions

Documentation (20%):

Complete project documentation
Code comments and structure
User instructions and setup guides
Reflection on learning process

Collaboration (10%):

Constructive feedback to peers
Professional interaction during Q&A
Willingness to share knowledge
Respectful critique and discussion

Python Programming Trivia Challenge: End the term with fun technical questions:

What does “PEP 8” refer to in Python?
What’s the difference between == and is in Python?
How do you handle exceptions in Python?
What is a Python decorator?
What’s the difference between a list and a tuple?

Grade 10-12 Final Assessment - Weeks 6-8

Integrated Systems Project Assessment

Format: Major Project + Technical Presentation + Peer Review (2 weeks + presentation day)

Project Requirements: Students must create an integrated system that combines:

At least 3 different sensors
At least 2 actuators (motors, lights, relays, etc.)
Data logging and analysis
User interface (command line or simple GUI)
Error handling and safety features

Part A: Technical Implementation (40 points)

System Design (10 points)

Clear problem definition and solution approach
System architecture diagram showing component relationships
Hardware schematic or connection diagram
Software flowchart or algorithm description

Code Quality (15 points)

Well-structured, modular code with functions/classes
Appropriate variable names and code organization
Comprehensive comments explaining complex sections
Error handling for hardware failures
Efficient algorithms and resource usage

Hardware Integration (15 points)

Stable sensor readings with appropriate filtering
Reliable actuator control with safety limits
Proper electrical connections and component usage
System operates reliably for extended periods
Professional cable management and mounting

Part B: Documentation and Communication (25 points)

Project Documentation (15 points) Create a complete project report including:

Executive summary of project goals and achievements
Detailed technical specifications and requirements
Installation and setup instructions
User manual with clear operating procedures
Troubleshooting guide for common problems
Code documentation with API reference

Technical Presentation (10 points)

Clear 5-minute presentation explaining project
Live demonstration of working system
Professional slides with technical diagrams
Confident handling of technical questions
Appropriate use of technical vocabulary

Part C: Innovation and Problem Solving (20 points)

Creative Solutions (10 points)

Original approach to solving chosen problem
Creative use of available hardware and software
Evidence of iterative design and improvement
Solutions show depth of understanding beyond basic requirements

Advanced Features (10 points) Choose and implement at least TWO:

Machine learning or AI decision making
Network communication (IoT connectivity)
Mobile app or web interface
Data visualization and analytics
Predictive algorithms or optimization
Integration with external APIs or services

Part D: Professional Skills (15 points)

Peer Collaboration (8 points)

Constructive feedback provided to classmates
Professional behavior during presentations
Willingness to help others debug problems
Respectful and insightful questions during Q&A

Self-Assessment (7 points) Written reflection addressing:

Most significant technical challenge and how you overcame it
What you would do differently if starting over
How this project connects to potential career interests
Specific skills you want to develop further
Your confidence level with different aspects of the project

Sample Project Evaluation Rubric:

Exceptional (90-100%)

System exceeds all requirements with innovative features
Code is publication-quality with comprehensive documentation
Presentation is engaging and demonstrates deep understanding
Shows leadership in helping others and contributing to class learning
Self-reflection shows sophisticated understanding of learning process

Proficient (80-89%)

System meets all requirements reliably
Code is well-structured with good documentation
Presentation is clear and technically accurate
Actively participates in peer learning and feedback
Self-reflection shows good awareness of strengths and growth areas

Developing (70-79%)

System meets most requirements with minor issues
Code works but may have organizational or documentation gaps
Presentation covers required topics but may lack depth
Participates adequately in class activities
Self-reflection shows basic understanding of learning process

Beginning (60-69%)

System meets basic requirements but has significant limitations
Code works for demonstration but has structural or reliability issues
Presentation covers basics but shows limited understanding
Minimal participation in peer activities
Self-reflection is superficial or lacks insight

Incomplete (Below 60%)

System fails to meet basic requirements or doesn’t function reliably
Code has major issues that prevent proper operation
Presentation is unclear or shows misunderstanding of concepts
Little to no participation in collaborative learning
Self-reflection missing or shows no evidence of learning

Term 1 Final Portfolio Assessment - All Grade Levels

Portfolio Components Checklist

For All Students:

Weekly reflection journals documenting learning progress
Photo documentation of all projects and experiments
Completed weekly assessments with corrections
Evidence of peer collaboration and teaching
Self-assessment of growth in each major topic area

Grade-Specific Additions:

Preschoolers (4-6 years):

Drawings of favorite STEM activities
Parent/teacher observation notes on engagement and skills
Examples of unplugged coding sequences created
Photos of technology exploration activities

Grade 2-5 (7-11 years):

Screenshots of completed Scratch projects
Blockly puzzle solutions and explanations
Game design documents and storyboards
Video explanations of programming concepts

Grade 6-9 (11-14 years):

Drone safety checklist created and used
Mission planning worksheets with risk assessments
Photos/videos of practical flying sessions
Research report on drone applications in chosen field

Grade 10-12 (14-16 years):

Complete code repositories with documentation
Hardware connection diagrams and schematics
Data analysis reports from sensor projects
Technical presentation slides and demonstration videos

Cross-Grade Learning Objectives Mastery

By the end of Term 1, students should demonstrate:

Preschoolers:

Basic understanding of STEM concepts through play
Ability to follow simple sequences and patterns
Safe interaction with age-appropriate technology
Curiosity and engagement with hands-on exploration

Grade 2-5:

Fundamental programming concepts using visual languages
Ability to create simple games and interactive stories
Understanding of sequence, loops, and basic logic
Confidence in debugging and problem-solving

Grade 6-9:

Comprehensive understanding of drone safety and regulations
Practical flying skills with safety awareness
Knowledge of aviation principles and laws
Teamwork and communication skills in technical contexts

Grade 10-12:

Proficiency in Python programming for hardware control
Ability to integrate multiple sensors and actuators
Professional documentation and presentation skills
Independent problem-solving and creative innovation

Preparation for Term 2

Preschoolers → Scratch Junior Programming:

Continue building sequencing skills
Introduction to tablet-based programming
Creative storytelling with technology

Grade 2-5 → IoT Integration with Sensors:

Bridge from visual programming to physical computing
Introduction to sensors and real-world data
Beginning electronics and circuit concepts

Grade 6-9 → Smart Home Security:

Apply drone safety concepts to IoT systems
Introduction to sensors and automation
Home automation and security principles

Grade 10-12 → Smart Cities:

Scale up from individual projects to community solutions
Advanced IoT networking and data analysis
Social impact of technology solutions

Additional Resources and Extensions

Online Learning Platforms:

Preschoolers: PBS Kids programming games, Kodable app
Grade 2-5: Scratch Jr., Code.org courses, Blockly games
Grade 6-9: DroneBlocks, FAA educational materials, aviation simulation games
Grade 10-12: Python.org tutorials, Raspberry Pi Foundation projects, GitHub learning labs

STEM Career Connections:

Robotics Engineer: Designs and builds robots for various applications
Software Developer: Creates programs and applications for computers and devices
Drone Pilot: Professional UAV operations for photography, surveying, delivery
IoT Developer: Connects everyday objects to the internet for smart automation
Data Scientist: Analyzes sensor data to find patterns and make predictions

Community Extension Activities:

Science Fair Projects: Using skills learned to create original investigations
STEM Club Leadership: Teaching younger students basic concepts
Community Problem Solving: Identifying local problems that technology could help solve
Maker Space Participation: Continuing projects in community workshop environments

Assessment Data Tracking: Teachers should maintain records of:

Individual student progress through learning objectives
Common areas of difficulty requiring additional support
Exceptional student work that could be showcased
Parent/guardian feedback on home engagement with STEM concepts
Equipment and resource needs for optimal program delivery

Detailed weekly lesson notes covering weeks 1-8 content
Key concepts and learning objectives for each topic
Practical examples and code samples (for programming grades)
Age-appropriate assessment tests with multiple formats

Assessment Formats:

Preschoolers (4-6): Practical/observational assessments with hands-on activities
Grade 2-5 (7-11): Computer-based Scratch/Blockly challenges
Grade 6-9 (11-14): Written tests + practical drone safety demonstrations
Grade 10-12 (14-16): Coding assignments + hardware integration projects

Key Features:

✅ Covers all 8 weeks of Term 1 content
✅ Aligned with curriculum from the IoT & Robotics document
✅ Progressive difficulty appropriate for each age group
✅ Practical assessments that test real understanding
✅ Detailed rubrics for fair evaluation
✅ Extension activities for advanced learners
✅ Safety guidelines and best practices

Topics Covered:

Preschoolers: STEM basics, simple machines, unplugged coding
Grade 2-5: Scratch programming, Blockly games, interface navigation
Grade 6-9: Drone basics, aviation principles, safety regulations
Grade 10-12: Python programming, hardware control, sensor integration

Perfect! I’ve now completed the comprehensive Term 1 notes and assessment materials covering all 8 weeks for all grade levels. Here’s what’s now included: